Misplaced Pages

#539460

64-543: A vacuum cleaner , also known simply as a vacuum , is a device that uses suction , and often agitation, in order to remove dirt and other debris from carpets and hard floors. The dirt is collected into a dust bag or a plastic bin. Vacuum cleaners, which are used in homes as well as in commercial settings, exist in a variety of sizes and types, including stick vacuums, handheld vacuums, upright vacuums, and canister vacuums. Specialized shop vacuums can be used to clean both solid debris and liquids. Although vacuum cleaner and

128-469: A dustbin . They can usually navigate around furniture and come back to a docking station to charge their batteries, and a few are able to empty their dust containers into the dock as well. Most models are equipped with motorized brushes and a vacuum motor to collect dust and debris. While most robotic vacuum cleaners are designed for home use, some models are appropriate for operation in offices, hotels, hospitals, etc. In December 2009, Neato Robotics launched

192-471: A hovercraft , although that was not true of the earliest models, which had a rotating hose, the intention being that the user would place the unit in the center of the room, and work around the cleaner. The Constellation was changed and updated over the years until discontinued in 1975. Later Constellations routed all of the exhaust under the vacuum using an airfoil. The updated design was quiet even by modern standards, particularly on carpet, because it muffled

256-479: A physical system is reduced relative to another, the fluid or gas in the higher pressure region will exert a force relative to the region of lowered pressure, referred to as pressure-gradient force . If all gas or fluid is removed the result is a perfect vacuum in which the pressure is zero. Hence, no negative pressure forces can be generated. Accordingly, from a physics point of view, the objects are not sucked but pushed. Pressure reduction may be static , as in

320-415: A piston and cylinder arrangement, or dynamic , as in the case of a vacuum cleaner when air flow results in a reduced pressure region. When animals breathe, the diaphragm and muscles around the rib cage cause a change of volume in the lungs. The increased volume of the chest cavity decreases the pressure inside, creating an imbalance with the ambient air pressure, resulting in suction. Similarly, when

384-427: A crude vacuum cleaner. Spangler called it a "suction sweeper." Despite being primitive and unwieldy, it worked—Spangler's asthma abated, and he received a patent for his troubles. He also realized that he might finally have a saleable invention. Spangler first tested his invention in 1907. During the next year, he refined the vacuum numerous times, and on June 2, 1908, he received a patent for his sweeper. He refined

448-407: A drive-belt powered by the suction motor to rotate the brush-roll. However, a more common design of dual motor upright is available. In these cleaners, the suction is provided via a large motor, while the brushroll is powered by a separate, smaller motor, which does not create any suction. The brush-roll motor can sometimes be switched off, so hard floors can be cleaned without the brush-roll scattering

512-481: A few times per year for an ordinary household. The central unit usually stays in stand-by, and is turned on by a switch on the handle of the hose. Alternately, the unit powers up when the hose is plugged into the wall inlet, when the metal hose connector makes contact with two prongs in the wall inlet and control current is transmitted through low voltage wires to the main unit. A central vacuum typically produces greater suction than common portable vacuum cleaners because

576-418: A larger fan and more powerful motor can be used when they are not required to be portable. A cyclonic separation system , if used, does not lose suction as the collection container fills up, until the container is nearly full. This is in marked contrast to filter-bag designs, which start losing suction immediately as pores in the filter become clogged by accumulated dirt and dust. A benefit to allergy sufferers

640-507: A manual vacuum cleaner was invented by Daniel Hess of West Union, Iowa . Called a "carpet sweeper", it gathered dust with a rotating brush and had a bellows for generating suction. Another early model (1869) was the "Whirlwind", invented in Chicago in 1868 by Ives W. McGaffey . The bulky device worked with a belt driven fan cranked by hand that made it awkward to operate, although it was commercially marketed with mixed success. A similar model

704-535: A nap, and return to vacuum that area. Portable vacuum cleaners working on the cyclonic separation principle became popular in the 1990s. This dirt separation principle was well known and often used in central vacuum systems. Cleveland's P.A. Geier Company had obtained a patent on a cyclonic vacuum cleaner as early as 1928, which was later sold to Health-Mor in 1939, introducing the Filter Queen cyclonic canister vacuum cleaner. In 1979, James Dyson introduced

