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136-717: The Valencia Theatre (formerly the Loew's Valencia Theatre ) is a church building at 165-11 Jamaica Avenue in the Jamaica neighborhood of Queens in New York City , United States. Designed by John Eberson as a movie palace , it opened on January 11, 1929, as one of five Loew's Wonder Theatres in the New York City area. The theater has been occupied by the Tabernacle of Prayer for All People since 1977. It

272-596: A 1948 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States , Loew's Theaters was forced to split up its film-production and film-exhibition divisions. As part of the split, Loew's Theatres was compelled to either sell the Valencia Theatre or limit the types of shows that were to be presented there. In 1953, the theater was retrofitted with a panoramic screen and a stereophonic sound system, becoming

408-475: A church along a pilgrimage route, often located at the tomb of a saints , or holding icons or relics to which miraculous properties are ascribed, the site of Marian apparitions , etc. During the Middle Ages, a proprietary church was a church, abbey, or cloister built on the private grounds of a feudal lord, over which he retained proprietary interests. The architecture of evangelical places of worship

544-421: A church in the 21st century, and it sometimes hosted public tours. By the 2010s, the congregation had shrunken to 300 members, who met in the theater's basement. Though the theater's heating, ventilation, and air conditioning required $ 400,000 in upgrades, the congregation did not rent the theater out for events because of concerns that the contents of such events might conflict with their religious beliefs. When

680-820: A church, usually Catholic , Anglican , Oriental Orthodox or Eastern Orthodox , housing the seat of a bishop. The word cathedral takes its name from cathedra , or Bishop's Throne (In Latin : ecclesia cathedralis ). The term is sometimes (improperly) used to refer to any church of great size. A church with a cathedral function is not necessarily a large building. It might be as small as Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford , England, Porvoo Cathedral in Porvoo , Finland, Sacred Heart Cathedral in Raleigh, United States , or Chur Cathedral in Switzerland. However, frequently,

816-399: A church. The Valencia Theatre is located at 165-11 Jamaica Avenue in the Jamaica neighborhood of Queens in New York City , United States. It consists of a narrow lobby section along Jamaica Avenue , as well as an auditorium and stage house in the rear. The "L"-shaped site wraps around another building at the northwest corner of Jamaica Avenue and Merrick Boulevard , extending half

952-586: A contemporary advertisement, the site had previously contained a wooden residence. Riccardo soon sold half of the site to Paramount-Publix, which reportedly paid $ 1 million for the site. In exchange, Paramount-Publix was required to build a theater on the site. Allied Owners Inc., which was established in 1927 to develop the Kings, Paramount , Pitkin, and Valencia theaters, took over the site at Jamaica Avenue and Merrick Road as part of an agreement with Paramount. In March 1927, Paramount-Publix announced that it would build

1088-409: A cooling curve shaped as shown below. [REDACTED] Note that there is no longer a thermal arrest, instead there is a freezing range. The freezing range corresponds directly to the liquidus and solidus found on the phase diagram for the specific alloy. The local solidification time can be calculated using Chvorinov's rule, which is: Where t is the solidification time, V is the volume of

1224-474: A fine surface quality and dimensional consistency. Semi-solid metal (SSM) casting is a modified die casting process that reduces or eliminates the residual porosity present in most die castings. Rather than using liquid metal as the feed material, SSM casting uses a higher viscosity feed material that is partially solid and partially liquid. A modified die casting machine is used to inject the semi-solid slurry into reusable hardened steel dies. The high viscosity of

1360-401: A finished bronze casting. This is a class of casting processes that use pattern materials that evaporate during the pour, which means there is no need to remove the pattern material from the mold before casting. The two main processes are lost-foam casting and full-mold casting. Lost-foam casting is a type of evaporative-pattern casting process that is similar to investment casting except foam

1496-439: A limited life before wearing out. The die casting process forces molten metal under high pressure into mold cavities (which are machined into dies). Most die castings are made from nonferrous metals , specifically zinc , copper, and aluminium-based alloys, but ferrous metal die castings are possible. The die casting method is especially suited for applications where many small to medium-sized parts are needed with good detail,

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1632-574: A new policy wherein stage shows from the Capitol Theatre were successively sent to the Loew's Paradise, Kings, Valencia, and Jersey City theaters. Additionally, the orchestras at the Valencia and Loew's other theaters began performing at alternating Loew's theaters. By 1930, the theater's managers were operating bus routes to nearby neighborhoods to attract customers. At the time, it was one of

1768-416: A place of pilgrimage. The vast majority of parish churches do not however enjoy such privileges. In addition to a parish church, each parish may maintain auxiliary organizations and their facilities such as a rectory , parish hall , parochial school , or convent , frequently located on the same campus or adjacent to the church. A pilgrimage church is a church to which pilgrimages are regularly made, or

1904-531: A regional monopoly on the first runs of films. The live shows were discontinued within five years of the theater's opening. The theater slowly declined after World War II, and it closed in June 1977 due to high costs and low attendance. The Tabernacle of Prayer took over the theater for a nominal fee and spent $ 250,000 on renovations, moving into the theater in October 1977. Since then, the Valencia has functioned as

2040-454: A reorganization plan in 1934, and a federal judge approved the plan in March 1935, allowing Allied to transfer ownership of the Kings, Pitkin, and Valencia theaters to Loew's once the debt on these three theaters had been paid off. Allied Owners agreed to sell the three theaters to Loew's for $ 12,875,000, which would be paid out over 25 years. As part of the agreement, Loew's would pay $ 500,000 for

2176-412: A separate room for baptisms by immersion . Worship services take on impressive proportions in the megachurches (churches where more than 2,000 people gather every Sunday). In some of these megachurches, more than 10,000 people gather every Sunday. The term gigachurch is sometimes used. For example, Lakewood Church (United States) or Yoido Full Gospel Church (South Korea). In some countries of

2312-453: A set of arches and a vaulted ceiling . The foyer was illuminated by soft blue lamps and also had a carpet. There was also a goldfish pond in the foyer. The auditorium itself seats around 3,500 people and is decorated to resemble a Spanish garden. The seats are split across an orchestra level and a balcony, with 2,500 seats on the orchestra level. The auditorium walls are adorned with statues, parapets and towers, asymmetrically arranged while

