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46-765: Valdaysky Uyezd ( Валдайский уезд ) was one of the subdivisions of the Novgorod Governorate of the Russian Empire . It was situated in the southwestern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Valday . At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Valdaysky Uyezd had a population of 95,251. Of these, 92.8% spoke Russian , 6.1% Karelian , 0.2% Yiddish , 0.2% Estonian , 0.2% Latvian , 0.2% German , 0.1% Polish , 0.1% Romani and 0.1% Tatar as their native language. Novgorod Governorate Novgorod Governorate

92-664: A cautionary tale for the writers of the US Constitution . In 1772, Jean-Jacques Rousseau was invited to present recommendations for a new constitution for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the Considerations on the Government of Poland (1782), which was to be his last major political work. a The picture shows the rulers of the three countries that participated in

138-704: A counter-proposal for Prussia to take lands held by Poland in return for relinquishing Glatz and parts of Silesia to Austria, but his plan was rejected by Frederick. Although for a few decades, since Poland's Silent Sejm , Russia had seen the weak Poland as its own protectorate, Poland had also been devastated by a civil war in which the forces of the Bar Confederation , formed in Bar , attempted to disrupt Russian control over Poland. The recent Koliyivschyna peasant and Cossack uprising in Ukraine also weakened

184-626: A country under major influence of, and almost becoming the protectorate (or vassal ) of, the Russian Empire, with the Russian tsar effectively choosing Polish–Lithuanian monarchs during the free elections and deciding the outcome of much of Poland's internal politics. For example, the Repnin Sejm of 1767–68 was named after the Russian ambassador who had unofficially presided over its proceedings. The First Partition occurred after

230-735: A series of territorial adjustments in which the Ottoman Empire would not suffer from Austria and Russia. In return, Austria would be compensated with parts of Prussian Silesia , and Prussia would regain Ermland (Warmia) from the that part of Prussia which Poland had annexed in the Second Treaty of Thorn , plus the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia , already under Baltic German hegemony. King Frederick II of Prussia had no intention of giving up Silesia , having recently gained it in

276-456: A set of cities and the lands adjacent to those cities. The cities were In 1764, Jacob Sievers was appointed governor of Novgorod. He discovered that most of the towns in the governorate were located along the western border and were in fact former fortresses, whereas large spaces like for instance between Novgorod and Ustyuzhna, had no towns at all. The general policy of Catherine the Great at

322-459: The Austrian share an ample compensation. Although Austria was the least interested in the partition, it received the largest share of the former Polish population and the second-largest land share: 83,000 square kilometres (32,000 sq mi) and 2,650,000 people. Austria gained Zator , Auschwitz , part of Little Poland (which constituted the counties of Kraków and Sandomierz ), including

368-757: The Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg monarchy and was the primary motive behind the First Partition. Frederick the Great , King in Prussia , engineered the partition to prevent Austria, which was envious of Russian successes against the Ottoman Empire , from going to war. Territories in Poland–Lithuania were divided by its more powerful neighbours (Austria, Russia and Prussia) to restore

414-520: The Partition Sejm . To prevent the disruption of the Sejm via liberum veto and the defeat of the purpose of the invaders, Poniński undertook to turn the regular Sejm into a confederated sejm in which majority rule prevailed. In spite of the efforts of individuals like Tadeusz Rejtan , Samuel Korsak  [ pl ] , and Stanisław Bohuszewicz  [ pl ] to prevent it,

460-575: The Silesian Wars , but was also interested in finding a peaceful solution. The Russo-Prussian alliance would draw him into a potential war against Austria, and the Seven Years' War had left Prussia's treasury and army weakened. Like France, he was interested in protecting the weakening Ottoman Empire, which could be advantageously used in the event of a Prussian war either against Russia or Austria. Frederick's brother, Prince Henry , spent

506-640: The balance of power in Europe shifted, with Russian victories against the Ottomans in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) strengthening Russia and endangering Habsburg interests in the region (particularly in Moldavia and Wallachia ). Habsburg Austria then started considering waging war against Russia. France was friendly towards the Ottoman Empire but also both Prussia and Austria and suggested

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552-518: The 1629 Truce of Altmark (i.e. Inflanty Voivodeship , excluding the former western exclaves around Piltene /Piltyń, which had been transferred to Courland in 1717), and of Belarus embracing the counties of Vitebsk , Polotsk and Mstislavl . Russia gained 92,000 square kilometres (36,000 sq mi) and 1,300,000 people, and reorganized its newly acquired lands into Pskov Governorate , which also included two provinces of Novgorod Governorate , and Mogilev Governorate . Zakhar Chernyshyov