SECTION 10

#1732798170540

768-618: A patent (U.S. No. 634,042) for a "pneumatic carpet renovator" which blew dust into a receptacle. Thurman's system, powered by an internal combustion engine , traveled to the customer's residence on a horse-drawn wagon as part of a door-to-door cleaning service. Corrine Dufour of Savannah, Georgia , received two patents in 1899 and 1900 for another blown-air system that seems to have featured the first use of an electric motor. In 1901 powered vacuum cleaners using suction were invented independently by British engineer Hubert Cecil Booth and American inventor David T. Kenney . Booth also may have coined

832-618: A portable unit with cyclonic separation, adapting this design from industrial saw mills. He launched his cyclone cleaner first in Japan in the 1980s at a cost of about US$ 1800 and in 1993 released the Dyson DC01 upright in the UK for £200. Critics expected that people would not buy a vacuum cleaner at twice the price of a conventional unit, but the Dyson design later became the most popular cleaner in

896-473: A removable, flexible pipe, to which a variety of shaped nozzles could be attached. In 1906 James B. Kirby developed his first of many vacuums called the "Domestic Cyclone". It used water for dirt separation. Later revisions came to be known as the Kirby Vacuum Cleaner. The Cleveland, Ohio factory was built in 1916 and remains open currently, and all Kirby vacuum cleaners are manufactured in

960-547: A separate electric motor or a turbine which uses the suction power to spin the brushroll via a drive belt. Drum or shop vac models are essentially heavy-duty industrial versions of cylinder vacuum cleaners, where the canister consists of a large vertically positioned drum which can be stationary or on wheels. Smaller versions, for use in garages or small workshops, are usually electrically powered. Larger models, which can store over 200 litres (44 imp gal; 53 US gal), are often hooked up to compressed air, utilizing

1024-433: A straw is used to suck a liquid into the mouth, the atmospheric pressure pushes the liquid through the straw along the pressure gradient. A common semantic mistake is made when in case of accidents with spaceships or aircraft in which objects are blown out of the vessel in the case of an uncontrolled decompression which is often wrongly referred to as objects being sucked out. This fluid dynamics –related article

1088-417: A verb. The device is also sometimes called a sweeper although the same term also refers to a carpet sweeper , a similar invention. The vacuum cleaner evolved from the carpet sweeper via manual vacuum cleaners . The first manual models, using bellows, were developed in the 1860s, and the first motorized designs appeared at the turn of the 20th century, with the first decade being the boom decade. In 1860

1152-426: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . James M. Spangler James Murray Spangler (November 20, 1848 – January 23, 1915) was an American inventor, salesman, and janitor who invented the first commercially successful portable electric vacuum cleaner that revolutionized household carpet cleaning. His device was not the first vacuum cleaner, but it was the first that was practical for home use. It

1216-426: Is cooled by the airstream passing through it. Fan-bypass vacuums are good for both carpet and above-floor cleaning, since their suction does not significantly diminish over the distance of a hose, as it does in direct-fan cleaners. However, their air-paths are much less efficient, and can require more than twice as much power as direct-fan cleaners to achieve the same results. The most common upright vacuum cleaners use

1280-415: Is flexibility, as the user can attach different heads for different tasks, and maneuverability (the head can reach under furniture and makes it very easy to vacuum stairs and vertical surfaces). Many cylinder models have power heads as standard or add-on equipment containing the same sort of mechanical beaters as in upright units, making them as efficient on carpets as upright models. Such beaters are driven by

1344-459: Is less efficient, since the airflow is lost when it passes through a long hose, and the fan has been optimized for airflow volume and not suction. Fan-bypass uprights have their motor mounted after the filter bag. Dust is removed from the airstream by the bag, and usually a filter, before it passes through the fan. The fans are smaller, and are usually a combination of several moving and stationary turbines working in sequence to boost power. The motor

