134-600: Valemax ships are a fleet of very large ore carriers (VLOC) owned or chartered by the Brazilian mining company Vale S.A. to carry iron ore from Brazil to European and Asian ports. With a capacity ranging from 380,000 to 400,000 tons deadweight , the vessels meet the Chinamax standard of ship measurements for limits on draft and beam . Valemax ships are the largest bulk carriers ever constructed, when measuring deadweight tonnage or length overall , and are amongst
268-720: A UNESCO World Heritage site , dramatically illustrates that the incense constituted testimony to South Arabian civilizations. During the 8th century BCE, it is believed that the Yaarub, the descendant of Qahtan , ruled the entire region of Yemen, including Oman. Wathil bin Himyar bin Abd-Shams (Saba) bin Yashjub ( Yaman ) bin Yarub bin Qahtan later ruled Oman. It is thus believed that
402-802: A high-income economy and as of 2023 Oman ranks as the 48th most peaceful country in the world according to the Global Peace Index . The oldest known written mention of "Oman" is on a tomb in the Mleiha Archeological Center in the United Arab Emirates. The name "Oman" is thought to be several centuries older than Pliny the Elder ’s reference to "Omana" or Ptolemy 's reference to "Omanon". ( Ὄμανον ἐμπόριον in Greek ), Both of those references are probably to
536-554: A shiploader in a single step with a loading rate of 13,500 tonnes per hour and can carry almost as much iron ore as a small Panamax carrier. In addition the space inside the cargo hold that cannot be reached by grabs during discharging, the so-called "dead spots", is minimized. With a deadweight tonnage of about 400,000 tons, a fully laden Valemax vessel is carrying as much iron ore as around 11,150 trucks, enough to produce steel for three Golden Gate bridges. The first 35 Valemax ships were said to be capable of carrying about 15% of
670-614: A sultan , with power passed down through the male line. Qaboos bin Said was the Sultan from 1970 until his death on 10 January 2020. Qaboos, who died childless, had named his cousin, Haitham bin Tariq , as his successor in a letter, and the ruling family confirmed him as the new Sultan of Oman. Formerly a maritime empire, Oman is the oldest continuously independent state in the Arab world . It
804-487: A 25-year contract with Vale in 2009. The deadweight tonnage of the Valemax vessels built by STX, 374,400 tons, is slightly smaller than that of the similar ships built by DSME and RSHI. The first STX-built Valemax vessel, Vale Beijing , was delivered by STX Jinhae on 27 September 2011. Although another vessel was expected to take delivery later that year, only one ship was delivered. The second ship, Vale Qingdao ,
938-455: A Chinese port – the ship arrived at Dalian on 28 December 2011 – but this was assumed to be a bureaucratic fluke as no Chinese port has regulatory approval to receive dry bulk carriers of that size. According to Vale, the discussions about allowing the Valemax ships to enter Chinese ports were ongoing since the ban came into force and the Chinese officials had given a preliminary go-ahead for
1072-597: A Japanese shipping company, bringing the total number of Valemax vessels to 68 as of 2020. In 2008, Vale placed orders for twelve 400,000-ton Valemax ships to be constructed by Jiangsu Rongsheng Heavy Industries (RSHI) in China and ordered seven more ships from South Korean Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) in 2009. In addition sixteen more ships of similar size were ordered from Chinese and South Korean shipyards for other shipping companies, and chartered to Vale under long-term contracts. The first vessel
1206-405: A contract with the Chinese shipbuilding company Bohai Shipbuilding Heavy Industry for the construction of four 388,000-ton very large ore carriers. Although initially scheduled for delivery in 2010, the first vessel, Berge Everest , was delivered on 23 September 2011. It was followed by Berge Aconcagua on 15 March 2012 and Berge Jaya on 12 June 2012. The remaining ship, Berge Neblina ,
1340-454: A deadweight tonnage in excess of 400,000 tons and in the past Vale has referred to the ships ordered from Rongsheng as "400,000-ton" vessels. The reduction in cargo capacity, at least on paper, may have been due to the reluctance of Chinese officials to accept the 400,000-ton ships to Chinese ports. In April 2012, it was reported that Vale had refused delivery for three Valemax ships recently completed by Jiangsu Rongsheng Heavy Industries. This
1474-521: A deadweight tonnage of over 440,000 tons. They are still far from the largest ship ever constructed — Seawise Giant (labeled as the Knock Nevis in the adjacent image), built in 1979 and broken up in 2009, was 458.46 metres (1,504.1 ft) long and had a deadweight tonnage of 564,650 tons — and also considerably longer than the longest ship currently in service, the 400-metre (1,312 ft) container ship Barzan . Vale's decision to construct
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#17327915666931608-533: A fleet of 19 Valemax vessels by itself in order to control the wildly fluctuating charter prices for large bulk carriers which had dropped from US$ 233,988 per day in June 2008 to as low as US$ 2,400 by December of the same year. However, because of the Great Recession and the reluctance of Chinese ports to accept the fully laden ships, the new board of directors decided to focus capital allocation to mining. As
1742-463: A fleet of 400,000-ton ore carriers was widely criticized by other shipping companies. The new Valemax ships, expected to cut the company's transportation costs by 20–25%, were blamed for driving down the freight rates for the entire industry, swelling the already oversupplied bulk transportation market and stalling the recovery of the shipping business after the Great Recession . The freight rates, down 80% from 2008, were expected to drop further down to
1876-406: A further 15% to 20% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is claimed. The Japanese-built ships have 7RT-flex82T engines rated at 24,600 kW (33,000 hp) and 74 rpm, slightly less than their South Korean- or Chinese-built equivalents. The new ships are considerably larger than the previous record holder, 364,767-ton Berge Stahl , which had been the largest bulk carrier in the world since it
2010-529: A joint venture between COSCO and China Shipping Development Company , for US$ 445 million. These were the first Valemax vessels to officially change ownership. Later, four more ships were sold to China Merchants Energy Shipping . In December 2015, Vale announced that the remaining 11 Valemax ships owned by the mining company would be sold and leased back from the new owners. The last Valemax vessels were reportedly sold in December 2017. On 5 December 2011 it
2144-636: A precaution against environmental damage the Brazilian authorities requested her fuel tanks to be emptied. Since there are no facilities to unload iron ore from the ship at Ponta da Madeira and no large shipyards in the region, emergency repairs had to be performed by divers and the cargo redistributed while the ship was anchored offshore before it could be towed to a shipyard. The cause of the damage has not been published by STX, but design or construction flaws, material fatigue and incorrect loading have all been suspected. According to calculations performed by DNV