2448-412: A short and open gating system to fill the mold as quickly as possible. However, for turbulent sensitive materials short sprues are used to minimize the distance the material must fall when entering the mold. Rectangular pouring cups and tapered sprues are used to prevent the formation of a vortex as the material flows into the mold; these vortices tend to suck gas and oxides into the mold. A large sprue well

2584-571: A small number of operators were involved in the construction of movie palaces. Relatively few architects were responsible for these theaters' designs, including legitimate theater architects Thomas Lamb , C. Howard Crane , and John Eberson . By the late 1920s, numerous movie palaces were being developed in outlying neighborhoods in New York City; previously, the city's movie palaces had been concentrated in Midtown Manhattan . The five Wonder Theatres were developed by Loew's Inc., which at

2720-449: A theater at Jamaica Avenue and Merrick Road. The Jamaica theater was planned to cost $ 2.25 million with about 2,500 seats. The theater was one of nine that Paramount-Publix planned to develop in outlying New York City neighborhoods, though the company later dropped plans for four of the other theaters. Riccardo also hired Rapp and Rapp to develop a six-story commercial building abutting the theater. Paramount-Publix reassigned its leases of

2856-581: Is a New York City designated landmark . The Valencia Theatre occupies an L-shaped site and is divided into two sections: the lobby section and the auditorium. The lobby section, decorated in a Spanish and Mexican Baroque style, has an elaborate brick-and- terracotta facade with a marquee and ornate finials . The entrance leads to a lobby and foyer, which are also decorated in Spanish styles. The auditorium has 3,500 seats on two levels, with an elaborately decorated proscenium arch , walls, and ceilings. Like

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2992-437: Is a solidification process, which means the solidification phenomenon controls most of the properties of the casting. Moreover, most of the casting defects occur during solidification, such as gas porosity and solidification shrinkage . Solidification occurs in two steps: nucleation and crystal growth . In the nucleation stage, solid particles form within the liquid. When these particles form, their internal energy

3128-523: Is a building used for Christian worship services and other Christian religious activities. The earliest identified Christian church is a house church founded between 233 and 256. Sometimes, the word church is used by analogy and for simplicity to refer to the buildings of other religions , such as mosques and synagogues . Church is also used to describe a body or an assembly of Christian believers , while "the Church" may be used to refer to

3264-524: Is a church where the daily office of worship is maintained by a college of canons , which may be presided over by a dean or provost . Collegiate churches were often supported by extensive lands held by the church, or by tithe income from appropriated benefices . They commonly provide distinct spaces for congregational worship and for the choir offices of their clerical community. A conventual church (in Eastern Orthodoxy katholikon )

3400-561: Is a metal casting process that employs reusable molds ("permanent molds"), usually made from metal . The most common process uses gravity to fill the mold. However, gas pressure or a vacuum are also used. A variation on the typical gravity casting process, called slush casting , produces hollow castings. Common casting metals are aluminum , magnesium , and copper alloys. Other materials include tin , zinc , and lead alloys and iron and steel are also cast in graphite molds. Permanent molds, while lasting more than one casting still have

3536-436: Is a method of either vertical or horizontal continuous casting of rods and pipes of various profiles (cylindrical, square, hexagonal, slabs etc.) of 8-30mm in diameter. Copper (Cu), bronze (Cu· Sn alloy), nickel alloys are usually used because of greater casting speed (in case of vertical upcasting) and because of better physical features obtained. The advantage of this method is that metals are almost oxygen-free and that

3672-479: Is a mixture of clay and sand with straw or dung. A model of the produced is formed in a friable material (the chemise). The mold is formed around this chemise by covering it with loam. This is then baked (fired) and the chemise removed. The mold is then stood upright in a pit in front of the furnace for the molten metal to be poured. Afterwards the mold is broken off. Molds can thus only be used once, so that other methods are preferred for most purposes. Plaster casting

3808-456: Is a process that has been practiced for thousands of years, with the lost-wax process being one of the oldest known metal forming techniques. From 5000 years ago, when beeswax formed the pattern, to today's high technology waxes, refractory materials, and specialist alloys, the castings ensure high-quality components are produced with the key benefits of accuracy, repeatability, versatility, and integrity. Investment casting derives its name from

3944-496: Is black in color, has almost no part weight limit, whereas dry sand has a practical part mass limit of 2,300–2,700 kg (5,100–6,000 lb). Minimum part weight ranges from 0.075–0.1 kg (0.17–0.22 lb). The sand is bonded using clays, chemical binders, or polymerized oils (such as motor oil). Sand can be recycled many times in most operations and requires little maintenance. Loam molding has been used to produce large symmetrical objects such as cannon and church bells. Loam

4080-404: Is both gravity and pressure independent since it creates its own force feed using a temporary sand mold held in a spinning chamber. Lead time varies with the application. Semi- and true-centrifugal processing permit 30–50 pieces/hr-mold to be produced, with a practical limit for batch processing of approximately 9000 kg total mass with a typical per-item limit of 2.3–4.5 kg. Industrially,

4216-423: Is cast over the original clay mixture. When cured, it is then removed from the damp clay, incidentally destroying the fine details in undercuts present in the clay, but which are now captured in the mold. The mold may then at any later time (but only once) be used to cast a plaster positive image, identical to the original clay. The surface of this plaster may be further refined and may be painted and waxed to resemble

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4352-814: Is home to eight churches , with two additional churches located south of the Antarctic Convergence . Many churches worldwide are of considerable historical, national, cultural , and architectural significance, with several recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia the Cenacle (the site of the Last Supper ) in Jerusalem was the "first Christian church". The Dura-Europos church in Syria

4488-402: Is important to keep the size of the gating system small, because it all must be cut from the casting and remelted to be reused. The efficiency, or yield , of a casting system can be calculated by dividing the weight of the casting by the weight of the metal poured. Therefore, the higher the number the more efficient the gating system/risers. There are three types of shrinkage: shrinkage of

4624-407: Is lower than the surrounded liquid, which creates an energy interface between the two. The formation of the surface at this interface requires energy, so as nucleation occurs, the material actually undercools (i.e. cools below its solidification temperature) because of the extra energy required to form the interface surfaces. It then recalescences, or heats back up to its solidification temperature, for

4760-426: Is mainly characterized by its sobriety. The Latin cross is a well known Christian symbol that can usually be seen on the building of an evangelical church and that identifies the place's belonging. Some services take place in theaters, schools or multipurpose rooms, rented for Sunday only. There is usually a baptistery at the front of the church (in what is known as the chancel in historic traditions) or in