598-778: The Austrian border. An attempt of the Bar Confederacy to kidnap King Stanisław on 3 November 1771 gave the three courts another pretext to showcase the "Polish anarchy" and the need for its neighbours to step in and "save" the country and its citizens. Already by 1769–1771, both Austria and Prussia had taken over some border territories of the Commonwealth, with Austria taking the Eldership of Spisz , Czorsztyn , Stary Sącz and Nowy Targ in 1769–1770 and Prussia incorporating Lauenburg and Bütow . On February 19, 1772,

644-594: The Bar Confederation provided a convenient excuse although all three were interested in territorial gains. After Russia had occupied the Danubian Principalities , Henry convinced Frederick and Empress Maria Theresa that the balance of power would be maintained by a tripartite division of the so-called Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth instead of Russia taking land from the Ottomans. Under pressure from Prussia, which had long wanted to recover

690-544: The Bar Confederation, whose executive board had been forced to leave Austria, which had supported them, after Austria joined the Prusso–Russian alliance, did not lay down their arms. Many fortresses in their command held out as long as possible. Wawel Castle in Kraków fell only at the end of April; Tyniec Fortress held until the end of July 1772; Częstochowa , commanded by Casimir Pulaski , held until late August. In

736-535: The Great soon introduced German colonists in territories he conquered, and enforced the Germanization of Polish territories. Frederick II settled 26,000 Germans in Polish Pomerania, who influenced the ethnic situation in the region, which had around 300,000 inhabitants. According to Christopher Clark , in certain areas annexed by Prussia like Notec and Royal Prussia, 54% of the population (75% in

782-560: The Novgorod Governorate (Beloozersky, Kirillovsky, Tikhvinsky, Ustyuzhensky , and Cherepovetsky) were split off to create Cherepovets Governorate , with the administrative centre located in Cherepovets . Thus, by 1927 the governorate consisted of the following six uyezds: The administration of the governorate was performed by a governor. The governors of Novgorod Governorate were In 1809, Duke George of Oldenburg

828-533: The Polish position. Besides, the Russian-supported Polish king, Stanisław August Poniatowski , was seen as both weak and too independent-minded. Eventually, the Russian court decided that the usefulness of Poland as a protectorate had diminished. The three powers officially justified their actions as compensation for dealing with a troublesome neighbour and restoring order to Polish anarchy, and

874-507: The Russians and exiled to Siberia. The local land assemblies ( Sejmiks ) refused to elect deputies to the Sejm, and after great difficulties, less than half of the regular number of representatives came to attend the session led by Marshals of the Sejm , Michał Hieronim Radziwiłł and Adam Poniński . The latter in particular was one of many Polish nobles who were bribed by the Russians into following their orders. The Sejm became known as

920-565: The administrative center located in Kresttsy ), Kirillovsky Uyezd ( Kirillov ), and Cherepovetsky Uyezd ( Cherepovets ) were re-established. In 1816, Novgorod Governorate became the area where military settlements were deployed, in accordance with the project designed by Aleksey Arakcheyev , an influential statesman. It was inconvenient to have both civial and military administration in Staraya Russa, and therefore Starorussky Uyezd

966-550: The agreement of partition was signed in Vienna . A previous agreement between Prussia and Russia had been made in Saint Petersburg on February 6, 1772. In early August, Russian, Prussian and Austrian troops simultaneously entered the Commonwealth and occupied the provinces that had been agreed upon among themselves. On August 5, the three parties signed the treaty on their respective territorial gains. The regiments of

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1012-465: The areas of what is currently Novgorod Oblast and Pskov Oblast , the greater parts of the Republic of Karelia , as well as parts of Arkhangelsk , Vologda , Leningrad , and Tver Oblasts . In 1927, it only comprised a larger part of current Novgorod Oblast and a small part of Tver Oblast. In 1727, the description of Novgorod Governorate's borders was not given. Instead, the territory was defined as

1058-563: The centers in Olonets, Vytegra , and Padansky Pogost . In the same year, Porkhovsky , Gdovsky , Ladozhsky , Starorussky , and Tikhvinsky Uyezds were established. By 1775, Novgorod Governorate was subdivided as follows: In 1796, after the governorate was restored, it consisted of eleven uyezds, In 1802, Olonets Governorate was restored in pre-1796 borders. It included Petrozavodsky, Olonetsky, Kargopolsky, Vytegorsky, and Lodeynopolsky Uyezds . Simultaneously, Krestetsky Uyezd (with