2278-593: A result of monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean, leaving the summer air saturated with cool moisture and heavy fog. Summer temperatures in Salalah range from 20 to 30 °C (68.0 to 86.0 °F)—relatively cool compared to northern Oman. The mountain areas receive more rainfall, and annual rainfall on the higher parts of the Jabal Akhdar probably exceeds 400 millimetres (16 in). Low temperatures in
2412-437: A result, Vale decided to sell the ships and charter them back under long-term contracts. Although Vale was expected to suffer financial losses from selling the ships, they would have been covered by the profit from iron ore sales even at depressed ore prices if only one or two full shipments could be unloaded in Chinese ports. In September 2014, Vale signed a framework agreement for strategic co-operation in iron ore shipping with
2546-471: A son of the late Sayyid Said bin Sultan, and brother of Sultan Barghash of Zanzibar , who Britain deemed to be more acceptable. Oman's Imam Sultan, defeated ruler of Muscat, was granted sovereignty over Gwadar , an area of modern-day Pakistan. The British empire was keen to dominate southeast Arabia to stifle the growing power of other European states and to curb the Omani maritime power that grew during
2680-470: A system of indirect governance. By the end of the 19th century, and with the loss of its African dominions and its revenues, British influence increased to the point that the sultans became heavily dependent on British loans and signed declarations to consult the British government on all important matters. The Sultanate thus came de facto under the British sphere. Zanzibar was a valuable property as
2814-928: Is a member of the United Nations , the Arab League , the Gulf Cooperation Council , the Non-Aligned Movement , and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . It has oil reserves ranked 22nd globally. In 2010, the United Nations Development Programme ranked Oman as the most-improved country in the world in terms of development during the preceding 40 years. A portion of its economy involves tourism and trading fish, dates and other agricultural produce. The World Bank categorizes Oman as
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#17327915666932948-567: Is a part, separate the country into two distinct regions: the interior, and the coastal area dominated by the capital, Muscat. The British imperial development over Muscat and Oman during the 19th century led to the renewed revival of the cause of the Imamate in the interior of Oman, which has appeared in cycles for more than 1,200 years in Oman. The British Political Agent, who resided in Muscat, owed
3082-529: Is closer to major customers in Asia. Vale also faced opposition from the China Shipowners' Association which claimed that the Brazilian mining company is seeking to control the freight market as it has already done with the iron ore prices. In the past, the Chinese ports were not allowed to increase their capacity to more than 300,000 tons for dry bulk carriers due to safety and environmental concerns. If
3216-551: The Arab Spring uprisings that were taking place throughout the region, protests occurred in Oman during the early months of 2011. While they did not call for the ousting of the regime, demonstrators demanded political reforms, improved living conditions and the creation of more jobs. They were dispersed by riot police in February 2011. Sultan Qaboos reacted by promising jobs and benefits. In October 2011, elections were held to
3350-520: The Fujairah coast. 52 crew members died, with the sole survivor, Matrosengefreiter Günther Schmidt, taken aboard HMIS Hiravati near Khor Fakkan and made a prisoner of war . The wreck is now a popular recreational diving site. The December 1951 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (covering commerce, oil reserves and navigation) between Oman and the United Kingdom recognized
3484-581: The Fujairah road. Within the Madha exclave is a UAE enclave called Nahwa , belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah , situated about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of the town of New Madha, and consisting of about forty houses with a clinic and telephone exchange. The central desert of Oman is a source of meteorites for scientific analysis. Like the rest of the Persian Gulf, Oman generally has one of
3618-731: The Persian Gulf . It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates , and Yemen . The capital and largest city is Muscat . Oman has a population of about 5.28 million as of 2024, which is a 4.60% population increase from 2023. and is the 123rd most-populous country . The coast faces the Arabian Sea on the southeast, and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The Madha and Musandam exclaves are surrounded by United Arab Emirates on their land borders, with
3752-570: The Seljuk Empire . During the 11th and 12th centuries, the Omani coast was in the sphere of influence of the Seljuk Empire . They were expelled in 1154, when the Nabhani dynasty came to power. The Nabhanis ruled as muluk , or kings, while the Imams were reduced to largely symbolic significance. The capital of the dynasty was Bahla . The Banu Nabhan controlled the trade in frankincense on
3886-715: The Strait of Hormuz (which it shares with Iran) and the Gulf of Oman forming Musandam's coastal boundaries. From the 17th century, the Omani Sultanate was an empire , vying with the Portuguese and British empires for influence in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. At its peak in the 19th century, Omani influence and control extended across the Strait of Hormuz to Iran and Pakistan, and as far south as Zanzibar . In
4020-538: The Vale Beijing incident. The ships built for Oman Shipping Company were later removed from the Det Norske Veritas registry and moved to other classification societies such as American Bureau of Shipping and Lloyd's Register . The Chinese shipbuilder's ability to deliver any of the very large ore carriers ordered by Vale in time was doubted already before the first ship was built. In May 2011, it
4154-533: The Valemax ships built in South Korea, China and Japan. While the first series of 35 ships was more diverse, all 30 Chinese-built Valemax vessels of the second series are based on the same standard design, SDARI 400OC , by Shanghai Merchant Ship Design & Research Institute (SDARI). The three Japanese-built vessels, however, represent another standard design, G400OC . Valemax ships are 360 to 362 metres (1,181 to 1,188 ft) long, making them some of
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4288-414: The longest ships of any type currently in service. The first Valemax vessel, Vale Brasil , was delivered in 2011. Initially, all 35 ships of the first series were expected to be in service by 2013, but the last ship was not delivered until September 2016. In late 2015 and early 2016, Chinese shipping companies ordered 30 more ships with deliveries in 2018–2020. Three additional vessels were ordered by
4422-617: The 'Question of Oman' and report back to the General Assembly. The UN General Assembly adopted the 'Question of Oman' resolution in 1965, 1966 and again in 1967 that called upon the British government to cease all repressive action against the locals, end British control over Oman and reaffirmed the inalienable right of the Omani people to self-determination and independence. In the Dhofar War , which began in 1963, pro- Soviet forces were pitted against government troops. As
4556-650: The 1650s in expelling the Portuguese from their coastal domains in Oman. The Omanis over time established a maritime empire that pursued the Portuguese and expelled them from all their possessions in East Africa, which were then incorporated into the Omani domains. To capture Zanzibar Saif bin Sultan , the Imam of Oman, pressed down the Swahili Coast . A major obstacle to his progress was Fort Jesus , housing