4896-472: Is mixed with a resin so that it can be heated by the pattern and hardened into a shell around the pattern. Because of the resin and finer sand, it gives a much finer surface finish. The process is easily automated and more precise than sand casting. Common metals that are cast include cast iron , aluminium, magnesium, and copper alloys. This process is ideal for complex items that are small to medium-sized. Investment casting (known as lost-wax casting in art)

5032-453: Is more durable (if stored indoors) than a clay original which must be kept moist to avoid cracking. With the low cost plaster at hand, the expensive work of bronze casting or stone carving may be deferred until a patron is found, and as such work is considered to be a technical, rather than artistic process, it may even be deferred beyond the lifetime of the artist. In waste molding a simple and thin plaster mold, reinforced by sisal or burlap,

5168-403: Is one of the most popular and simplest types of casting, and has been used for centuries. Sand casting allows for smaller batches than permanent mold casting and at a very reasonable cost. Not only does this method allow manufacturers to create products at a low cost, but there are other benefits to sand casting, such as very small-size operations. The process allows for castings small enough fit in

5304-468: Is similar to sand casting except that plaster of paris is used instead of sand as a mold material. Generally, the form takes less than a week to prepare, after which a production rate of 1–10 units/hr-mold is achieved, with items as massive as 45 kg (99 lb) and as small as 30 g (1 oz) with very good surface finish and close tolerances . Plaster casting is an inexpensive alternative to other molding processes for complex parts due to

5440-427: Is similar to the benefits from vacuum casting, also applied to jewelry casting. Continuous casting is a refinement of the casting process for the continuous, high-volume production of metal sections with a constant cross-section. It's primarily used to produce a semi-finished products for further processing. Molten metal is poured into an open-ended, water-cooled mold, which allows a 'skin' of solid metal to form over

5576-470: Is subdivided into two main categories: expendable and non-expendable casting. It is further broken down by the mold material, such as sand or metal, and pouring method, such as gravity, vacuum, or low pressure. Expendable mold casting is a generic classification that includes sand, plastic, shell, plaster, and investment (lost-wax technique) moldings. This method of mold casting involves the use of temporary, non-reusable molds. [REDACTED] Sand casting

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5712-434: Is the main church in a Christian monastery , known variously as an abbey, a priory, a convent, a friary, or a preceptory. A parish church is a church built to meet the needs of people localised in a geographical area called a parish. The vast majority of Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran church buildings fall into this category. A parish church may also be a basilica, a cathedral, a conventual or collegiate church, or

5848-953: Is the oldest surviving church building in the world. Several authors have cited the Etchmiadzin Cathedral ( Armenia 's mother church) as the oldest cathedral in the world. Cast metal Casting processes have been known for thousands of years, and have been widely used for sculpture (especially in bronze ), jewelry in precious metals , and weapons and tools. Highly engineered castings are found in 90 percent of durable goods, including cars, trucks, aerospace, trains, mining and construction equipment, oil wells, appliances, pipes, hydrants, wind turbines, nuclear plants , medical devices, defense products, toys, and more. Traditional techniques include lost-wax casting (which may be further divided into centrifugal casting , and vacuum assist direct pour casting), plaster mold casting and sand casting . The modern casting process

5984-460: Is then poured directly into the mold, which vaporizes the foam upon contact. Non-expendable mold casting differs from expendable processes in that the mold need not be reformed after each production cycle. This technique includes at least four different methods: permanent, die, centrifugal, and continuous casting. This form of casting also results in improved repeatability in parts produced and delivers near net shape results. Permanent mold casting

6120-441: Is used for the pattern instead of wax. This process takes advantage of the low boiling point of foam to simplify the investment casting process by removing the need to melt the wax out of the mold. Full-mold casting is an evaporative-pattern casting process which is a combination of sand casting and lost-foam casting . It uses an expanded polystyrene foam pattern which is then surrounded by sand, much like sand casting. The metal

6256-453: Is used to dissipate the kinetic energy of the liquid material as it falls down the sprue, decreasing turbulence. The choke , which is the smallest cross-sectional area in the gating system used to control flow, can be placed near the sprue well to slow down and smooth out the flow. Note that on some molds the choke is still placed on the gates to make separation of the part easier, but induces extreme turbulence. The gates are usually attached to

6392-488: The Churrigueresque style. Statues of nude figures are placed high above the walls. On either side of the proscenium is an organ loft. The rear walls of the organ loft are painted blue to resemble the sky, and the ceiling is mostly painted blue, giving the impression that the auditorium is open-air. The ceiling also has painted stars. There was also a cloud machine, which generated cloud-like mists that moved across

6528-790: The Mogadishu Cathedral , along with the Saint Anthony of Padua Church in Somaliland . Other countries with a limited number of churches include Bhutan and Western Sahara . In contrast, some estimates suggest that the United States has the highest number of churches in the world, with around 380,000, followed by Brazil and Italy . According to the Future for Religious Heritage, there are over 500,000 churches across Europe . Several cities are commonly known as

6664-710: The Proto-Germanic kirika word . This was probably borrowed via the Gothic from the Greek kyriake (oikia) , kyriakon doma , 'the Lord's (house)', from kyrios , 'ruler, lord'. Kyrios in turn comes from the Proto-Indo-European language root *keue meaning 'to swell'. The Greek kyriakon , 'of the Lord', was used of houses of Christian worship since c.  AD 300 , especially in

6800-534: The Renaissance was extremely exaggerated. Domes and capitals were decorated with moulding, and the former stucco sculptures were replaced by fresco paintings on the ceilings. For the first time, churches were seen as one connected work of art, and consistent artistic concepts were developed. Instead of long buildings, more central-plan buildings were created. The sprawling decoration with floral ornamentation and mythological motives lasted until about 1720 in

6936-689: The Robert Morton Organ Company of Van Nuys, California . The organ featured a console with four manuals and 23 ranks of pipes. The organ was disassembled in the 1960s and relocated to the Balboa Theatre in San Diego , where it was restored and debuted in 2009. Movie palaces became common in the 1920s between the end of World War I and the beginning of the Great Depression. In the New York City area, only

