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64-601: Vayk ( Armenian : Վայք ) is a town and the centre of the Vayk Municipality of the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia . As per the 2016 official estimate, Vayk had a population of around 4,700. However, as of the 2011 census, the population of the town was 5,877, down from 6,024 reported in the 2001 census. Literally meaning "sorrows", the name Vayk is derived from the Vayots Dzor canton of

128-520: A consistent Proto-Indo-European pattern distinct from Iranian, and that the inflectional morphology was different from that of Iranian languages. The hypothesis that Greek is Armenian's closest living relative originates with Holger Pedersen (1924), who noted that the number of Greek-Armenian lexical cognates is greater than that of agreements between Armenian and any other Indo-European language. Antoine Meillet (1925, 1927) further investigated morphological and phonological agreement and postulated that

192-468: A loan from Armenian (compare to Armenian եւ yev , ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi ). Other loans from Armenian into Urartian includes personal names, toponyms, and names of deities. Loan words from Iranian languages , along with the other ancient accounts such as that of Xenophon above, initially led some linguists to erroneously classify Armenian as an Iranian language. Scholars such as Paul de Lagarde and F. Müller believed that

256-425: A network of schools where modern Armenian was taught, dramatically increased the rate of literacy (in spite of the obstacles by the colonial administrators), even in remote rural areas. The emergence of literary works entirely written in the modern versions increasingly legitimized the language's existence. By the turn of the 20th century both varieties of the one modern Armenian language prevailed over Grabar and opened

320-566: A volcanic eruption destroyed the city under the control of the Armenian Orbelian princes in 735. They moved their headquarters from Moz to Yeghegis after the destruction. The medieval historian Stepanos Orbelian describes the fall of Moz as divine punishment for the death of catholicos Stepanos Siunetsi, who is said to have been killed by a prostitute in Moz. According to him, an impenetrable darkness enveloped Moz's borders immediately after

384-552: Is an independent branch of the Indo-European languages . It is of interest to linguists for its distinctive phonological changes within that family. Armenian exhibits more satemization than centumization , although it is not classified as belonging to either of these subgroups. Some linguists tentatively conclude that Armenian, Greek (and Phrygian ), Albanian and Indo-Iranian were dialectally close to each other; within this hypothetical dialect group, Proto-Armenian

448-561: Is clearly the dialect to be most closely related to Armenian. Eric P. Hamp (1976, 91) supports the Graeco-Armenian thesis and even anticipates a time "when we should speak of Helleno-Armenian" (meaning the postulate of a Graeco-Armenian proto-language). Armenian shares the augment and a negator derived from the set phrase in the Proto-Indo-European language * ne h₂oyu kʷid ("never anything" or "always nothing"),

512-479: Is currently not in operation. Vayk is home to the municipal Arevik Stadium opened in 1985, with a capacity of 2,000 seats. It was entirely renovated in 2016. However, the town is not represented by any professional football team in the domestic competitions until 2020, when the Noravank SC was founded. The town has a sports school run by the municipality. The school is currently serving the young athletes of

576-474: Is derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵipyós , with cognates in Sanskrit (ऋजिप्य, ṛjipyá ), Avestan ( ərəzifiia ), and Greek (αἰγίπιος, aigípios ). Hrach Martirosyan and Armen Petrosyan propose additional borrowed words of Armenian origin loaned into Urartian and vice versa, including grammatical words and parts of speech, such as Urartian eue ("and"), attested in the earliest Urartian texts and likely

640-463: Is garnished with red pepper and garlic . The M-2 Motorway that connects Armenia from north to south, passes through the town. The town is connected with the surrounding communities through a regional networks of well-developed roads. The economy of Vayk is based on service, agriculture, and manufacturing. The largest industrial firm in the town is the "Vayk Group" Company founded in 2000 which produces wine, and dried fruits. Other major firms include

704-471: Is not considered conclusive evidence of a period of common isolated development. There are words used in Armenian that are generally believed to have been borrowed from Anatolian languages, particularly from Luwian , although some researchers have identified possible Hittite loanwords as well. One notable loanword from Anatolian is Armenian xalam , "skull", cognate to Hittite ḫalanta , "head". In 1985,