1104-587: The combined nations occupied Warsaw , the capital, to compel by force of arms the calling of the assembly, no alternative could be chosen but passive submission to their will. The senators who advised against that step were threatened by the Russians, represented by the ambassador, Otto von Stackelberg , who declared that in the face of refusal, the whole of Warsaw would be destroyed by them. Other threats included execution, confiscation of estates, and further increases of partitioned territory. According to Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin , some senators were even arrested by

1150-482: The deed was accomplished with the aid of Poniński, Radziwiłł, and the bishops Andrzej Młodziejowski , Ignacy Jakub Massalski , and Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski ( primate of Poland ), who occupied high positions in the Senate of Poland . The Sejm elected a committee of thirty to deal with the various matters presented. On September 18, 1773, the committee signed the treaty of cession, renouncing all Commonwealth claims to

1196-547: The end, the Bar Confederation was defeated, with its members either fleeing abroad or being deported to Siberia by the Russians. The partition treaty was ratified by its signatories on September 22, 1772. It was a major success for Frederick II of Prussia: Prussia's share might have been the smallest, but it was also significantly developed and strategically important. Prussia took most of Polish Royal Prussia , including Ermland , which allowed Frederick to link East Prussia and Brandenburg . The annexation thereby reunited

1242-764: The lands of the Teutonic State under a German state, after parts of these lands had fallen under rule of the Polish king in 1411 and 1466. Prussia also annexed northern areas of Greater Poland along the Noteć River (the Netze District ), and northern Kuyavia , but not the cities of Danzig (Gdańsk) and Thorn (Toruń) . In 1773, the territories annexed by Prussia became the new province of West Prussia . Overall, Prussia gained 36,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) and about 600,000 people. According to Jerzy Surdykowski  [ PL ] , Frederick

1288-714: The lost territories. The only two countries that refused to accept the partitions were the Ottoman and Persian Empires . Il Canto degli Italiani , the Italian national anthem , contains a reference to the partition. The ongoing partitions of Poland were a major topic of discourse in the Federalist Papers in which the structure of the government of Poland and the foreign influence over it were used in several papers ( Federalist No. 14 , Federalist No. 19 , Federalist No. 22 , Federalist No. 39 for examples) as

1334-520: The northern province of so-called Royal Prussia , the three powers agreed on the First Partition of Poland. That was in light of the possible Austrian-Ottoman alliance with only token objections from Austria although it would have preferred to receive more Ottoman territories in the Balkans , a region that had long been coveted by the Habsburgs. The Russians also withdrew from Moldavia , away from

1380-481: The partition tearing a map of Poland apart. The outer figures demanding their share are Catherine II of Russia and Frederick II of Prussia . The inner figure on the right is the Habsburg Emperor Joseph II , who appears ashamed of his action (although in reality, he was more of an advocate of the partition, and it was his mother, Maria Theresa , who was critical of the partition). On his right

1426-410: The proposal, Frederick suggested a partition of the Polish borderlands by Austria, Prussia and Russia, with the largest share going to Austria, the party most weakened by the recent changes in the balance of power. Thus, Frederick attempted to encourage Russia to direct its expansion towards a weak and dysfunctional Poland instead of the Ottomans. The Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz made

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1472-545: The regional balance of power in Central Europe among those three countries. With Poland unable to defend itself effectively and foreign troops already inside the country, the Polish Sejm ratified the partition in 1773 during the Partition Sejm , which was convened by the three powers. By the late 18th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had been reduced from the status of a European power to that of

1518-506: The rich salt mines of Bochnia and Wieliczka but not the city of Kraków itself, and the whole of Galicia . The Russian share , on the northeast, was the largest, but the least-important area economically. By the "diplomatic document", Russia came into possession of the commonwealth territories east of the line formed roughly by the Dvina , Drut , and Dnieper rivers, the section of Livonia that had remained in Commonwealth control after

1564-532: The sea and gained control of over 80% of the Commonwealth's total foreign trade. Through levying enormous customs duties, Prussia accelerated the inevitable collapse of the Commonwealth. The acquisition of Polish Royal Prussia also permitted Frederick to change his title from King in Prussia to King of Prussia. Despite token criticism of the partition from the Empress Maria Theresa, the Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz considered

1610-462: The three partitioning powers demanded that King Stanisław August Poniatowski and the Sejm approve their action. The king appealed to the nations of Western Europe for help and tarried with the convocation of the Sejm. The European powers reacted to the partition with utmost indifference; only a few voices like Edmund Burke were raised in objection. When no help was forthcoming and the armies of