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7072-484: The Rococo era. The Protestant parishes preferred lateral churches, in which all the visitors could be as close as possible to the pulpit and the altar . A common trait of the architecture of many churches is the shape of a cross (a long central rectangle, with side rectangles and a rectangle in front for the altar space or sanctuary). These churches also often have a dome or other large vaulted space in

7208-776: The San Francesco d’Assisi in Palermo , the Salisbury Cathedral and Wool Church in England, and Santhome Church in Chennai , India , show the elaborate stylings characteristic of Gothic cathedrals. Some of the most well-known gothic churches remained unfinished for centuries after the style fell out of popularity. One such example is the construction of the Cologne Cathedral , which began in 1248,

7344-568: The first run of a film was being shown at the Valencia Theatre, the theater had a regional monopoly on that film for seven days; during that time, the film could not be shown in any other Loew's theater as far east as Bay Shore, New York . The theater became known as the "Showplace of Long Island". It was one of three large theaters in Queens, along with the now-demolished Loew's Triboro and RKO Keith's Flushing theaters, both of which were also atmospheric theaters. In September 1929, Loew's implemented

7480-507: The " City of Churches " due to their abundance of churches. These cities include Adelaide , Ani , Ayacucho , Kraków , Moscow , Montreal , Naples , Ohrid , Prague , Puebla , Querétaro , Rome , Salzburg , and Vilnius . Notably, Rome and New York City are home to the highest number of churches of any city in the world. Although building churches is prohibited in Saudi Arabia, which has around 1.5 million Christians,

7616-411: The 1940s and that the inexpensive tickets belied the theater's elaborate design. Arnow also recalled that the theater was particularly popular on weekends, with patrons coming from all over Long Island. The New York Times wrote that the Valencia was "the hottest spot in town" on Saturdays. In 1942, the theater's heating plant was converted from an oil-burning to a coal-burning plant. The following June,

7752-550: The East, although it was less common in this sense than ekklesia or basilike . The earliest archeologically identified Christian church is a house church ( domus ecclesiae ), the Dura-Europos church , founded between 233 and 256. In the second half of the third century AD, the first purpose-built halls for Christian worship ( aula ecclesiae ) began to be constructed. Although many of these were destroyed early in

7888-536: The Kings, Pitkin, and Valencia theaters to Loew's in November 1927. Loew's took over the site in February 1928, after the blueprints had been approved. Loew's was still required to develop the site as a theater. For the theater's construction, Loew's Inc. agreed to pay Allied Owners Inc. $ 19,000 a month for 181 months, in exchange for receiving financing from Allied Owners Inc., and Paramount-Publix agreed to guarantee

8024-598: The Maldives, which has approximately 1,400 Christians, building churches is prohibited. However, only foreign Christian workers are allowed to practice their religion privately. Despite the prohibition on church construction, both countries have secret home churches . Christianity is the world's largest and most widespread religion, with over 2.3 billion followers. Churches are found across all seven continents , which are Asia , Africa , North America , South America , Antarctica , Europe , and Oceania . Antarctica

8160-748: The New York City area, along with the Loew's Jersey in Jersey City , the Loew's 175th Street in Manhattan , the Loew's Paradise in the Bronx , and the Loew's Kings in Brooklyn . Similarly to the Paradise Theatre (which Eberson also designed), the Paradise is decorated in a Spanish style. The brick-and-terracotta facade is decorated in a Spanish and Mexican Baroque style, similarly to

8296-522: The Romanesque church include circular arches , round or octagonal towers, and cushion capitals on pillars. In the early Romanesque era, coffering on the ceiling was fashionable, while later in the same era, groined vaults gained popularity. Interiors widened, and the motifs of sculptures took on more epic traits and themes. The Gothic style emerged around 1140 in Île-de-France and subsequently spread throughout Europe. Gothic churches lost

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8432-492: The Tabernacle of Prayer moved into the theater in October 1977. The Valencia was one of several movie houses in eastern Queens that were converted into churches. The theater could accommodate crowds of at least 2,500 people each Sunday, and it also hosted tours. Initially, only the orchestra level was open to the public; it accommodated 3,000 worshippers simultaneously by the 1980s. The Tabernacle of Prayer contained to maintain

8568-563: The Tabernacle of Prayer, a Brooklyn –based congregation, which paid Loew's a nominal fee of $ 1. The congregation had decided to acquire the Valencia Theatre after a failed attempt to buy the Kings Theatre. Johnnie Washington, the congregation's pastor, described the theater as "a miracle, a gift from God", and Jennifer Raab (who later served as the LPC's chairwoman) said that Loew's had received "a special message from above" when it donated

8704-579: The UK include a former tram power station, a former bus garage , a former cinema and bingo hall, a former Territorial Army drill hall, and a former synagogue . HMS  Tees served as a floating church for mariners at Liverpool from 1827 until she sank in 1872. A windmill has also been converted into a church at Reigate Heath . There have been increased partnerships between church management and private real estate companies to redevelop church properties into mixed uses. While it has garnered criticism,

8840-579: The Valencia "compares favorably with the largest New York City houses". By the 1970s, Newsday described the theater as "reminiscent of "an earlier, gaudier page of motion pictures", while The New York Times called it "a fading memory of what movie houses were all about in the days when they reflected the splendor that was Hollywood". When the theater was converted into a church, theatrical critic Elliott Stein criticized its new chandelier as "a 'nouveau riche' chandelier that dangles inappropriately from Eberson's sky", and theatrical historian David Naylor called

8976-401: The Valencia Theatre's construction. Loew's Inc. was to have taken ownership of the property in 1945, once the bonds had been paid off. The Thompson-Starrett Company began erecting the theater in June 1928. John Eberson's son Drew, who assisted in the theater's construction, sketched out the stars on the auditorium's ceiling by copying an issue of National Geographic magazine. By that August,

9112-666: The Valencia Theatre's history in 1979, and the theater was also depicted in a 2004 exhibit at the Museum of the Moving Image . In addition, when Sony built a multiplex movie theater in Lincoln Square, Manhattan , in 1995, one of the multiplex's screens was named for the Valencia Theatre. 40°42′23″N 73°47′41″W  /  40.706268°N 73.794625°W  / 40.706268; -73.794625 Church (building) A church , church building , or church house