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768-529: Is situated on the left bank of Arpa River surrounded with the Yeghegis mountains from the northwest and Vayk range from the south. The town is characterized with cold and snowy winters, and mild cool summers. The remains of an old settlement of Moz dating back to the 1st millennium BC is found at the northeast of Vayk. The Vayk bridge of the 17th century spanning the Arpa River is located 1km west of

832-534: Is the duration of the earthquake – 40 days. According to Melikyan only volcanic ones have such durations. According to geologists, even if the youngest volcano in the territory of Republic of Armenia is Vayotssar mountain, its last eruption was 40000 years ago. As we have seen above three historians explain the origin of “Vayots Dzor” by the devastating earthquake. This means that it should be mentioned in literature since 8th century. However, Movses Khorenatsi , who lived 841 years before Orbelian and 242 years before

896-517: Is the working language. Armenian (without reference to a specific variety) is officially recognized as a minority language in Cyprus , Hungary , Iraq , Poland , Romania , and Ukraine . It is recognized as a minority language and protected in Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . Moz town Moz in the province of Vayots Dzor was an ancient town in southern Armenia that

960-466: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (11–14th centuries) resulted in the addition of two more characters to the alphabet (" օ " and " ֆ "), bringing the total number to 38. The Book of Lamentations by Gregory of Narek (951–1003) is an example of the development of a literature and writing style of Old Armenian by the 10th century. In addition to elevating the literary style and vocabulary of

1024-694: The Armenian SSR . In 1931, it became the centre of the newly formed Azizbekov raion . In 1956, Soylan was given the status of an urban-type settlement and renamed Azizbekov in honor of the Bolshevik revolutionary Meshadi Azizbekov . In 1973, a branch of the Jermuk Mineral Water Factory was opened in Azizbekov. Shortly before the independence of Armenia, Azizbekov was renamed Vayk on 23 November 1990. Later in 1995, Vayk

1088-563: The Armenian genocide , mostly in the diaspora ). The differences between them are considerable but they are mutually intelligible after significant exposure. Some subdialects such as Homshetsi are not mutually intelligible with other varieties. Although Armenians were known to history much earlier (for example, they were mentioned in the 6th-century BC Behistun Inscription and in Xenophon 's 4th century BC history, The Anabasis ),

1152-641: The Greek language , the Armenian language, and the Indo-Iranian languages . Graeco-Aryan unity would have become divided into Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian by the mid-3rd millennium BC. Conceivably, Proto-Armenian would have been located between Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian, consistent with the fact that Armenian shares certain features only with Indo-Iranian (the satem change) but others only with Greek ( s > h ). Graeco-Aryan has comparatively wide support among Indo-Europeanists who believe

1216-643: The Indo-European homeland to be located in the Armenian Highlands , the " Armenian hypothesis ". Early and strong evidence was given by Euler's 1979 examination on shared features in Greek and Sanskrit nominal flection. Used in tandem with the Graeco-Armenian hypothesis, the Armenian language would also be included under the label Aryano-Greco-Armenic , splitting into Proto-Greek/Phrygian and "Armeno-Aryan" (ancestor of Armenian and Indo-Iranian ). Classical Armenian (Arm: grabar ), attested from

1280-542: The Mekhitarists . The first Armenian periodical, Azdarar , was published in grabar in 1794. The classical form borrowed numerous words from Middle Iranian languages , primarily Parthian , and contains smaller inventories of loanwords from Greek, Syriac, Aramaic, Arabic, Mongol, Persian, and indigenous languages such as Urartian . An effort to modernize the language in Bagratid Armenia and

1344-666: The Siunia dynasty . At the beginning of the 16th century, Eastern Armenia fell under the Safavid Persian rule. The territory of modern-day Vayk became part of the Erivan Beglarbegi and later the Erivan Khanate . The period between the 16th and 17th centuries is considered to be the darkest period in the history of Vayots Dzor. The region was turned into a frequent battlefield between the invading troops of