SECTION 20

#1732798170540

1408-403: Is that unlike a standard vacuum cleaner, which must blow some of the dirt collected back into the room being cleaned (no matter how efficient its filtration), a central vacuum removes all the dirt collected to the central unit. Since this central unit is usually located outside the living area, no dust is recirculated back into the room being cleaned. Also it is possible on most newer models to vent

1472-490: The Venturi effect to produce a partial vacuum. Built-in dust collection systems are also used in many workshops. Wet or wet/dry vacuum cleaners are a specialized form of cylinder/drum models that can be used to clean up wet or liquid spills. They are generally designed to be used both indoors and outdoors and to accommodate both wet and dry debris; some are also equipped with an exhaust port or detachable blower for reversing

1536-478: The Aultman Company as a salesman. Spangler was granted a patent on a grain harvester in 1887. He invented certain new and useful improvements such as the sliding tailboard made of sheet metal. He removed a standard tailboard and provided the sliding tailboard to regulate the width of the platform and adjust it to grain of different length. He also installed guards that prevented straw from wrapping around

1600-601: The Follwells and formed the Hoover Suction Sweeper Company. In its first year, they built a plant in Canton and afterward moved to New Berlin . The timing was fortuitous. With the automobile gaining popularity, William Hoover was concerned about the market for his horse collars and harnesses, and was eager to diversify. In 1908 he bought Spangler's patent, and he soon had a small staff toiling in

1664-463: The UK. Cyclonic cleaners do not use filtration bags. Instead, the dust is separated in a detachable cylindrical collection vessel or bin. Air and dust are sucked at high speed into the collection vessel at a direction tangential to the vessel wall, creating a fast-spinning vortex . The dust particles and other debris move to the outside of the vessel by centrifugal force , where they fall due to gravity. In fixed-installation central vacuum cleaners ,

1728-551: The US, UK, and numerous Commonwealth countries, but unusual in some Continental European countries. They take the form of a cleaning head, onto which a handle and bag are attached. Upright designs generally employ a rotating brushroll or beater bar, which removes dirt through a combination of sweeping and vibration. There are two types of upright vacuums; dirty-air/direct fan (found mostly on commercial vacuums), or clean-air/fan-bypass (found on most of today's domestic vacuums). The older of

1792-584: The United States. In 1907 department store janitor James Murray Spangler (1848–1915) of Canton, Ohio , invented the first portable electric vacuum cleaner, obtaining a patent for the Electric Suction Sweeper on 2 June 1908. Crucially, in addition to suction from an electric fan that blew the dirt and dust into a soap box and one of his wife's pillow cases, Spangler's design utilized a rotating brush to loosen debris. Unable to produce

1856-410: The airflow, a useful function for everything from clearing a clogged hose to blowing dust into a corner for easy collection. Shop vacs are able to collect large, bulky or otherwise inconvenient material that would damage or foul household vacuum cleaners, like sawdust, swarf , and liquids. They use wide hoses, which open directly into the collection chamber (usually a bucket-like cylinder constituting

1920-431: The appliance must be partially disassembled and cleaned after picking up wet materials to avoid developing unpleasant odors. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, several companies developed robotic vacuum cleaners , a form of carpet sweeper usually equipped with limited suction power. Some prominent brands are Roomba , Neato , and bObsweep . These machines move autonomously while collecting surface dust and debris into

1984-523: The beater bar in 1919 ("It beats as it sweeps as it cleans"), disposal filter bags in the 1920s, and an upright vacuum cleaner in 1926. In Continental Europe , the Fisker and Nielsen company in Denmark was the first to sell vacuum cleaners in 1910. The design weighed just 17.5 kg (39 lb) and could be operated by a single person. The Swedish company Electrolux launched their Model V in 1921 with

Vacuum cleaner - Misplaced Pages Continue

2048-495: The body of the vacuum). As the airstream enters the larger volume, its flow slows down, allowing the material to drop into the chamber before air is sucked out through the filter and to the vacuum's exhaust. Shop vacs' performance can be evaluated by a number of metrics. Commonly used ones include the motor's rating (using power measurements like watts or horsepower ), the vacuum's ability to develop suction (using pressure measurements like inches of water ), and total airflow through