9248-426: The Valencia. Washington's administration assistant Cynthia Hedgepeth noted that the auditorium was full of litter and grime. The Tabernacle of Prayer subsequently restored the theater and hired George Exarchou to carry out the work. A chandelier was installed on the auditorium's ceiling, and the auditorium's nude statues were converted into winged angels with robes. The congregation replaced decaying plaster and repainted

9384-412: The ability to produce complex shaped parts net shape, pressure tightness, tight dimensional tolerances and the ability to cast thin walls. In this process molten metal is poured in the mold and allowed to solidify while the mold is rotating. Metal is poured into the center of the mold at its axis of rotation. Due to inertial force, the liquid metal is thrown out toward the periphery. Centrifugal casting

9520-412: The architecture and location often provide for attractive homes or city centre entertainment venues. On the other hand, many newer churches have decided to host meetings in public buildings such as schools, universities, cinemas or theatres. There is another trend to convert old buildings for worship rather than face the construction costs and planning difficulties of a new build. Unusual venues in

9656-571: The balcony had been shuttered for several years and that the Valencia no longer had a monopoly on first runs of films. Despite its decline, the Valencia was one of the few remaining movie palaces in New York City. In 1976, amid rumors of the theater's imminent closure, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) began considering designating the Valencia Theatre as a city landmark. The Greater Jamaica Development Corporation, which supported

9792-419: The bottom of the casting to minimize turbulence and splashing. The gating system may also be designed to trap dross. One method is to take advantage of the fact that some dross has a lower density than the base material so it floats to the top of the gating system. Therefore, long flat runners with gates that exit from the bottom of the runners can trap dross in the runners; note that long flat runners will cool

9928-412: The casting, A is the surface area of the casting that contacts the mold , n is a constant, and B is the mold constant. It is most useful in determining if a riser will solidify before the casting, because if the riser does solidify first then it is worthless. The gating system serves many purposes, the most important being conveying the liquid material to the mold, but also controlling shrinkage,

10064-439: The cathedral, along with some of the abbey churches, was the largest building in any region. Cathedrals tend to display a higher level of contemporary architectural style and the work of accomplished craftsmen, and occupy a status both ecclesiastical and social that an ordinary parish church rarely has. Such churches are generally among the finest buildings locally and a source of national and regional pride, and many are among

10200-477: The ceiling remains unadorned, like a sky above. The proscenium arch is decorated in a Spanish style and is topped by a large niche with a sculpture inside. There are smaller backlit arches on either side of the central niche above the proscenium. The side walls have decorations such as windows, railings, balconies, and turrets , which were intended to give the appearance of 17th-century Spanish buildings. The decorations are arranged in sloped tiers and are designed in

10336-402: The ceiling was flat, while the sides of the ceiling were splayed outward, with trusses made of iron and wood. Pieces of Spanish pottery were placed in niches on either side of the lobby. A marble-and- wrought iron staircase ascended from the lobby, and there was a stone fountain with multicolored tiles next to the stair. Next to the lobby was a two-story foyer with Spanish-style columns supporting

10472-406: The ceiling, but the machine had broken down by the 1970s. Three chandeliers were hung from the ceiling. Another chandelier with 360 lights, measuring 15 feet (4.6 m) across and 18.5 feet (5.6 m) high, was installed in the 1970s; this chandelier was imported from Greece. Like the other Wonder Theaters, the Loew's Kings Theatre featured a "Wonder Morton" theater pipe organ manufactured by

10608-494: The centrifugal casting of railway wheels was an early application of the method developed by the German industrial company Krupp and this capability enabled the rapid growth of the enterprise. Small art pieces such as jewelry are often cast by this method using the lost wax process, as the forces enable the rather viscous liquid metals to flow through very small passages and into fine details such as leaves and petals. This effect

10744-499: The chandelier a "startling addition" while noting that the theater largely retained its "magical Venetian-Spanish baroque quality". The Globe and Mail wrote in the 1980s that the theater had a "stage facade repeating the glories of the Alhambra ", and Christopher Gray of The New York Times wrote that the auditorium's Spanish decorations "will make even the most jaded architectural pilgrim gasp, or even kneel". Newsday wrote that

10880-506: The compact qualities of the Romanesque era, and decorations often contained symbolic and allegorical features. The first pointed arches , rib vaults , and buttresses began to appear, all possessing geometric properties that reduced the need for large, rigid walls to ensure structural stability. This also permitted the size of windows to increase, producing brighter and lighter interiors. Nave ceilings rose, and pillars and steeples heightened. Many architects used these developments to push

11016-400: The components that can be produced using investment casting can incorporate intricate contours, and in most cases the components are cast near net shape, so require little or no rework once cast. A durable plaster intermediate is often used as a stage toward the production of a bronze sculpture or as a pointing guide for the creation of a carved stone. With the completion of a plaster, the work

11152-606: The country contains the remnants of a historic church known as the Jubail Church , which dates back to the fourth century and was affiliated with the Church of the East . Discovered in 1986, the site was excavated by the Saudi Antiquities Department in 1987. As of 2008, the findings from this excavation had not been published, reflecting sensitivities regarding artifacts from non-Islamic religions. In

11288-458: The crystal growth stage. Nucleation occurs on a pre-existing solid surface because not as much energy is required for a partial interface surface as for a complete spherical interface surface. This can be advantageous because fine-grained castings possess better properties than coarse-grained castings. A fine grain structure can be induced by grain refinement or inoculation , which is the process of adding impurities to induce nucleation. All of

11424-583: The decade, but other Loew's theaters had been subdivided, partially closed, or even demolished. In the early 1960s, the theater's lobby was repainted to promote the film Barabbas . The Valencia also hosted events such as women-only film screenings, televised boxing matches, and circus acts during the 1960s and 1970s. A Newsday reporter wrote in 1971 that the theater's cloud machine had broken down several years previously without being repaired. The backstage area, once used for stage shows, had long since been converted to storage space. Variety noted in 1973 that

11560-414: The designation, suggested converting the Valencia into a cultural center. However, Loew's opposed the landmark designation, which was not granted at that time. Loew's closed the theater permanently on June 15, 1977, citing declining business and a declining supply of suitable movies. The Valencia's last film was The Greatest featuring Muhammad Ali . In July 1977, Loew's decided to donate the building to

11696-471: The eleventh through the fourteenth centuries, there was a wave of church construction in Western Europe . Many churches worldwide are of considerable historical , national, cultural , and architectural significance, with several recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The word church is derived from Old English cirice word, 'place of assemblage set aside for Christian worship', from