4690-649: The 17th century. The British empire over time, starting from the late 18th century, began to establish a series of treaties with the sultans with the objective of advancing British political and economic interest in Muscat, while granting the sultans military protection. In 1798, the first treaty between the British East India Company and the Albusaidi dynasty was signed by Sayyid Sultan bin Ahmed. The treaty aimed to block commercial competition of
4824-531: The 20th century, the sultanate came under the influence of the United Kingdom . For over 300 years, the relations built between the two empires were based on mutual benefit. The UK recognized Oman's geographical importance as a trading hub that secured British trading-lanes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean and protected London's interests in the Indian sub-continent. Oman is an absolute monarchy led by
4958-412: The 400,000-ton Valemax vessels are allowed to Chinese ports, Vale's monopoly on the route may result in losses for other shipping companies operating capesize ore carriers. When Vale Brasil was diverted to Italy on her maiden voyage, there was speculation that the domestic steel industry of China had urged the authorities to protect their commercial interests. However, Vale has also received support from
5092-592: The Arab tribes but also the region's original inhabitants. In the 7th century CE, Omanis came in contact with and accepted Islam . The conversion of Omanis to Islam is ascribed to Amr ibn al-As , who was sent by the prophet Muhammad during the Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Hisma) . Amr was dispatched to meet with Jaifer and Abd, the sons of Julanda who ruled Oman. They appear to have readily embraced Islam. Omani Azd used to travel to Basra for trade, which
5226-721: The Arab world's longest-serving ruler, died on 10 January 2020. Leaving no heir on succession, on 11 January 2020 Qaboos was succeeded by his first cousin Haitham bin Tariq . Haitham bin Tariq is the current Sultan of Oman. On 12 January 2021, Theyazin bin Haitham , Sultan Haithan's oldest son became the crown prince as first in line to succeed his father under new fundamental law. Oman lies between latitudes 16th parallel north and 28th parallel north , and longitudes 52nd meridian east and 60th meridian east . A gravel desert plain covers most of central Oman, with mountain ranges along
5360-547: The Barr al-Hikman. Archaeological remains are particularly numerous for the Bronze Age Umm an-Nar and Wadi Suq periods. At the archaeological sites of Bat, Al-Janah, and Al-Ayn wheel-turned pottery, hand-made stone vessels, metals industry artifacts, and monumental architecture have been preserved. There is considerable agreement in sources that frankincense was used by traders in 1500 BCE. The Land of Frankincense ,
5494-577: The Chinese steel companies as they would benefit from lower transportation costs. As a precaution against prolonged ban of Valemax vessels from the Chinese ports, Vale started constructing both land- and offshore-based transshipment hubs where iron ore can be loaded to smaller ships for final delivery. Ore Fabrica , a 280,000 DWT crude oil tanker converted in China, arrived at Subic Bay , Philippines , in late January 2012. A second transshipment vessel, Ore Sossego , entered service in 2013. This backup plan
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5628-592: The Consultative Assembly, to which Sultan Qaboos promised greater powers. The following year, the government began a crackdown on internet criticism. In September 2012, trials began of 'activists' accused of posting "abusive and provocative" criticism of the government online. Six were given jail terms. In 2013, Oman achieved its status as the elimination of malaria diagnoses, according to the World Health Organization . Qaboos,
5762-577: The French and the Dutch as well as obtain a concession to build a British factory at Bandar Abbas . A second treaty was signed in 1800, which stipulated that a British representative shall reside at the port of Muscat and manage all external affairs with other states. As the Omani Empire weakened, the British influence over Muscat grew throughout the nineteenth century. In 1854, a deed of cession of
5896-629: The Great over Oman in 536 BCE. Sumerian tablets referred to Oman as " Magan " and in the Akkadian language "Makan", a name that links Oman's ancient copper resources. Over centuries tribes from western Arabia settled in Oman, making a living by fishing, farming, herding or stock breeding, and many present day Omani families trace their ancestral roots to other parts of Arabia. Arab migration to Oman started from northern-western and south-western Arabia and those who chose to settle had to compete with
6030-553: The Gulf of Oman and the northern Arabian Sea , while No. 209 Squadron RAF , No. 265 Squadron RAF , and No. 321 Squadron RAF flew Consolidated PBY Catalinas out of Umm Ruşayş on Masirah Island. On October 16, 1943, the German U-Boat U-533 was sunk in the Gulf of Oman after being struck by depth charges dropped by a Bristol Blenheim from No. 244 Squadron RAF. The wreck settled at a depth of 108 meters (354 feet) approximately 25 nautical miles (46 kilometres) off
6164-475: The Imamate right after the death of Imam Alkhalili, thus taking advantage of any potential instability that might occur within the Imamate when elections were due, to the British government. The British political agent in Muscat believed that the only method of gaining access to the oil reserves in the interior was by assisting the sultan in taking over the Imamate. In 1946, the British government offered arms and ammunition, auxiliary supplies and officers to prepare
6298-741: The Imamate. IPC offered financial support to the sultan to raise an armed force against any potential resistance by the Imamate. Upon the outbreak of World War II , the sultan of Oman declared war on Germany on September 10, 1939. During the war, Oman had a strategic role in the defence of the United Kingdom's trade routes. Oman was never attacked during the war. In 1943, the Royal Air Force established stations on Masirah Island ( RAF Masirah ) and at Ras al Hadd . Air-sea rescue units were also stationed in Oman. No. 244 Squadron RAF flew Bristol Blenheim V light bombers and Vickers Wellington XIIIs out of RAF Masirah on anti-submarine duties in
6432-664: The Majlis al-Shura, the Consultative Assembly of Oman . Two women were duly elected to the body. In 2002, voting rights were extended to all citizens over the age of 21, and the first elections to the Consultative Assembly under the new rules were held in 2003. In 2004, the Sultan appointed Oman's first female minister with portfolio, Sheikha Aisha bint Khalfan bin Jameel al-Sayabiyah , to the post of National Authority for Industrial Craftsmanship. Despite these changes, there
6566-552: The Omani Kuria Muria islands to Britain was signed by the sultan of Muscat and the British government. The British government achieved predominating control over Muscat, which, for the most part, impeded competition from other nations. Between 1862 and 1892, the Political Residents, Lewis Pelly and Edward Ross, played an instrumental role in securing British supremacy over the Persian Gulf and Muscat by