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1408-632: The "WCW of Vaik" building materials factory founded in 1968, "Meg Ararat" factory for tea production founded in 2008. Retail, food, and service centers along the M2 highway play a significant role in the town's economy. In 2020, the first industrial photovoltaic power station was launched in Vayk producing up to 5.3MW power. The town has its own central hospital since 1984. The town Vayk is home to 3 public education schools as well as to 2 pre-school kindergartens. Vayk used to have an intermediate medical college which

1472-408: The 5th century to the 19th century as the literary standard (up to the 11th century also as a spoken language with different varieties), was partially superseded by Middle Armenian , attested from the 12th century to the 18th century. Specialized literature prefers "Old Armenian" for grabar as a whole, and designates as "Classical" the language used in the 5th century literature, "Post-Classical" from

1536-481: The Armenian language by adding well above a thousand new words, through his other hymns and poems Gregory paved the way for his successors to include secular themes and vernacular language in their writings. The thematic shift from mainly religious texts to writings with secular outlooks further enhanced and enriched the vocabulary. "A Word of Wisdom", a poem by Hovhannes Sargavak devoted to a starling, legitimizes poetry devoted to nature, love, or female beauty. Gradually,

1600-467: The Hurro-Urartian and Northeast Caucasian origins for these words and instead suggest native Armenian etymologies, leaving the possibility that these words may have been loaned into Hurro-Urartian and Caucasian languages from Armenian, and not vice versa. A notable example is arciv , meaning "eagle", believed to have been the origin of Urartian Arṣibi and Northeast Caucasian arzu . This word

1664-629: The M2 highway, the only transit route for cargo from Iran to Yerevan and on to Georgia . The oldest traces of settlement in Moz are dated to the Bronze Age . They include a large burial ground that extends across scattered hills about two to three kilometers east of Moz, as well as individual graves within Moz itself. People were buried in pairs. In addition to human ashes, archaeologists found dog skeletons, burnt branches, clay and ceramic vessels, obsidian , decorated bronze needles, and other objects. Based on their decoration, they are dated to

1728-508: The Moz earthquake, nowadays it is widely believed that Vayotssar mountain, which is located in Vayots Dzor province, north-west from the village Herher , is the result of that “eruption”. Cuneiform expert and cartographer Eduard Melikyan insists on the assertion and shows the traces of lava on a map. He explains the existence of hot spring (such as Jermuk, Jermajur, Tsghuk) near the area by that eruption. Another justification he gives

1792-669: The Russian Empire), removed almost all of their Turkish lexical influences in the 20th century, primarily following the Armenian genocide . In addition to Armenia and Turkey, where it is indigenous , Armenian is spoken among the diaspora . According to Ethnologue , globally there are 1.6 million Western Armenian speakers and 3.7 million Eastern Armenian speakers, totalling 5.3 million Armenian speakers. In Georgia, Armenian speakers are concentrated in Ninotsminda and Akhalkalaki districts where they represent over 90% of

1856-660: The Russian Empire. In 1828-30, many Armenian families from the Iranian towns of Salmas and Khoy were resettled in Eastern Armenia, particularly in the areas that later became part of the Erivan Governorate in 1840. The first wave of Armenian settlers arrived in the Vayots Dzor region in 1828-29, forming the small rural community of Soylan in the area of modern-day Vayk. In 1870, it became part of

1920-459: The Russian and Ottoman empires led to creation of two separate and different environments under which Armenians lived. Halfway through the 19th century, two important concentrations of Armenian communities were further consolidated. Because of persecutions or the search for better economic opportunities, many Armenians living under Ottoman rule gradually moved to Istanbul , whereas Tbilisi became

1984-833: The Soviet linguist Igor M. Diakonoff noted the presence in Classical Armenian of what he calls a "Caucasian substratum" identified by earlier scholars, consisting of loans from the Kartvelian and Northeast Caucasian languages . Noting that Hurro-Urartian-speaking peoples inhabited the Armenian homeland in the second millennium BC, Diakonoff identifies in Armenian a Hurro-Urartian substratum of social, cultural, and animal and plant terms such as ałaxin "slave girl" ( ← Hurr. al(l)a(e)ḫḫenne ), cov "sea" ( ← Urart. ṣûǝ "(inland) sea"), ułt "camel" ( ← Hurr. uḷtu ), and xnjor "apple (tree)" ( ← Hurr. ḫinzuri ). Some of