11832-710: The facades of the Indiana Theatre in Indianapolis and the Majestic Theatre in San Antonio . The metal-and-glass doors are recessed slightly from the facade, and an octagonal ticket booth protrudes from the middle of the entrance. The booth has with cast metal columns topped by finials , as well as a fret motif near the bottom. The doors are flanked by volutes , which support a metal panel with foliate decorations on its soffit , though both

11968-734: The fact that the pattern is invested, or surrounded, with a refractory material. The wax patterns require extreme care for they are not strong enough to withstand forces encountered during the mold making. One advantage of investment casting is that the wax can be reused. The process is suitable for repeatable production of net shape components from a variety of different metals and high performance alloys. Although generally used for small castings, this process has been used to produce complete aircraft door frames, with steel castings of up to 300 kg and aluminium castings of up to 30 kg. Compared to other casting processes such as die casting or sand casting , it can be an expensive process. However,

12104-413: The few Loew's theaters in New York City that still hosted both vaudeville and film. Loew's defaulted on the theater's mortgage loan in June 1933, and the Valencia's owner, Allied Owners, filed for bankruptcy protection that November. Manufacturers Trust also moved to foreclose on a $ 9 million mortgage that it had placed on the Valencia and four other Allied theaters. Allied Owners subsequently presented

12240-589: The first ten years and $ 525,000 for the next fifteen years. Through the 1930s, the theater hosted both live shows and movies. For example, winners of the Major Bowes Amateur Hour radio show's contest would appear there every Monday night, and actors and singers like Ginger Rogers and Kate Smith also performed there. Loew's decided to stop hosting vaudeville shows at the Valencia starting in September 1935, switching to an all-film program; at

12376-401: The first theater in Queens with these features. During the 1950s, in addition to screening films, the Valencia hosted events such as opera performances, jazz concerts, homemaking contests, and televised boxing matches. By the 1960s, Loew's Theaters Inc. had begun to struggle financially, and the chain closed some of its larger theaters due to high expenses. The Valencia continued to operate during

12512-748: The front altar. Often, the altar will not be oriented due east but toward the sunrise. This tradition originated in Byzantium in the fourth century and became prevalent in the West in the eighth and ninth centuries. The old Roman custom of having the altar at the west end and the entrance at the east was sometimes followed as late as the eleventh century, even in areas of northern Europe under Frankish rule, as seen in Petershausen (Constance) , Bamberg Cathedral , Augsburg Cathedral , Regensburg Cathedral , and Hildesheim Cathedral . The Latin word basilica

12648-422: The interior to represent or draw attention to the heavens. Other common shapes for churches include a circle, to represent eternity, or an octagon or similar star shape, to represent the church's bringing light to the world. Another common feature is the spire , a tall tower at the "west" end of the church or over the crossing . Another common feature of many Christian churches is the eastwards orientation of

12784-402: The interiors, while the projection room became a tower of prayer. In addition, a choir loft and pulpit were constructed, and the original interior decorations were restored. The congregation added a "wall of crutches" to the foyer, signifying those who had been "healed" there. The fish pond was emptied and used as a wedding-picture backdrop. The renovations ultimately cost about $ 250,000, and

12920-504: The lawsuit was settled the same year. Loew's was sued again in 1944 by a theater operator in Bay Shore, who claimed that the Valencia was violating U.S. antitrust laws because no other theater in the region could screen first-run films. This lawsuit was dropped the next year for unspecified reasons. To attract customers in the late 1940s, Loew's offered free tickets to residents of the then-new Fresh Meadows housing development. Following

13056-414: The length of the block toward 89th Avenue. The building has a frontage of 39.4 feet (12.0 m) on Jamaica Avenue to the south and 210 feet (64 m) on Merrick Boulevard to the east. The theater abuts the 165th Street Bus Terminal immediately to the north. The Valencia Theatre is one of several atmospheric theaters designed by John Eberson . The theater was one of five Loew's Wonder Theatres in

13192-706: The limits of structural possibility, an inclination that resulted in the collapse of several towers whose designs that had unwittingly exceeded the boundaries of soundness. In Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain, it became popular to build hall churches , a style in which every vault would be built to the same height. Gothic cathedrals were lavishly designed, as in the Romanesque era, and many share Romanesque traits. However, several also exhibit unprecedented degrees of detail and complexity in decoration. The Notre-Dame de Paris and Notre-Dame de Reims in France, as well as

13328-411: The liquid , solidification shrinkage and patternmaker's shrinkage . The shrinkage of the liquid is rarely a problem because more material is flowing into the mold behind it. Solidification shrinkage occurs because metals are less dense as a liquid than a solid, so during solidification the metal density dramatically increases. Patternmaker's shrinkage refers to the shrinkage that occurs when the material

13464-431: The low cost of the plaster and its ability to produce near net shape castings. The biggest disadvantage is that it can only be used with low melting point non-ferrous materials, such as aluminium , copper , magnesium , and zinc . Shell molding is similar to sand casting, but the molding cavity is formed by a hardened "shell" of sand instead of a flask filled with sand. The sand used is finer than sand casting sand and

13600-541: The material is moving too fast then the liquid material can erode the mold and contaminate the final casting. The shape and length of the gating system can also control how quickly the material cools; short round or square channels minimize heat loss. The gating system may be designed to minimize turbulence, depending on the material being cast. For example, steel, cast iron, and most copper alloys are turbulent insensitive, but aluminium and magnesium alloys are turbulent sensitive. The turbulent insensitive materials usually have

13736-472: The material more rapidly than round or square runners. For materials where the dross is a similar density to the base material, such as aluminium, runner extensions and runner wells can be advantageous. These take advantage of the fact that the dross is usually located at the beginning of the pour, therefore the runner is extended past the last gate(s) and the contaminates are contained in the wells. Screens or filters may also be used to trap contaminates. It

13872-532: The next century during the Diocletianic Persecution . Even larger and more elaborate churches began to appear during the reign of Emperor Constantine the Great . From the eleventh through the fourteenth centuries, a wave of cathedral building and the construction of smaller parish churches occurred across Western Europe . Besides serving as a place of worship , the cathedral or parish church

