Shahmukhi ( Punjabi : شاہ مُکھی , pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː] , lit. ' from the king's mouth ' ) is the right-to-left alphabet, developed from the Perso-Arabic script , used for the Punjabi language varieties , predominantly in Pakistan . It is generally written in the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand. Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurmukhi used officially in India .
9-731: Vaisakh ( Shahmukhi : وساکھ ; Gurmukhi : ਵਿਸਾਖ , Punjabi pronunciation: [ʋɪsaːkʰᵊ] ) is the second month in the Nanakshahi calendar and the Punjabi calendar . This month coincides with April and May in the Gregorian calendar and to Vaisakha in the Hindu calendar and the Indian national calendar ; it comprises the time of crop-harvesting in the Punjab region . Vaisakhi
18-632: A /ʰ/ or a /ʱ/ , this letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed above. Characters added which differ from Urdu include: لؕ to represent /ɭ/ and ݨ to represent /ɳ/ . These characters, however are rarely used. The letter ژ is pronounced 'j' in French or as vi si on in English and the letter ع is often transliterated in many ways due to its changing sound in various Arabic and Persian words. Voiceless retroflex stop Too Many Requests If you report this error to
27-505: Is the most important festival in the Sikh calendar, taking place on the first lunar month of Vaisakh, which falls on 14 April each year. On this day, the Khalsa was created and much celebration takes place in the form of Samagams, Nagar Kirtan , Gatka exhibitions, Akand Paths and so on. On the 16th of this month, Guru Angad and Guru Har Krishan took leave for their higher abode and passed
36-534: Is written from right to left, while Gurmukhi is written from left to right. Shahmukhi has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters. Before the advent of Shahmukhi, writing systems were not popular for the Old Punjabi varieties . The name 'Shahmukhi' is a recent coinage, imitating its counterpart 'Gurmukhi'. However, the writing of Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script is well-attested from
45-934: The Urdu alphabet , but contains additional letters representing the Punjabi phonology . For writing Saraiki , an extended Shahmukhi is used that includes 4 additional letters for the implosive consonants ( ٻ, ڄ, ݙ, ڳ ). Like Urdu, Shahmukhi also has diacritics, which are implied - a convention retained from the original Arabic script , to express short vowels. (ن٘) No Punjabi words begin with ں , ھ , or ے . Words which begin with ڑ are exceedingly rare, but some have been documented in Shahmukhi dictionaries such as Iqbal Salahuddin's Waddi Punjabi Lughat . The digraphs of aspirated consonants are as follows. In addition, ل and لؕ form ligatures with ا : لا ( ـلا ) and لؕا ( ـلؕا ). Shahmukhi has more letters than its Persian base and related Urdu alphabet, to represent
54-623: The 13th century onwards with the first major works produced by Baba Farid . According to Dhavan, Punjabi began to adopt the script as a "side effect" of educational practices in Mughal -era Punjab , when Punjabi Muslims learned the Persian language in order to participate in Mughal society. Educational materials taught Persian to Punjabi speakers by using Punjabi written in Persian's alphabet, which
63-580: The Guruship to Guru Amar Das and Guru Tegh Bahadur respectively. Moreover, on the 18th, the Sikhs celebrate the birthday of Guru Angad Dev (the second Sikh Guru ) and Guru Tegh Bahadur (the ninth Sikh Guru). Ji Shahmukhi Most of the classical Punjabi literature has been produced in Shahmukhi; used by major Muslim writers including Baba Farid , Bulleh Shah , Waris Shah , Sultan Bahu , and Mian Muhammad Bakhsh , among others. Shahmukhi
72-557: The special sounds that are only in Punjabi, which already have additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. Characters added which differ from Persian but not Urdu include: ٹ to represent /ʈ/ , ڈ to represent /ɖ/ , ڑ to represent /ɽ/ , ں to represent /◌̃/ , and ے to represent /ɛ:/ or /e:/ . Furthermore, a separate do-cashmi- he letter, ھ , exists to denote
81-522: Was a novel innovation. This was one of the first attempts at standardising the Punjabi language; prior to this, Punjabi was primarily a spoken language, not formally taught in schools. Shackle suggests that the Gurmukhi script was not favoured by Punjabi Muslims due to its religious (Sikh) connotations. Shahmukhi script is a modified version of the Arabic script 's Persian alphabet . It is identical to
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