6700-686: The Persian forces eventually rebelled against the Yaruba in 1743. The Persian empire then tried to take possession of the coast of Oman until 1747. After the Omanis expelled the Persians , Ahmed bin Sa'id Albusaidi became the elected Imam of Oman in 1749, with Rustaq serving as the capital. Since the revival of the Imamate with the Yaruba dynasty, the Omanis continued with the elective system but, provided that
6834-402: The Portuguese built up and fortified the city. Remnants of Portuguese architectural style still exist. Later, several more Omani cities were colonized in the early 16th century by the Portuguese, to control the entrances of the Persian Gulf and trade in the region as part of a web of fortresses in the region, from Basra to Hormuz Island . However, in 1552 an Ottoman fleet briefly captured
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#17327915666936968-435: The Safavid empire. The result of the battle was a draw but it resulted in the loss of Portuguese influence in the Gulf. The Ottoman Empire temporarily captured Muscat from the Portuguese again in 1581 and held it until 1588. During the 17th century, the Omanis were reunited by the Yaruba Imams . Nasir bin Murshid became the first Yaarubah Imam in 1624, when he was elected in Rustaq. Imam Nasir and his successor succeeded in
7102-478: The Sultanate as the defence secretary and chief of intelligence, chief adviser to the sultan and all ministers except for two were British. In 1937, an agreement between the sultan and Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), a consortium of oil companies that was 23.75% British owned, was signed to grant oil concessions to IPC. After failing to discover oil in the Sultanate, IPC was intensely interested in some promising geological formations near Fahud , an area located within
7236-431: The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman as a fully independent state. In 1955, the exclave coastal Makran strip acceded to Pakistan and was made a district of its Balochistan province , while Gwadar remained in Oman. On 8 September 1958, Pakistan purchased the Gwadar enclave from Oman for US$ 3 million. Gwadar then became a tehsil in the Makran district. Sultan Said bin Taimur expressed his interest in occupying
7370-443: The Sultanate's forces occupied the mountain in a surprise operation. Imam Ghalib, his brother Talib and Sulaiman managed to escape to Saudi Arabia , where the Imamate's cause was promoted until the 1970s. The exiled partisans of the now abolished Imamate of Oman presented the case of Oman to the Arab League and the United Nations. On 11 December 1963, the UN General Assembly decided to establish an Ad-Hoc Committee on Oman to study
7504-412: The United Nations, as did Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. In 1981, Oman became a founding member of the six-nation Gulf Cooperation Council . Political reforms were eventually introduced. The country adopted its present national flag in 1995, resembling the previous flag but with a thicker stripe. In 1997, a royal decree was issued granting women the right to vote, and stand for election to
7638-409: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 254310424 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 10:59:26 GMT Oman Oman , officially the Sultanate of Oman , is a country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia . It overlooks the mouth of
7772-470: The Yaarubah from Qahtan, which belong to an older branch, were the first settlers of Oman from Yemen, and then came the Azd. The Azd settlers in Oman are descendants of Nasr bin Azd and were later known as "the Al-Azd of Oman". Seventy years after the first Azd migration, another branch of Alazdi under Malik bin Fahm, the founder of Kingdom of Tanukhites on the west of Euphrates , is believed to have settled in Oman. According to Al-Kalbi, Malik bin Fahm
7906-420: The Yaarubah were the first settlers in Oman from Yemen. In the 1970s and 1980s, scholars like John C. Wilkinson believed by virtue of oral history that in the 6th century BCE, the Achaemenids exerted control over the Omani peninsula, most likely ruling from a coastal centre such as Suhar . Central Oman has its own indigenous Samad Late Iron Age cultural assemblage named eponymously from Samad al-Shan . In
8040-419: The alienation of the interior of Oman to the vast influence of the British government over Muscat, which he described as being completely self-interested and without any regard to the social and political conditions of the locals. In 1913, Imam Salim Alkharusi instigated an anti-Muscat rebellion that lasted until 1920 when the Sultanate established peace with the Imamate by signing the Treaty of Seeb . The treaty
8174-430: The ancient Sohar . The city or region is typically etymologized in Arabic as deriving from ʿāmin or ʿamūn ('settled' people, as opposed to the nomadic Bedouin ). Although some have proposed one or another eponymous founder (Oman bin Ibrahim al-Khalil, Oman bin Siba' bin Yaghthan bin Ibrahim, Oman bin Qahtan), others have suggested that "Oman" derives from the name of a valley in Yemen at Ma'rib , presumed to be
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#17327915666938308-415: The annual iron ore exports from Brazil to all destinations if each ship does four round trips per year. Like most modern bulk carriers, Valemax vessels are powered by a single two-stroke low-speed crosshead diesel engine directly coupled to a fixed-pitch propeller . The ships built by DSME and STX in South Korea are powered by 7-cylinder MAN B&W 7S80ME-C8 and 7S80ME-C engines, respectively, and
8442-414: The company's ships since March as a protest against banning the Valemax vessels from Chinese ports. Vale has refused to give comments on the issue. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , the former president of Brazil, also publicly criticized Vale's former CEO Roger Agnelli for the decision of ordering ships from Asian shipyards instead of building them in Brazil, where Lula da Silva has been trying to revitalize
8576-457: The construction of all of its ten 400,000-ton ore carriers to Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding. ICBC, which would later hand over the vessels to China Marchants Energy Shipping, announced that six of its ships would be built by the Chinese privately owned shipyard Yangzijian Shipbuilding while the remaining four would be awarded to Qingdao Beihai Shipbuilding. The first of the thirty Chinese-built second-generation Valemax vessels, Yuan He Hai ,
8710-434: The construction of new berths capable of accommodating the 400,000-ton ships. According to the Ningbo Port Company , the construction of the new port facilities would take two to three years, causing further delays for Vale which in the meantime was losing $ 2–3 per ton of ore due to the ban. On 15 April 2013, Vale Malaysia became the first 400,000-ton Valemax vessel to call a Chinese port. The partially loaded ship docked at
8844-424: The country, removed "Muscat and" from the country's name, embarked on economic reforms, and followed a policy of modernisation marked by increased spending on health, education and welfare. Saudi Arabia invested in the development of the Omani education system, sending Saudi teachers on its own expense. Slavery , once a cornerstone of the country's trade and development, was outlawed in 1970. In 1971, Oman joined
8978-418: The crews or the terminal personnel, the ships suffered structural damage and were subsequently moved to an anchorage area outside of the port for inspection. All Valemax vessels, with the exception of those owned and operated by Berge Bulk, were initially given names consisting of the word Vale and a place name, either one related to the mining operations of Vale S.A. in Brazil or a potential destination for