14008-502: The nucleations represent a crystal, which grows as the heat of fusion is extracted from the liquid until there is no liquid left. The direction, rate, and type of growth can be controlled to maximize the properties of the casting. Directional solidification is when the material solidifies at one end and proceeds to solidify to the other end; this is the most ideal type of grain growth because it allows liquid material to compensate for shrinkage. Cooling curves are important in controlling

14144-468: The operators of the nearby Savoy Theatre sued Loew's and several other theatrical operators and distributors, claiming that Loew's Valencia and Hillside theaters were violating U.S. antitrust laws. At the time, the Valencia and Hillside were the only theaters in Jamaica that were allowed to screen first runs of films, while all other theaters in the area had to wait one week before screening the same films;

14280-485: The other Wonder Theaters, the Valencia Theatre featured a "Wonder Morton" theater pipe organ manufactured by the Robert Morton Organ Company , though the organ has since been removed. In December 1926, the builder Ralph Riccardo acquired the site and leased it to Paramount-Publix . Allied Owners Inc. took over the theater site and developed it starting in 1928, leasing the venue to Loew's Theatres . The Valencia Theatre originally presented films and live shows, and it had

14416-553: The outer bays, the bricks are laid in a diaper pattern , with protruding bricks that form diagonal lines; there are lighter-colored bricks where the diagonal lines intersect. There are also lancet windows in the outer bays at the second story. The center bay has a large opening with a terracotta frame, which is divided into a central window measuring five panes wide and a pair of outer windows each measuring two panes wide. The terracotta pilasters on either side contain decorations like swags , cherubs' heads, volutes, and half-shells. Above

14552-439: The outer windows are spiral volutes, which in turn flank a central window with a curved gable . The gable is topped by terracotta panels with floral motifs and sphinxes. At the top of the facade is an elaborate curving parapet , with three finials above the center bay and a single finial above each of the outer bays. A vertical sign is also attached to the facade. The Merrick Boulevard and northern elevations are also visible from

14688-421: The palm of one's hand to those large enough for a train car bed (one casting can create the entire bed for one rail car). Sand casting also allows most metals to be cast depending on the type of sand used for the molds. Sand casting requires a lead time of days, or even weeks sometimes, for production at high output rates (1–20 pieces/hr-mold) and is unsurpassed for large-part production. Green (moist) sand, which

14824-578: The partnership allows congregations to increase revenue while preserving the property. With the exception of Saudi Arabia and the Maldives , all sovereign states and dependent territories worldwide have church buildings. Afghanistan has the fewest churches globally, featuring only one official church: the Our Lady of Divine Providence Chapel in Kabul . Somalia follows closely, having once housed

14960-589: The proclamation of God's Word is of particular importance, the visitor's line of sight is directed towards the pulpit . The Baroque style was first used in Italy around 1575. From there, it spread to the rest of Europe and the European colonies. The building industry increased heavily during the Baroque era. Buildings, even churches, were used to indicate wealth, authority, and influence. The use of forms known from

15096-445: The quality of a casting. The most important part of the cooling curve is the cooling rate which affects the microstructure and properties. Generally speaking, an area of the casting which is cooled quickly will have a fine grain structure and an area which cools slowly will have a coarse grain structure. Below is an example cooling curve of a pure metal or eutectic alloy, with defining terminology. [REDACTED] Note that before

15232-439: The rate of product crystallization (solidification) may be adjusted in a crystallizer - a high-temperature resistant device that cools a growing metal rod or pipe by using water. The method is comparable to Czochralski method of growing silicon (Si) crystals, which is a metalloid . Metal casting processes uses the following terminology: Some specialized processes, such as die casting, use additional terminology. Casting

15368-588: The semi-solid metal, along with the use of controlled die filling conditions, ensures that the semi-solid metal fills the die in a non-turbulent manner so that harmful porosity can be essentially eliminated. Used commercially mainly for aluminium and magnesium alloys, SSM castings can be heat treated to the T4, T5 or T6 tempers. The combination of heat treatment, fast cooling rates (from using uncoated steel dies) and minimal porosity provides excellent combinations of strength and ductility. Other advantages of SSM casting include

15504-466: The service annex protrudes from the bottom of the northern elevation. There is a water tower atop the building, which is visible from the north. The interior is adorned in Spanish Colonial and pre–Columbian styles, with a gold, ruby, cobalt, and turquoise color scheme. The main lobby measured 50 by 100 feet (15 by 30 m) across, and its ceiling was nearly four stories high. The center of

15640-522: The south end of the facade. At ground level, the middle of the Merrick Boulevard facade contains a brick niche with a grate leading to a sidewalk vault ; three rectangular blind openings; and two more emergency-exit doors. The northern end of the Merrick Boulevard facade has two archways, as well as a two-story service annex with a garage door and windows. The northern elevation is also covered in red and brown brick, with rectangular brick panels;

15776-458: The speed of the liquid, turbulence, and trapping dross . The gates are usually attached to the thickest part of the casting to assist in controlling shrinkage. In especially large castings multiple gates or runners may be required to introduce metal to more than one point in the mold cavity. The speed of the material is important because if the material is traveling too slowly it can cool before completely filling, leading to misruns and cold shuts. If

15912-535: The still-liquid center, gradually solidifying the metal from the outside in. After solidification, the strand, as it is sometimes called, is continuously withdrawn from the mold. Predetermined lengths of the strand can be cut off by either mechanical shears or traveling oxyacetylene torches and transferred to further forming processes, or to a stockpile. Cast sizes can range from strip (a few millimeters thick by about five meters wide) to billets (90 to 160 mm square) to slabs (1.25 m wide by 230 mm thick). Sometimes,

16048-442: The strand may undergo an initial hot rolling process before being cut. Continuous casting is used due to the lower costs associated with continuous production of a standard product, and also increased quality of the final product. Metals such as steel, copper, aluminum and lead are continuously cast, with steel being the metal with the greatest tonnages cast using this method. The upcasting (up-casting, upstream, or upward casting)

16184-445: The street. On Merrick Boulevard, the facade is made mostly of red and black brick, although the water table at the bottom of the facade is made of stone. Some of the bricks are laid so that their header surfaces face outward; these bricks are stacked vertically to give the impression of rectangular brick panels. There is a fire stair leading from the balcony level, as well as an emergency-exit doorway with six doors at ground level near