1656-470: The time was to diminish the number of towns and to create large uyezds, and in 1764, most of the uyezds were abolished, however, Sievers argued that this policy was not appropriate for Novgorod Governorate, since it was large, sparsely populated, and difficult to administer. He suggested that Vyshny Volochyok , Valday , Borovichi , and Ostashkov would be chartered instead. In 1770, these towns were indeed chartered. Novgorod Governorate bordered Poland in

1702-558: The urban areas) were German-speaking Protestants. That condition in the next century would be used by nationalistic German historians to justify the partition, but it was irrelevant to contemporary calculations. Frederick was dismissive of German culture; he pursued an imperialist policy, acting on the security interests of his state with dynastic rather than national identity. The newly gained territories connected Prussia with Germany proper and had major economic importance. By seizing northwestern Poland, Prussia instantly cut off Poland from

1748-569: The west until 1772. In 1772, as a result of the First Partition of Poland , parts of Livonia and what is now eastern Belarus were transferred to Russia. In order to accommodate these areas, Pskov Governorate was created, and Velikiye Luki and Pskov Provinces (with the exception of future Gdovsky Uyezd ) were transferred to this governorate. In 1773, Olonetsky Uyezd was incorporated as Olonets Province but still remained in Novgorod Governorate. The province consisted of three uyezds with

1794-583: The winter of 1770–71 as a representative of the Prussian court at Saint Petersburg . As Austria had annexed the 13 Polish-held towns in the Hungarian Szepes region in 1769 in violation of the Treaty of Lubowla , Catherine II of Russia and her advisor General Ivan Chernyshyov suggested to Henry that Prussia claim some land currently held by Poland, such as Ermland. After Henry had informed him of

1840-408: Was abolished by a decree ( ukase ) of Catherine II on September 5 [ O.S. August 24], 1776, which established Novgorod and Tver Viceroyalties instead. Novgorod Viceroyalty included Novgorod and Olonets Oblast , whereas Tver Viceroyalty was made of the former Tver Province . The viceroyalty was never formally abolished, however, after a number of administrative transformations it

1886-664: Was abolished in 1824. The town of Staraya Russa and some adjacent territories were directly subordinated to the Defense Ministry. Simultaneously, Demyansk was chartered, and Demyansky Uyezd was established. Military settlements were established in Novgorodsky, Demyansky, and Krestetsky Uyezds. The military settlements were proven inefficient, in particular, in 1831, the area participated in the Cholera Riots . They were abolished in 1856. In 1857, Starorussky Uyezd

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1932-568: Was an administrative-territorial unit ( guberniya ) of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR , which existed from 1727 to 1776 and from 1796 to 1927. Its administrative center was in the city of Novgorod . The governorate was located in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Empire. The governorate was established in 1727 from Belozersk, Novgorod, Pskov, Tver and Velikiye Luki Provinces of St. Petersburg Governorate . It

1978-499: Was appointed governor general and supervised Novgorod, Tver, and Yaroslavl Governorates. In 1812, he died, and the position of the governor general was abolished. First Partition of Poland The First Partition of Poland took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that eventually ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. The growth of power in the Russian Empire threatened

2024-536: Was appointed the Governor General of the new territories on May 28, 1772. By the first partition, the Commonwealth lost about 211,000 square kilometres (81,000 sq mi) (30% of its territory, amounting to about 733,000 square kilometres (283,000 sq mi)), with a population of over four to five million people, about a third of its population of fourteen million before the partitions. After they had occupied their respective territories,

2070-409: Was divided into what was later to become Olonets Governorate , and into Novgorod Viceroyalty proper. After 1796, Novgorod Viceroyalty was mentioned in official documents only as Novgorod Governorate. This second Novgorod Governorate existed until 1927, when its territory was included into Leningrad Oblast . In terms of the modern political division of Russia, Novgorod Governorate as of 1727 comprised

2116-510: Was re-established. From 1859 to 1917, the governorate consisted of eleven uezds: In 1917, two towns of the governorate were chartered but did not become uyezd centers: Bologoye (Valdaysky Uyezd) and Lyuban (Novgorodsky Uyezd). In 1920, Malovishersky Uyezd was established, however, Malaya Vishera (formerly in Krestetsky Uyezd) was not chartered until 1921. In 1922, Krestetsky Uyezd was abolished. In June 1918, five uyezds of

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