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2048-676: The Turkic and Iranian tribes. As a result, many significant monuments and prosperous villages were destroyed and the population was displaced. In 1747, the region became part of the newly-formed Nakhichevan Khanate . As a result of the Treaty of Turkmenchay signed between the Russian Empire and Persia in 1828 following the Russo-Persian War of 1826–28 , many territories of Eastern Armenia -including Vayots Dzor- became part of

2112-434: The center of Armenians living under Russian rule. These two cosmopolitan cities very soon became the primary poles of Armenian intellectual and cultural life. The introduction of new literary forms and styles, as well as many new ideas sweeping Europe, reached Armenians living in both regions. This created an ever-growing need to elevate the vernacular, Ashkharhabar, to the dignity of a modern literary language, in contrast to

2176-499: The complete crumbling of rocks. Common houses and fine palaces alike were turned to tombs for their residents. Springs and rivers dried up. Sounds similar to human voices were heard from the depths. The number of victims as 10000 he reported as registered taxpayers and added that nobody knew how many unregistered people perished in the earthquake. Kirakos Gandzaketsi (13th century) gives an abbreviated account of Orbelian's narrative. In their work of “A new catalogue of earthquakes in

2240-517: The destruction of the town. Moz is located on a 1,200 meter high hill above the right bank of the Arpa River , three to four kilometers southeast of the village of Malishka . In its heyday, the town was surrounded by fertile lands and dense forests. After the forests disappeared, the area began to be devastated. The place itself has disappeared. However, the ruins , that occupy an area of about 8 hectares, still lie on an important transport route,

2304-538: The direction of Hasmik Israyelyan. The Bronze Age and Medieval artifacts found during this excursion and subsequent excavations are on display at the Yeghegnadzor Regional Museum . Historians and chronicler Movses Kaghankatvatsi , Stepanos Orbelyan, and Kirakos Gandzaketsi describe Moz town and the earthquake that shoke the land for forty days. The first survived report on the event is given by Kaghankatvatsi (10th century). According to him

2368-645: The early 1st millennium BCE and associated with the Treghk-Vanadzor culture. Discoveries from a later period indicate that the site played an important role in the Urartian Empire . Hellenistic artifacts demonstrate the continued significance of the site after the fall of the empire. In the 7th to 8th centuries, Moz was an important trade and craft center on the Silk Road. At that time the city had several thousand inhabitants. An earthquake and

2432-401: The earthquake was accompanied by “an impenetrable sarkness” over Mocu town, it shoke the lande for forty days and nearly 10000 people were “swallowed up”. The name of the region – Vayots Dzor (=Valley of the woe), Movses connects to this devastating earthquake. Stepanos Orbelian (13th century) gives more detailed description. Completing Kaghankatvatsi he reports about the collapse of mountains,

2496-580: The existence of the two modern versions of the same language was sanctioned even more clearly. The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990) used Eastern Armenian as its official language, whereas the diaspora created after the Armenian genocide preserved the Western Armenian dialect. The two modern literary dialects, Western (originally associated with writers in the Ottoman Empire) and Eastern (originally associated with writers in

2560-407: The historic Armenian province of Syunik . The great ethnographer Ghevond Alishan connects the origin of the city's name with a terrible earthquake that once happened in Vayots Dzor, which destroyed almost everything, toppling the mountains and covering the rivers. Historically, the area of Vayk belongs to the Vayots Dzor canton of Syunik province; the 9th province of Armenia Major , ruled by

2624-405: The historical Armenian area from antiquity to the 12th century” geologists Guidoboni, Emanuela; Traina, and Giusto (1995), carefully analyzing all the historical and geographical sources available, came to a conclusion that in 735 AD indeed there was a devastating earthquake in historical Moz (or Mozu) town. Even though none of the sources gives any information about the volcanic eruption caused by