9112-489: The damage was not caused by global strength issues or single pass loading, but is assumed to be related to local buckling strength in some areas of the web frames in the aft ballast tanks. Vale Beijing remained anchored off Ponta da Madeira with a crawler crane on the deck and an oceangoing tug standing by until 19 February 2012, when it left São Luís for Oman. After unloading at Sohar, the ship headed to South Korea for dry docking and arrived at STX shipyard in Jinhae, where it
9246-412: The entire 19th century, in addition to Imam Said bin Ahmed who retained the title until he died in 1803, Azzan bin Qais was the only elected Imam of Oman. His rule started in 1868. However, the British refused to accept Imam Azzan as a ruler, as he was viewed as inimical to their interests. This view played an instrumental role in supporting the deposition of Imam Azzan in 1871 by his cousin, Sayyid Turki,
9380-404: The first elected Imam of Oman, in 751 CE. The first Imamate reached its peak power in the ninth century CE. The Imamate established a maritime empire whose fleet controlled the Gulf, during the time when trade with the Abbasid Dynasty , the Far East, and Africa flourished. The authority of the Imams started to decline due to power struggles, the constant interventions of Abbasid, and the rise of
9514-439: The fort in Muscat , during their fight for control of the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean, but soon departed after destroying the surroundings of the fortress. Later in the 17th century, using its bases in Oman, Portugal engaged in the largest naval battle ever fought in the Persian Gulf . The Portuguese force fought against a combined armada of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and English East India Company supported by
9648-512: The fourth ( Vale Hebei ) on 28 September, the fifth ( Vale Shandong ) on 7 December 2012, the sixth ( Vale Jiangsu ) on 23 March 2013, the seventh ( Vale Caofeidian ) on 22 July 2013, the eighth ( Vale Lianyungang ) on 22 November 2013, the ninth ( Ore Majishan ; renamed before delivery) on 11 July 2014, the tenth ( Ore Tianjin ; renamed before delivery) on 18 October 2014, and the eleventh ( Ore Rizhao ; renamed before delivery) on 15 December 2014. The twelfth and last Valemax vessel of
9782-675: The garrison of a Portuguese settlement at Mombasa . After a two-year siege, the fort fell to Imam Saif bin Sultan in 1698. Saif bin Sultan occupied Bahrain in 1700. The rivalry within the house of Yaruba over power after the death of Imam Sultan in 1718 weakened the dynasty. With the power of the Yaruba Dynasty dwindling, Imam Saif bin Sultan II eventually asked for help against his rivals from Nader Shah of Persia. A Persian force arrived in March 1737 to aid Saif. From their base at Julfar,
9916-540: The hottest climates in the world—with summer temperatures in Muscat and northern Oman averaging 30 to 40 °C (86.0 to 104.0 °F). Oman receives little rainfall , with annual rainfall in Muscat averaging 100 mm (3.9 in), occurring mostly in January. In the south, the Dhofar Mountains area near Salalah has a tropical-like climate and receives seasonal rainfall from late June to late September as
10050-453: The indigenous population for the best arable land. When Arab tribes started to migrate to Oman, there were two distinct groups. One group, a segment of the Azd tribe migrated from Yemen in 120 /200 CE following the collapse of Marib Dam , while the other group migrated a few centuries before the birth of Islam from Nejd (present-day Saudi Arabia ), named Nizari . Other historians believe that
10184-702: The interior led by Imam Ghalib Alhinai, Talib Alhinai, the brother of the Imam and the Wali (governor) of Rustaq, and Suleiman bin Hamyar, who was the Wali (governor) of Jebel Akhdar, defended the Imamate in the Jebel Akhdar War against British-backed attacks by the Sultanate. In July 1957, the Sultan's forces were withdrawing, but they were repeatedly ambushed, sustaining heavy casualties. Sultan Said, however, with
10318-522: The intervention of British infantry (two companies of the Cameronians ), armoured car detachments from the British Army and RAF aircraft, was able to suppress the rebellion. The Imamate's forces retreated to the inaccessible Jebel Akhdar . Colonel David Smiley , who had been seconded to organise the Sultan's Armed Forces, managed to isolate the mountain in autumn 1958 and found a route to
10452-452: The large size of the vessels the emissions per cargo ton-mile are very low and thus the Valemax vessels are in fact among the most efficient long-distance dry bulk carriers in service – Vale has reported a 35% drop in emissions per ton of cargo carried in comparison to older ships. In the second series, the main engine has been changed to more efficient MAN B&W 7G80ME-C9 engine producing about 33,000 kW (44,000 hp) at 72 rpm, and
10586-542: The levels of 1977. According to the chief executive of BIMCO , the Valemax vessels could displace up to 168 150,000–180,000-ton capesize bulk carriers, around 15% of the existing fleet, from the long haul voyages and force them to less profitable shorter routes. Vale responded to the criticism by stating that the company aims to permanently cut the costs of Atlantic-Pacific dry bulk shipping to make Brazilian ore more competitive against iron ore produced in Australia, which
10720-447: The loading of only 750,000 tons of iron ore, on 11 November 1994 Trade Daring , a 145,000 DWT ore-bulk-oil carrier , broke in two at the same location due to incorrect loading, blocking the deepwater pier of Ponta da Madeira for more than six weeks before the wreck was removed and scuttled offshore. After the incident, the China Shipowners' Association (CSA) questioned the safety of the 400,000-ton ore carriers commissioned by Vale. CSA
10854-456: The longest ships currently in service. With a maximum draught of between 22 and 23 metres (72 and 75 ft) while loaded, the ships are limited only to a few deepwater ports in Brazil, Europe and China. In ballast the ships draw around 12 metres (39 ft) of water. The breadth of the Valemax ships is about 65 metres (213 ft). The size of the ships is limited mainly by Chinese ports and
10988-587: The main slave market of the Swahili Coast as well as being a major producer of cloves, and became an increasingly important part of the Omani empire, a fact reflected by the decision of the Sayyid Sa'id bin Sultan , to make it the capital of the empire in 1837. In 1856, under British arbitration, Zanzibar and Muscat became two different sultanates. The Hajar Mountains , of which the Jebel Akhdar
11122-555: The members of the agreement established Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC). On 13 November 1931, Sultan Taimur bin Faisal abdicated. Said bin Taimur became the sultan of Muscat officially on 10 February 1932. The rule of sultan Said, a very complex character, was backed by the British government, and has been characterised as being feudal , reactionary and isolationist. The British government maintained vast administrative control over
11256-539: The new iron ore carriers. However, none of the original 35 Valemax vessels retains its original name. When Vale signed a $ 500 million contract with the Chinese shipping company Shandong Shipping for the operation of four Valemax vessels, the ships were given new names beginning with Shandong . Similarly, when four Valemax vessels were sold to China Ore Shipping, the vessels were given names beginning with Yuan and ending with Hai . Additional four Valemax vessels were given names starting with Pacific after Vale sold