2112-451: The body or box, mounted upon traveling wheels". The bicycle became quite popular at the same time and interfered with the sale of the wagon. Spangler was an asthmatic . He worked as a janitor at Zollinger's Dry Goods Store in Canton, Ohio . He was looking for a way to reduce the dust in his workplace that aggravated his asthma. He suspected that the carpet sweeper he used on the job was

2176-629: The center of the vortex is expelled from the machine after passing through a number of successively finer filters at the top of the container. The first filter is intended to trap particles which could damage the subsequent filters that remove fine dust particles. The filters must regularly be cleaned or replaced to ensure that the machine continues to perform efficiently. Since Dyson's success in raising public awareness of cyclonic separation, several other companies have introduced cyclone models. Competing manufacturers include Hoover, Bissell, Bosch, Eureka, Electrolux and Vax. This high level of competition means

2240-421: The cheapest models are generally no more expensive than a conventional cleaner. Central vacuum cleaners, also known as built-in or ducted, are a type of canister/cylinder model which has the motor and dirt filtration unit located in a central location in a building, and connected by pipes to fixed vacuum inlets installed throughout the building. Only the hose and cleaning head need be carried from room to room, and

2304-417: The cleaned air may be exhausted directly outside without need for further filtration. A well-designed cyclonic filtration system loses suction power due to airflow restriction only when the collection vessel is almost full. This is in marked contrast to filter bag systems, which lose suction when pores in the filter become clogged as dirt and dust are collected. In portable cyclonic models, the cleaned air from

2368-461: The corner of his leather shop, turning out six suction sweepers a day. William Hoover made further improvements to the vacuum cleaner that resembled a bagpipe attached to a cake box, a novel look that was very functional. Sluggish sales of the Hoover vacuum cleaner were given a kick by Hoover’s ten-day, free home trial. Hoover came up with the idea of door-to-door salesmen who gave home demonstrations of

2432-475: The design himself due to lack of funding, he sold the patent in 1908 to local leather goods manufacturer William Henry Hoover (1849–1932), who had Spangler's machine redesigned with a steel casing, casters, and attachments, founding the company that in 1922 was renamed the Hoover Company . Their first vacuum was the 1908 Model O, which sold for $ 60 ($ 2,035 in 2023 dollars). Subsequent innovations included

2496-580: The development of a new type of machine—the autonomous robotic vacuum cleaner. In 1997 Electrolux of Sweden demonstrated the Electrolux Trilobite , the first autonomous cordless robotic vacuum cleaner on the BBC-TV program Tomorrow's World , introducing it to the consumer market in 2001. A wide variety of technologies, designs, and configurations are available for both domestic and commercial cleaning jobs. Upright vacuum cleaners are popular in

2560-484: The dirt. It may also have an automatic cut-off feature which shuts the motor off if the brush-roll becomes jammed, protecting it from damage. Canister models (in the UK also often called cylinder models) dominate the European market . They have the motor and dust collectors (using a bag or bagless) in a separate unit, usually mounted on wheels, which is connected to the vacuum head by a flexible hose. Their main advantage

2624-459: The domestic market was built in 1905 by Walter Griffiths, a manufacturer in Birmingham , England. His Griffith's Improved Vacuum Apparatus for Removing Dust from Carpets resembled modern-day cleaners; it was portable, easy to store, and powered by "any one person (such as the ordinary domestic servant )", who would have the task of compressing a bellows-like contraption to suck up dust through

Vacuum cleaner - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-427: The exhaust entirely outside, even with the unit inside the living quarters. Another benefit of the central vacuum is, because of the remote location of the motor unit, there is much less noise in the room being cleaned than with a standard vacuum cleaner. Introduced in 1954, The Hoover Company 's Constellation was of the cylinder type and lacked wheels. Instead the vacuum cleaner floated on its exhaust, operating as

2752-486: The fall and early winter of 1907, they began manufacturing the suction sweeper. However, in just a few months, finances were gone. Spangler didn't have the capital to mass-produce his gadget. So he showed the suction sweeper to his cousin Susan Hoover, who tried it, liked it, and extolled its virtues to her husband, William Henry Hoover , a leather-goods manufacturer. In August 1908, he dissolved his partnership with