16320-619: The structure had been renovated. In 1998, the Tabernacle of Prayer asked the LPC to again consider designating the theater as a landmark; the congregation also wanted the theater to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The LPC designated the Valencia as an exterior landmark on May 25, 1999, making it the second theater in Queens with city-landmark status, after the RKO Keith's in Flushing. The theater's pastor at

16456-541: The theater was built, official press releases called it a "Spanish patio garden in gay regalia for a moonlit festival". One newspaper described the main entrance as "very striking" and the main auditorium as being so elaborate as to be "almost beyond description". After the Valencia's completion, the Queens Chamber of Commerce's Queensborough Magazine described the Valencia as one of Queens's "outstanding improvements" during 1928, while Architecture and Building said

16592-582: The theater was known as the Valencia; this name, derived from Spanish, was chosen because it sounded exotic. The theater was to be Long Island 's largest cinema with 4,000 seats. A furniture store, Ludwig Baumann & Co., leased the neighboring commercial building. The Valencia opened on January 12, 1929, and was the first of the five Wonder Theaters to be completed. Its first-ever patron, one "Miss Helen Trascey of Ferndale Avenue", had waited several hours to buy her ticket. Loew's invited officials from every town and reporters from every newspaper on Long Island to

16728-567: The theater's architecture "created the impression of a Spanish plaza, complete with a starlit ceiling, niches and exotic decoration". Another writer for the New York Daily News said that the Valencia was "a spectacle in itself". The architect and writer Robert A. M. Stern regarded the Valencia as one of Eberson's "more modest designs", especially as compared with Loew's Paradise and 72nd Street theaters. The Wantagh Preservation Society of Wantagh, New York , hosted an exhibit about

16864-611: The theater's dedication. The first film to screened there was White Shadows in the South Seas featuring Monte Blue and Raquel Torres , accompanied by vaudeville performances on stage. Initially, the Valencia hosted stage shows and films that had been shown at Manhattan's Capitol Theatre , which cost between 25 and 65 cents a ticket. The theater accommodated 17,000 patrons on opening day and 33,000 in its first week. The theater quickly became an attraction for people in not only Jamaica, but other parts of Queens and Long Island. If

17000-536: The theater, keeping it in good condition. A 1998 article from the New York Daily News stated that the Tabernacle of Prayer had spent $ 200,000 painting the theater and $ 100,000 on various other fixes. Though the exterior remained unchanged, the marquee had been covered in a protective wrap due to deterioration. By then, the theater hosted between 1,200 and 1,500 congregants on Sundays and 2,100 for Easter services. A congregational elder estimated that 95% of

17136-402: The thermal arrest the material is a liquid and after it the material is a solid; during the thermal arrest the material is converting from a liquid to a solid. Also, note that the greater the superheat the more time there is for the liquid material to flow into intricate details. The above cooling curve depicts a basic situation with a pure metal, however, most castings are of alloys, which have

17272-616: The time was competing with Paramount-Publix . In 1927, Loew's president Nicholas Schenck agreed to take over five sites from Paramount-Publix, in exchange for agreeing not to build competing theaters in Chicago; these five sites became the Wonder Theatres. In December 1926, the builder Ralph Riccardo acquired a 140-by-206-foot (43 by 63 m) site at the northwest corner of Jamaica Avenue and Merrick Road (now Merrick Boulevard) from A. L. Werner and Steuart/Hirschman. According to

17408-406: The time, Ronnie Davis, said the congregation was "very excited about" the landmark designation. The interior was ineligible for landmark preservation because the LPC does not give interior-landmark designations to houses of worship. The Landmarks Preservation Foundation also funded the installation of a plaque on the theater's facade, which was dedicated in 2000. The Valencia continued to operate as

17544-413: The time, the company was eliminating vaudeville shows from most of its theaters. In addition, ticket prices at the Valencia were reduced after the discontinuation of vaudeville shows. Loew's management did not reinstate the vaudeville shows, saying the theater was making a profit in spite of their absence. Ted Arnow, a Loew's executive, later recalled that the Valencia sold 25-cent matinee tickets well into

17680-463: The volutes and panel are covered by signage. There is a marquee above the entrance, which originally spelled the name "Loew's Valencia" and had decorative motifs made of zinc; the marquee has also been covered up. The upper stories of the Jamaica Avenue facade are clad with yellow brick and are divided vertically into three bays . There are terracotta decorations such as cherub heads. In

17816-567: The world which apply sharia or communism , government authorizations for worship are complex for Christians. Because of persecution of Christians , Evangelical house churches have thus developed. For example, there is the Evangelical house churches in China movement. The meetings thus take place in private houses, in secret and in "illegality". Old and disused church buildings can be seen as an interesting proposition for developers as

17952-476: The world's most renowned works of architecture. Either, a discrete space with an altar inside a larger cathedral, conventual, parish, or other church; or, a free standing small church building or room not connected to a larger church, to serve a particular hospital , school , university , prison, private household, palace , castle , or other institution. Often proprietary churches and small conventual churches are referred to by this term. A collegiate church

18088-554: The worldwide Christian religious community as a whole. In traditional Christian architecture , the plan view of a church often forms a Christian cross with the centre aisle and seating representing the vertical beam and the bema and altar forming the horizontal. Towers or domes may inspire contemplation of the heavens . Modern churches have a variety of architectural styles and layouts. Some buildings designed for other purposes have been converted to churches, while many original church buildings have been put to other uses. From

18224-588: Was frequently employed as a general gathering place by the communities in which they were located, hosting such events as guild meetings, banquets , mystery plays , and fairs . Church grounds and buildings were also used for the threshing and storage of grain. Between 1000 and 1200, the Romanesque style became popular across Europe . The Romanesque style is defined by large and bulky edifices typically composed of simple, compact, sparsely decorated geometric structures. Frequent features of

18360-590: Was halted in 1473, and was not resumed until 1842. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the changes in ethics and society due to the Renaissance and the Reformation also influenced the building of churches. The common style was much like the Gothic style but simplified. The basilica was not the most popular type of church anymore, but instead, hall churches were built. Typical features are columns and classical capitals . In Protestant churches , where

18496-509: Was initially used to describe a Roman public building usually located in the forum of a Roman town. After the Roman Empire became officially Christian , the term came by extension to refer to a large and influential church that has been given special ceremonial rights by the Pope . The word thus retains two senses today, one architectural and the other ecclesiastical. A cathedral is

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