11390-415: The north ( Hajar Mountains ) and southeast coast ( Dhofar Mountains ), where the country's main cities are located: the capital city Muscat , Sohar and Sur in the north, and Salalah in the south and Musandam . Oman's climate is hot and dry in the interior and humid along the coast. The peninsula of Musandam (Musandem), strategically located on the Strait of Hormuz , is an exclave separated from
11524-611: The northeast and Horn of Africa . Two optically stimulated luminescence age estimates place the Arabian Nubian Complex at 106,000 years old. This supports the proposition that early human populations moved from Africa into Arabia during the Late Pleistocene . In recent years surveys have uncovered Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites on the eastern coast. Main Palaeolithic sites include Saiwan-Ghunaim in
11658-611: The northern part of the Oman Peninsula the Recent Pre-Islamic Period begins in the 3rd century BCE and extends into the 3rd century CE. Whether or not Persians brought south-eastern Arabia under their control is a moot point, since the lack of Persian archeological finds speak against this belief. Armand-Pierre Caussin de Perceval suggests that Shammir bin Wathil bin Himyar recognized the authority of Cyrus
11792-533: The original home of the city's founders, the Azd , an ancient Bedouin tribe mentioned in the pre-Islamic inscriptions — specifically, Sabaic inscriptions from Sha'r Awtar 's reign ( 210 – 230 CE). At Aybut Al Auwal, in the Dhofar Governorate of Oman, a site was discovered in 2011 containing more than 100 surface scatters of stone tools, belonging to a regionally specific African lithic industry —the late Nubian Complex—known previously only from
11926-515: The original order by Vale, Ore Ningbo (renamed before delivery), was delivered on 23 January 2015. On 2 November 2008, Oman Shipping Company signed a framework agreement with RSHI for the construction of four 400,000-ton vessels to transport iron ore from Brazil to the Port of Sohar in Oman , where Vale is expected to open a steel plant in near future. The shipbuilding contract, worth US$ 483 million,
12060-526: The overland route via Sohar to the Yabrin oasis, and then north to Bahrain, Baghdad and Damascus. The mango-tree was introduced to Oman during the time of Nabhani dynasty, by ElFellah bin Muhsin. The Nabhani dynasty started to deteriorate in 1507 when Portuguese colonisers captured the coastal city of Muscat , and gradually extended their control along the coast up to Sohar in the north and down to Sur in
12194-479: The person is deemed qualified, gave preference to a member of the ruling family. Following Imam Ahmed's death in 1783, his son, Said bin Ahmed became the elected Imam. His son, Seyyid Hamed bin Said, overthrew the representative of his father the Imam in Muscat and obtained the possession of Muscat fortress. Hamed ruled as "Seyyid". Afterwards, Seyyid Sultan bin Ahmed, the uncle of Seyyid Hamed, took over power. Seyyid Said bin Sultan succeeded Sultan bin Ahmed. During
12328-562: The plateau from Wadi Bani Kharus. On 4 August 1957, the British Foreign Secretary gave the approval to carry out air strikes without prior warning to the locals residing in the interior of Oman. Between July and December 1958, the British RAF made 1,635 raids, dropping 1,094 tons and firing 900 rockets at the interior of Oman targeting insurgents, mountain top villages, water channels and crops. On 27 January 1959,
12462-713: The port of Lianyungang en route from the Vale transshipment hub in Subic Bay, Philippines. However, at the time the Chinese officials had not yet lifted the ban for fully laden Valemax vessels. The first fully laden Valemax vessel to call a Chinese port since 2012, Shandong Da Ren , docked at the Dongjiakou port in Qingdao on 2 October 2014. The ban was officially lifted in July 2015. Originally, Vale planned to own and manage
12596-455: The post- Ottoman Empire region, which included the Arabian peninsula, with each of the four major companies holding 23.75 percent of the shares while Calouste Gulbenkian held the remaining 5 percent shares. The agreement stipulated that none of the signatories was allowed to pursue the establishment of oil concessions within the agreed on area without including all other stakeholders. In 1929,
12730-534: The rebellion threatened the Sultan's control of Dhofar , Sultan Said bin Taimur was deposed in a bloodless coup in 1970 by his son Qaboos bin Said with British support. Qaboos expanded the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces , modernized the state's administration and introduced social reforms. The uprising was finally put down in 1976 with the help of forces from Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan and Britain. After deposing his father in 1970, Sultan Qaboos opened up
12864-574: The rest of Oman by the United Arab Emirates . Madha , another exclave, is an enclave within UAE territory located halfway between the Musandam Peninsula and the main body of Oman. Madha, part of the Musandam governorate, covers approximately 75 square kilometres (29 sq mi). Madha's boundary was settled in 1969, with the north-east corner of Madha barely 10 metres (33 ft) from
12998-435: The shipbuilding industry to create more jobs and increase local demand for steel and other products. Agnelli, who later left his position following continued criticism, replied that the Brazilian shipyards did not have the capacity to build such ships and stated that during the past few years Vale had commissioned 51 vessels from Brazilian shipyards. Very large ore carrier Too Many Requests If you report this error to
13132-458: The ships built by RSHI and Bohai Shipbuilding Heavy Industry have Wärtsilä 7RT-flex82T and 7RT-flex84T engines, respectively. Both MAN and Wärtsilä engines will have a maximum continuous rating of around 29,000 kW (39,000 hp) when turning the 10-metre (33 ft) propeller at 76–78 rpm, giving the ships a service speed of around 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) while burning almost 100 tons of heavy fuel oil per day. However, due to
13266-448: The ships of this size are generally referred to as Chinamax vessels. The largest bulk carriers ever built, the Valemax vessels have seven cargo holds with a total gross volume of almost 220,000 cubic metres (287,749 cu yd). In addition to increasing the strength of the hull special attention has also been paid to improve the speed and efficiency of the loading and discharging operations. Each cargo hold can be fully loaded by
13400-477: The ships to China Merchants Energy Shipping . Additionally, a number of Valemax vessels have been renamed by replacing Vale with Ore or Sea but retaining the second part of the name. Vale Sohar , Vale Saham , Vale Liwa and Vale Shinas have also been renamed Sohar Max , Saham Max , Liwa Max and Shinas Max , respectively. Although similar in size, there are some differences in main dimensions, cargo capacity, machinery and external appearance between
13534-509: The southeast. Other historians argue that the Nabhani dynasty ended earlier in 1435 CE when conflicts between the dynasty and Alhinawis arose, which led to the restoration of the elective Imamate. A decade after Vasco da Gama succeeded in his voyage around the Cape of Good Hope and to India in 1497–1498, the Portuguese arrived in Oman and occupied Muscat for a 143-year period, from 1507 to 1650. In need of an outpost to protect their sea lanes,