2816-413: The floor, and vacuums the dirty water into a collection tank. A vacuum's suction is caused by a difference in air pressure. A fan driven by an electric motor (often a universal motor ) reduces the pressure inside the machine. Atmospheric pressure then pushes the air through the carpet and into the nozzle, and so the dust is literally pushed into the bag. Suction When the pressure in one part of

2880-642: The handle. The same model was marketed in the UK under the Maytag brand, called the Satellite because of licensing restrictions. It was sold from 2006 to 2009. See vacuum truck for very big vacuum cleaners mounted on vehicles. Some other vacuum cleaners include an electric mop in the same machine: for a dry and a later wet clean. The iRobot company developed the Scooba , a robotic wet vacuum cleaner that carries its own cleaning solution, applies it and scrubs

2944-434: The hose is commonly 8 m (25 ft) long, allowing a large range of movement without changing vacuum inlets. Plastic or metal piping connects the inlets to the central unit. The vacuum head may be unpowered, or have beaters operated by an electric motor or by an air-driven turbine . The dirt bag or collection bin in a central vacuum system is usually so large that emptying or changing needs to be done less often, perhaps

3008-632: The innovation of being able to lie on the floor on two thin metal runners. In the 1930s the German company Vorwerk started marketing vacuum cleaners of their own design which they sold through direct sales . For many years after their introduction, vacuum cleaners remained a luxury item, but after the Second World War, they became common among the middle classes . Vacuums tend to be more common in Western countries, because in most other parts of

3072-495: The new vacuum cleaners. Hoover's success means that most people today associate the vacuum cleaner with him, rather than with Spangler. After Spangler sold the patents to William Hoover, he stayed on with the Hoover Company as the superintendent. Spangler's wife and daughter (Jennie Spangler Painter) made all the bags for the sweepers until 1914 when the bag making was taken to New Berlin. His son, Clarence, worked for about

3136-548: The patent several times from 1909 to 1913. Spangler, with US$ 5,000 invested by a friend, formed the Electric Suction Sweeper Company. Ray Harned, nephew and financial representative of F. G. and W. H. Follwell, formed a partnership with Spangler in the fall of 1907. The Follwells had financed Zollingers and were financing Spangler who had filed an application for a patent in September 1907. In

3200-510: The roller. Spangler invented a combined hay rake and tedder which was patented in 1893. By his peculiar arrangement, he was able to provide a combined hay rake and tedder in one machine, thereby reducing the cost. He formed a company for its sale which was unsuccessful and short-lived. In 1897 he was granted a patent for a velocipede wagon and sold his invention to a company in Springfield, Ohio . He claimed as new "the combination of

3264-456: The short form vacuum are neutral names, in some countries (UK, Ireland) hoover is used instead as a genericized trademark , and as a verb. The name comes from the Hoover Company , one of the first and most influential companies in the development of the device. In New Zealand, particularly the Southland region, it is sometimes called a lux , likewise a genericized trademark and used as

SECTION 50

#1732798170540

3328-464: The sound. Those models float on carpet or bare floor although, on hard flooring, the exhaust air tends to scatter any fluff or debris around. Hoover re-released an updated version of the later-model Constellation in the US (model # S3341 in Pearl White and # S3345 in stainless steel). Changes included a HEPA filtration bag, a 12-amp motor, a turbine-powered brush roll, and a redesigned version of

3392-416: The source of his cough. A tinkerer at heart, he set his mind to making an electric carpet sweeper . While watching a rotary street sweeper in operation, Spangler got the idea to mount the motor from a ceiling fan onto a carpet sweeper and cut a hole in the back of the sweeper to attach fan blades which would blow dirt out of the rear of the cleaner into an attached dirt bag (a pillow case he borrowed from

3456-504: The store). He attached a leather belt from the motor shaft to the wood cylinder brush roll and a broom stick provided the handle. In his next attempt he used a wooden soap box as the main body. He used his invention successfully in cleaning the Follwell Building. Bringing his ingenuity to bear on the problem, Spangler fashioned a tin box, a pillowcase, an electric fan, and a broom handle into something we might recognize today as