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2688-425: The hypothetical Mushki language may have been a (now extinct) Armenic language. W. M. Austin (1942) concluded that there was early contact between Armenian and Anatolian languages , based on what he considered common archaisms, such as the lack of a feminine gender and the absence of inherited long vowels. Unlike shared innovations (or synapomorphies ), the common retention of archaisms (or symplesiomorphy )

2752-470: The interests of the population at large were reflected in other literary works as well. Konsdantin Yerzinkatsi and several others took the unusual step of criticizing the ecclesiastic establishment and addressing the social issues of the Armenian homeland. These changes represented the nature of the literary style and syntax, but they did not constitute immense changes to the fundamentals of the grammar or

2816-434: The late 5th to 8th centuries, and "Late Grabar" that of the period covering the 8th to 11th centuries. Later, it was used mainly in religious and specialized literature, with the exception of a revival during the early modern period, when attempts were made to establish it as the language of a literary renaissance, with neoclassical inclinations, through the creation and dissemination of literature in varied genres, especially by

2880-504: The morphology of the language. Often, when writers codify a spoken dialect, other language users are then encouraged to imitate that structure through the literary device known as parallelism . In the 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland was once again divided. This time Eastern Armenia was conquered from Qajar Iran by the Russian Empire , while Western Armenia , containing two thirds of historical Armenia, remained under Ottoman control. The antagonistic relationship between

2944-460: The murder. The earth then shook for forty days, burying tens of thousands of people. What remained was a desert, which is why the place was given the name Vayots Dzor (= Valley of the woe), which is still in use today. However, dates recorded on khachkars (cross stones) and tombstones (1266, 1284, 1311, 1321, 1471, 1483) as well as tribute payments to the Tatev monastery in the 13th century prove that

3008-570: The newly-founded Sharur-Daralagezsky Uyezd of Erivan Governorate. After the short-lived independence of Armenia between 1918 and 1920, the region became one of the main centres of the resistance against the Soviet rule, becoming part of the unrecognized Republic of Mountainous Armenia under the leadership of Garegin Nzhdeh . After falling to the Bolsheviks in July 1921, Soylan became part of

3072-403: The now-anachronistic Grabar. Numerous dialects existed in the traditional Armenian regions, which, different as they were, had certain morphological and phonetic features in common. On the basis of these features two major standards emerged: Both centers vigorously pursued the promotion of Ashkharhabar. The proliferation of newspapers in both versions (Eastern & Western) and the development of

3136-793: The official language of Armenia . Historically spoken in the Armenian highlands , today Armenian is also widely spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora . Armenian is written in its own writing system , the Armenian alphabet , introduced in 405 AD by Saint Mesrop Mashtots . The estimated number of Armenian speakers worldwide is between five and seven million. Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Armenian

3200-541: The official status of the Armenian language. Eastern Armenian is the official variant used, making it the prestige variety while other variants have been excluded from national institutions. Indeed, Western Armenian is perceived by some as a mere dialect. Armenian was also official in the Republic of Artsakh . It is recognized as an official language of the Eurasian Economic Union although Russian

3264-639: The oldest surviving Armenian-language writing is etched in stone on Armenian temples and is called Mehenagir . The Armenian alphabet was created by Mesrop Mashtots in 405, at which time it had 36 letters. He is also credited by some with the creation of the Georgian alphabet and the Caucasian Albanian alphabet . While Armenian constitutes the sole member of the Armenian branch of the Indo-European family, Aram Kossian has suggested that

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3328-483: The parent languages of Greek and Armenian were dialects in immediate geographical proximity during the Proto-Indo-European period. Meillet's hypothesis became popular in the wake of his book Esquisse d'une histoire de la langue latine (1936). Georg Renatus Solta (1960) does not go as far as postulating a Proto-Graeco-Armenian stage, but he concludes that considering both the lexicon and morphology, Greek

3392-407: The path to a new and simplified grammatical structure of the language in the two different cultural spheres. Apart from several morphological, phonetic, and grammatical differences, the largely common vocabulary and generally analogous rules of grammatical fundamentals allows users of one variant to understand the other as long as they are fluent in one of the literary standards. After World War I ,