13668-505: The state-owned China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (COSCO) . Later that month, a 25-year freight contract was signed between Vale and China Merchants Group. As part of the agreement, the Chinese shipping company will construct 10 new very large ore carriers to transport iron ore from Brazil to China. Following these agreements, China's ban for Valemax vessels has been effectively lifted and fully laden ships called Chinese ports. In May 2015, four ships were sold China Ore Shipping Pte. Ltd ,
13802-504: The sultan to attack the interior of Oman. In May 1954, Imam Alkhalili died and Ghalib Alhinai was elected Imam. Relations between the Sultan Said bin Taimur, and Imam Ghalib Alhinai frayed over their dispute about oil concessions. In December 1955, Sultan Said bin Taimur sent troops of the Muscat and Oman Field Force to occupy the main centres in Oman, including Nizwa , the capital of the Imamate of Oman, and Ibri . The Omanis in
13936-537: The total order to seven 400,000-ton Valemax vessels. Despite receiving the order later than the Chinese shipyard, DSME launched the first Valemax class ore carrier, Vale Brasil , on 31 December 2010 and delivered the ship to Vale in March 2011. Vale Brasil was followed by Vale Rio de Janeiro on 22 September 2011, Vale Italia on 25 October 2011, Vale Malaysia on 27 March 2012, Vale Carajas on 29 May 2012, and Vale Minas Gerais on 13 July 2012. The last Valemax ship to be built by DSME, Vale Korea ,
14070-610: The transshipment hub Vale has constructed at Subic Bay in the Philippines . On 31 January 2012, the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China officially banned dry bulk carriers with capacity exceeding 300,000 tons from entering Chinese ports in order to protect the domestic freight industry. Prior to this, only one of the new very large ore carrier chartered by Vale, Berge Everest , had unloaded Brazilian iron ore at
14204-424: The two remaining ships were supposed to be delivered by the end of 2013, only Vale Maranhao entered service on 29 August. The last Valemax vessel to be built by STX, originally named Vale Ponta da Madeira but later referred to by its yard number "STX Dalian 1707", was launched sometime in 2015. However, the vessel was never finished and instead was listed as "for sale" in an unfinished state. In March 2016, it
14338-678: The war, taking over the governance of Oman. The first elective Imamate of Oman is believed to have been established shortly after the fall of the Umayyad Dynasty in 750/755 CE, when Janaħ bin ʕibadah Alħinnawi was elected. Other scholars claim that Janaħ bin Ibadah served as a Wāli (governor) under the Umayyad dynasty (and later ratified the Imamate), and that Julanda bin Masud was
14472-891: The year 650; the Omani Azd in Iraq would subsequently adopt this as their predominant faith. Later, al-Hajjaj , the governor of Iraq, came into conflict with the Ibadis, which forced them back to Oman. Among those who returned was the scholar Jaber bin Zaid . His return (and the return of many other scholars) greatly enhanced the Ibadhi movement in Oman. Alhajjaj also made an attempt to subjugate Oman, then ruled by Suleiman and Said (the sons of Abbad bin Julanda). Alhajjaj dispatched Mujjaah bin Shiwah, who
14606-472: Was a centre of Islam, during the Umayyad empire. Omani Azd were granted a section of Basra, where they could settle and attend to their needs. Many of the Omani Azd who settled in Basra became wealthy merchants and, under their leader al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra , started to expand their influence of power eastwards towards Khorasan . Ibadism originated in Basra through its founder, Abd Allah ibn Ibad , around
14740-501: Was allowed to dock in the Chinese port of Lianyungang in the Jiangsu province. The ban was officially lifted in July 2015 as China's transport ministry and National Development and Reform Commission announced that four ports would be opened up for 400,000-ton vessels. On 7 September 2013, Vale Indonesia ran aground on a sandbar about 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) north of São Luís . The vessel, operated by STX Pan Ocean,
14874-513: Was announced that only two or three Valemax vessels will be delivered from the Chinese shipyard in 2011 instead of the planned six due to delays in construction. In the end, only one ship ( Vale China ) was delivered before the end of the year. Furthermore, later reports claimed that the ships ordered by Vale had a capacity of only 380,000 tons even though according to the Det Norske Veritas database entries all Chinese-built ships have
15008-476: Was brokered by Britain, which had no economic interest in the interior of Oman during that point of time. The treaty granted autonomous rule to the Imamate in the interior of Oman and recognized the sovereignty of the coast of Oman, the Sultanate of Muscat . In 1920, Imam Salim Alkharusi died and Muhammad Alkhalili was elected. On 10 January 1923, an agreement between the Sultanate and the British government
15142-467: Was built in 1986. While the draft of the old vessel is the same as that of the Valemax vessels — 23 metres (75 ft) — the new ships are 20 metres (66 ft) longer and 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) wider than the old freighter, and can carry about 10% more cargo. The Valemax vessels are also the second largest ships in service by deadweight tonnage, second only to the TI-class supertankers that have
15276-630: Was confronted by Said bin Abbad. This confrontation devastated Said's army, after which he and his forces retreated to the Jebel Akhdar (mountains). Mujjaah and his forces went after Said, successfully flushing them out from hiding in Wadi Mastall. Mujjaah later moved towards the coast, where he confronted Suleiman bin Abbad. The battle was won by Suleiman's forces. Alhajjaj, however, sent another force (under Abdulrahman bin Suleiman); he eventually won
15410-520: Was criticized by the vice-executive chairman of the CSA, Zhang Shouguo , who called it "waste of resource" and questioned Vale's ability to run the fleet as properly as professional shipping companies. The transshipment operations ended in 2017 and both Ore Fabrica and Ore Sossego were sold for scrap . In May 2012, the largest Chinese operator of dry bulk carriers, state-owned China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (COSCO), claimed that Vale had refused to use
15544-423: Was delivered also by STX Jinhae on 13 April 2012, but the third and fourth ships, Vale Espirito Santo and Vale Indonesia , were built by STX Dalian and delivered on 17 September 2012 and 30 October 2012, respectively. The fifth ship, Vale Fujiyama , was again built by STX Jinhae and delivered on 26 November 2012. The sixth ship, Vale Tubarao , was delivered by STX Dalian on 30 January 2013. While both of
15678-477: Was delivered in 2011 and the last in 2016. The first Valemax vessels were ordered on 3 August 2008 when Vale signed a contract with the Chinese shipbuilder Jiangsu Rongsheng Heavy Industries (RSHI) for the construction of twelve 400,000-ton ore carriers. The development had reportedly started in 2007. The contract, worth $ 1.6 billion, was the world's biggest single shipbuilding contract by deadweight tonnage. The first Chinese-built Valemax vessel, Vale China ,
15812-485: Was delivered in September 2011, for inspection and repairs on 21 April 2012. Vale Beijing returned to service in July 2012. Had Vale Beijing sunk at the pier instead of being moved to an anchorage area outside the port shortly after the leak was detected, the incident would have severely delayed the operations at the port which ships out about 10 percent of the world's iron ore production. While Vale Beijing delayed