3520-519: The system (using volume rate measurements like cubic feet per minute ). Related to the wet vacuum is the extraction vacuum cleaner used mainly in hot water extraction , a method of cleaning hard-to-move pieces of fabric like carpets. These machines are able to spray hot soapy water and then suck it back out of the fabric, removing dirt in the process. Wet vacuum cleaner have been modified by end users, adding an internally-mounted sump pump for continuous removal of liquids without having to stop to empty

3584-439: The tank. Pneumatic or pneumatic wet/dry vacuum cleaners are a specialized form of wet/dry models that hook up to compressed air. They commonly can accommodate both wet and dry soilage, a useful feature in industrial plants and manufacturing facilities. Backpack vacuum cleaners are commonly used for commercial cleaning: they allow the user to move rapidly about a large area. They are essentially small canister vacuums strapped onto

3648-447: The two designs, direct-fan cleaners have a large impeller (fan) mounted close to the suction opening, through which the dirt passes directly, before being blown into a bag. The motor is often cooled by a separate cooling fan. Because of their large-bladed fans, and comparatively short airpaths, direct-fan cleaners create a very efficient airflow from a low amount of power, and make effective carpet cleaners. Their "above-floor" cleaning power

3712-458: The user's back. Lightweight hand-held vacuum cleaners, either powered from rechargeable batteries or mains power, are also popular for cleaning up smaller spills. Frequently seen examples include the Black & Decker DustBuster , which was introduced in 1979, and numerous handheld models by Dirt Devil , which were first introduced in 1984. Some battery-powered handheld vacuums are wet/dry rated;

3776-462: The word "vacuum cleaner". Booth's horse-drawn combustion-engine-powered "Puffing Billy", maybe derived from Thurman's blown-air design, relied upon just suction with air pumped through a cloth filter and was offered as part of his cleaning services. Kenney's was a stationary 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) steam-engine-powered system with pipes and hoses reaching into all parts of the building. The first vacuum-cleaning device to be portable and marketed at

3840-417: The world's first robotic vacuum cleaner which uses a rotating laser-based range-finder (a form of lidar ) to scan and map its surrounding. It uses this map to clean the floor methodically, even if it requires the robot to return to its base multiple times to recharge itself. In many cases it will notice when an area of the floor that was previously inaccessible becomes reachable, such as when a dog wakes up from

3904-447: The world, wall-to-wall carpeting is uncommon and homes have tile or hardwood floors , which are easily swept, wiped or mopped manually without power assist. The last decades of the 20th century saw the more widespread use of technologies developed earlier, including filterless cyclonic dirt separation, central vacuum systems and rechargeable hand-held vacuums. In addition, miniaturized computer technology and improved batteries allowed

SECTION 60

#1732798170540

3968-553: Was a farmer. On May 21, 1874, Spangler married Elesta Holtz, daughter of M. J. Holtz, of Plain Township. They had three children, Clarence T., Frank G. and Jennie M. In 1880 they moved to Akron . Spangler engaged in agricultural pursuits for his early career and then worked in threshing in Plain Township. After moving to Akron, Spangler was in business with his brother selling gent's furnishings. He also worked for

4032-433: Was constructed by Melville R. Bissell of Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1876, who also manufactured carpet sweepers . The company later added portable vacuum cleaners to its line of cleaning tools. The end of the 19th century saw the introduction of powered cleaners, although early types used some variation of blowing air to clean instead of suction. One appeared in 1898 when John S. Thurman of St. Louis , Missouri, submitted

4096-632: Was the first to use both a cloth filter bag and cleaning attachments. Spangler improved this basic model and received a patent for it in 1908. He formed the Electric Suction Sweeper Company to manufacture his device. William H. Hoover was so impressed with the vacuum cleaner that he bought into Spangler's business and patents. James Murray Spangler was born on November 20, 1848, at the Spangler homestead in Plain Township, Stark County, Ohio , to Elizabeth (née Lind) and William A. Spangler. His father

#539460