3456-523: The place was not immediately abandoned, even though it had lost its importance. Later, the small village of Novlar (also known as Moz) was located on the village desert. In Stepanos Orbelya’s list of villages belonging to Tatev its tax size was 12. The successor settlement was abandoned at the beginning of the 20th century. . The first excavations of Moz town took place in 1930 by archaeological expedition of Academy of Science of ASSR. The next and bigger excavations were undertaken between 1978 and 1979 under

3520-570: The population. The short-lived First Republic of Armenia declared Armenian its official language. Eastern Armenian was then dominating in institutions and among the population. When Armenia was incorporated into the USSR, the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic made Eastern Armenian the language of the courts, government institutions and schools. Armenia was also russified . The current Republic of Armenia upholds

3584-436: The representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels, and other phonological and morphological peculiarities with Greek. Nevertheless, as Fortson (2004) comments, "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century AD, the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces". Graeco-(Armeno)-Aryan is a hypothetical clade within the Indo-European family , ancestral to

3648-468: The similarities between the two languages meant that Armenian belonged to the Iranian language family . The distinctness of Armenian was recognized when philologist Heinrich Hübschmann (1875) used the comparative method to distinguish two layers of Iranian words from the older Armenian vocabulary . He showed that Armenian often had two morphemes for one concept, that the non-Iranian components yielded

3712-519: The terms he gives admittedly have an Akkadian or Sumerian provenance, but he suggests they were borrowed through Hurrian or Urartian. Given that these borrowings do not undergo sound changes characteristic of the development of Armenian from Proto-Indo-European , he dates their borrowing to a time before the written record but after the Proto-Armenian language stage. Contemporary linguists, such as Hrach Martirosyan , have rejected many of

3776-421: The town and the nearby villages. However, the facilities in the school are outdated needing an entire renovation process for the complex. Armenian language Armenian ( endonym : հայերեն , hayeren , pronounced [hɑjɛˈɾɛn] ) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family. It is the native language of the Armenian people and

3840-481: The town. The bridge was renovated by Ivan Paskevich in 1827, during his campaign against Qajar Persia . The town of Vayk has a cultural centre with 2 theatre halls (600 and 200 seats), a music academy, an art academy, and a public library with more than 180,000 items. The Karen Demirchyan public park is located at the centre of the town. A speciality of Vaik is Karshm , a local walnut -based soup with red as well as green beans , chickpeas and spices. It

3904-506: Was destroyed by an earthquake and volcanic eruption in the year of 735. It is the oldest historically documented settlement in Vayots Dzor. In the 7th to 8th centuries, the town was a significant trading and craft center on the Silk Road , with several thousand inhabitants. Moz was the main seat of the Armenian princes of Syunik from the House of Orbelian , who relocated it to Yeghegis after

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3968-634: Was given the status of a town within the Vayots Dzor Province as per the newly-adopted administrative reforms. The economy of the town has gradually declined in the post-independence period, and the Vayk branch of the Jermuk Water Factory was closed. Vayk is located at a road distance of 140km south of the capital Yerevan on way to Goris . The provincial centre Yeghegnadzor is at road distance of 20km southeast of Vayk. With an elevation of 1300 meters above sea level , Vayk

4032-405: Was situated between Proto-Greek ( centum subgroup) and Proto-Indo-Iranian ( satem subgroup). Ronald I. Kim has noted unique morphological developments connecting Armenian to Balto-Slavic languages . The Armenian language has a long literary history, with a 5th-century Bible translation as its oldest surviving text. Another text translated into Armenian early on, and also in the 5th-century,

4096-682: Was the Armenian Alexander Romance . The vocabulary of the language has historically been influenced by Western Middle Iranian languages , particularly Parthian ; its derivational morphology and syntax were also affected by language contact with Parthian, but to a lesser extent. Contact with Greek, Persian , and Syriac also resulted in a number of loanwords. There are two standardized modern literary forms, Eastern Armenian (spoken mainly in Armenia) and Western Armenian (spoken originally mainly in modern-day Turkey and, since

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