15946-557: Was delivered on 11 January 2018 and the last one of the series, Yuan Qian Hai , in January 2020. In December 2016, the Japanese shipping company NS United ordered a single 400,000 DWT very large ore carrier from Japan Marine United after signing a 25-year contract with Vale. The vessel, which would become the first Valemax ship built in Japan, was delivered in December 2019 as NSU Carajas . A second vessel ( NSU Brazil ),
16080-557: Was delivered on 9 April 2013. In addition to the ships Vale ordered for itself, more ships of similar size were to be built for other shipping companies and chartered to Vale under exclusive long-term contracts. Eight very large ore carriers were ordered from the South Korean shipbuilder STX Offshore & Shipbuilding in Jinhae , South Korea (STX Jinhae), and Dalian , China (STX Dalian). The shipping company, STX Pan Ocean , signed
16214-468: Was fully laden with 390,000 tons of iron ore bound for Vale's transhipment hub in Subic Bay. Two ballast tanks were reportedly breached, but there were no injuries or pollution, and the vessel was not in danger of sinking. On 28 November 2020, arriving at Ponta da Madeira terminal in Brazil, NSU Carajas allided with two Liberian-flagged 179,000 DWT bulk carriers, Star Janni and Korona D , already berthed there. While there were no injuries among
16348-481: Was initially also scheduled to be delivered in 2012, but entered service on 4 January 2013. Had Vale not ordered the Valemax fleet in 2008, these ships would have become the largest bulk carriers in the world, surpassing Berge Bulk's own Berge Stahl . The four ships have since been chartered by Vale and, despite slight differences in design and contract date predating that of the ships ordered by Vale, they are also referred to as Valemax vessels. In March 2016, it
16482-549: Was launched at the Nantong shipyard on 9 July 2011 and delivered on 25 November 2011. Although it was expected that the first Chinese-built Valemax vessel would call a Chinese port on its maiden voyage, the ship was diverted to the new transshipment hub Vale had constructed in Philippines. The second RSHI-built Valemax ship for Vale ( Vale Dongjiakou ) was delivered on 9 April 2012, the third ( Vale Dalian ) on 20 May,
16616-556: Was little change to the actual political makeup of the government. The Sultan continued to rule by decree. Nearly 100 suspected Islamists were arrested in 2005 and 31 people were convicted of trying to overthrow the government. They were ultimately pardoned in June of the same year. Before the Beijing Olympics , Oman became the stop of the Middle East's torch relay on 14 April 2008, covering 20 kilometres. Inspired by
16750-455: Was not allowed to enter the Chinese port fully laden, but according to Vale the destination was changed due to commercial, not political reasons. The ship arrived at the port of Taranto on 14 July 2011 to discharge her cargo. Since then, fully laden Valemax vessels have unloaded at various ports, such as Dalian in China, Sohar in Oman , Rotterdam , Ōita in Japan , Dangjin in South Korea, and
16884-533: Was ordered in June 2017 and a third ( NSU Tubarao ) later that year; both were delivered in late 2020. On 24 May 2011, Vale Brasil received her first cargo at the Brazilian port Terminal Marítimo de Ponta da Madeira , 391,000 tons of iron ore bound for Dalian in China. However, the ship turned back towards the Atlantic Ocean in June after rounding the Cape of Good Hope and was rerouted to Taranto , Italy . There had been speculation that Vale Brasil
17018-465: Was particularly concerned about the ability of the newly built ships to withstand various sea conditions and the pollution resulting from fuel oil leaks in case of structural damage — each Valemax ship can carry around 10,000 tons of fuel oil. In January 2012 China officially banned the vessels from Chinese ports. However, in April 2013, The China Shipping Association confirmed that the first Valemax vessel
17152-413: Was reported that Vale Beijing , operated by STX Pan Ocean, had suffered structural damage during her first cargo loading and was in danger of sinking at the port of Ponta da Madeira in Brazil due to sea water entering ruptured ballast tanks and cargo holds. The South Korean-built Valemax ship, partially loaded with 260,000 tons of iron ore, was towed away from Pier 1 by tugboats in the following day and as
17286-422: Was reported that the last of the original 35 Valemax vessels to be built had been sold for just $ 16.8 million. Initially anonymous, the buyer was later identified as Pan Ocean (formerly STX Pan Ocean), the shipping company who originally ordered the vessel. The unfinished vessel was completed by the Chinese shipyard Shanhaiguan Shipbuilding and named Sea Ponta da Madeira . On 30 April 2007 Berge Bulk signed
17420-581: Was reported that three Chinese companies China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (COSCO) , China Merchants Energy Shipping and Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) had ordered ten Valemax vessels each from four Chinese shipyards with a total price of US$ 2.5 billion. The Valemax ships ordered by China Merchants Energy Shipping would be built by Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding (4 ships), Qingdao Beihai Shipbuilding (4 ships), and China Merchants Group -controlled China Merchants Heavy Industry (Jiangsu) (2 ships). China COSCO Shipping Corporation awarded
17554-433: Was seen as a move against the Chinese officials who have not allowed the 400,000-ton ships to dock in Chinese ports. However, the reports were rebutted by RSHI, who called them "inaccurate and unfounded". On 26 October 2009, Vale ordered four Valemax vessels from the South Korean shipbuilder Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) for $ 460 million. Further three ships were ordered from DSME in July 2010, bringing
17688-585: Was signed in July 2009. Initially the ships were to be named Jazer , Yanqul , Al Kamil and Wafi , but instead they will be named Vale Liwa , Vale Sohar , Vale Shinas and Vale Saham . The steel cutting ceremony for the first two vessels was held on 8 July 2010 and they were launched on 19 March 2012. Vale Liwa entered service in August 2012, followed by Vale Sohar in September 2012, Vale Saham in January 2013, and Vale Shinas in March 2013. The ships reportedly received additional strengthening due to
17822-661: Was signed in which the Sultanate had to consult with the British political agent residing in Muscat and obtain the approval of the High Government of India to extract oil in the Sultanate. On 31 July 1928, the Red Line Agreement was signed between Anglo-Persian Company (later renamed British Petroleum), Royal Dutch/Shell, Compagnie Française des Pétroles (later renamed Total), Near East Development Corporation (later renamed ExxonMobil) and Calouste Gulbenkian (an Armenian businessman) to collectively produce oil in
17956-587: Was the first settler of Alazd. He is said to have first settled in Qalhat . By this account, Malik, with an armed force of more than 6000 men and horses, fought against the Marzban , who served an ambiguously named Persian king in the battle of Salut in Oman and eventually defeated the Persian forces. This account is, however, semi-legendary and seems to condense multiple centuries of migration and conflict as well as an amalgamation of various traditions from not only
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