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57-519: Valjevo occupies an area of 905 square kilometers; its altitude is 185 meters. The city is situated along the river Kolubara , a tributary of the Sava river . In the nearby village of Petnica , scientists found the first complete neolithic habitat in Serbia and dated it at 6,000 years old. In Roman times this area was part of the province of Moesia . Valjevo was mentioned for the first time in 1393. It

114-569: A means of explaining the contradictions of modern life and exploring the human subconscious. Maksimović's steadfast refusal to deviate from traditional literary forms and traditions prompted scathing critiques from many of her colleagues in the Yugoslav literary establishment. She would later note: "I would not have had as many friends as I have now if I had not been able to forget the biting jokes or critical remarks about my poetry or myself." Yugoslavia had to endure difficult economic conditions during

171-588: A number of awards from the Yugoslav government and literary establishment. The following year, she received partial membership in the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU). In 1964, Maksimović published a volume of reflective poetry entitled Tražim pomilovanje (I Seek Clemency), which dealt with the 14th-century reign of Dušan the Mighty , the founder of the Serbian Empire . The collection

228-543: A permanent display of works of the Academician Ljuba Popović (1953-63 period), a collection of works presented by exhibitors and a concept of representing fantastic painting after the model of the famous "Mediala". The International Art Studio "Radovan Mića Trnavac" exhibits foreign painters of different styles. The Cultural and Artistic Society "Abrašević" has a renowned choir, along with folk music and drama ensembles. Theatrical performances are given by

285-474: A remote mountainous valley and contains rare Serbian medieval frescoes . Excavations have shown that the current church was built on the foundations of a much older church. Parts of the foundation and an unidentified tomb, much older than the church itself, were discovered. The church is only accessible by a steep path. However, despite its inaccessibility, the Turks managed to damage the monastery more than once. It

342-621: A requiem for the children killed in the Kragujevac massacre of October 1941. Although she was not a communist , her works received the approval of the Yugoslav government. Maksimović was a fervent Russophile , and at times, her Russophilia was mistaken for covert Cominformism , a serious charge in the years following the Tito–Stalin Split , that if proven, could have landed a person in prison. Maksimović retired from teaching in 1953. In 1958, to mark her 60th birthday, Maksimović received

399-436: A whole era with her lyrical poetry," the literary scholar Aida Vidan writes. She was the first female Serbian poet to gain widespread acceptance from her predominantly male colleagues within the Yugoslav literary milieu, as well as the first Serbian female poet to attract a significant following among the general public. She was Yugoslavia's leading female literary figure for seven decades, first acquiring this distinction during

456-647: Is Valjevska Pivara , founded in 1860. The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2022): Seats in the city parliament won in the 2016 local elections: This family produced leaders of the First Serbian Uprising , ministers of the first Serbian government , spiritual leaders and travel writers. Some members are: Voivode Aleksa , Archpriest Mateja Nenadović , Voivode Jakov Nenadović , Sima and Jevrem , writer Čika Ljuba Nenadović, and Princess Persida Karađorđević ,

513-627: Is 21.5 km long. This is also the beginning of the 90 km (56 mi) long region of the Kolubara valley, divided in two large parts, referred to as Upper ( gornja ) Kolubara and Lower ( donja ) Kolubara (around the Belgrade 's suburb of Obrenovac ). At Valjevo, the Kolubara receives the river Gradac from the right and forms the Valjevo valley between the surrounding mountains, in which it spills in several parallel flows. After Valjevo,

570-573: Is 28 km from Valjevo and 110 km from Belgrade . The canyon of the Gradac River (also the name of a Valjevo suburb) ends in the town centre. The Gradac is one of Europe's cleanest rivers, as evidenced by the presence of Eurasian otters , which only inhabit unpolluted waters. It abounds in brook trout . Also, the artificial lake Rovni is located 15 kilometers from the center of Valjevo. The Valjevo mountain range offers clean air, medicinal herbs, forest fruits and wild game. The vicinity

627-440: Is kept free of industrialisation and the soil is unpolluted, so the food grown there is healthy. Hunting and fishing in the mountain rivers is common. The air-spa of Divčibare offers rest and recreation. Vrujci Spa has mud baths for rheumatic diseases, as well as a hotel and sports complex with swimming pools. Old water mills are found in the thirteen square kilometers natural reserve. In Petnica , 5 km away from Valjevo,

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684-626: The First World War the battle of Kolubara was fought in the immediate vicinity. A large hospital for the wounded was in the town. One of the captured partisan leaders Stjepan Filipović was executed by the Nazis in Valjevo in 1942. In 1999, Valjevo was repeatedly bombed during the NATO intervention in Yugoslavia . Apart from the city, Valjevo covers the administrative area which includes

741-567: The Great Depression and the country's political landscape deteriorated further. During this time, Maksimović made poetry the main focus of her writing. Many of her poems were first recited before her fellow writers in the home of Smilja Đaković, the publisher of Misao . In 1933, Maksimović married a Russian-born writer named Sergej Slastikov. Following the German -led Axis invasion and subsequent occupation of Yugoslavia, Maksimović

798-726: The interwar period and retaining it until her death. The scholar Dubravka Juraga describes her as "the beloved doyenne of Yugoslav belles lettres ". Maksimović "offered women writers a model of achievement in the field of lyric poetry," the literary scholar Celia Hawkesworth writes. Hawkesworth compares Maksimović's contributions to Serbian literature to that of Elisaveta Bagriana in Bulgaria, Wisława Szymborska in Poland, and Nina Cassian in Romania. The author Christopher Deliso describes Maksimović as "the most beloved Serbian poet of

855-513: The Kolubara river bed in an effort to make possible exploitation of the "Veliko polje G" coal seam began in 2007. Phase 2 of the project was finished in July 2017 when another 2.6 km (1.6 mi) of the river was conducted into the new, displaced bed. "Veliko polje G" has an estimated coal reserves of 36,4 million tons. Desanka Maksimovi%C4%87 Desanka Maksimović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Десанка Максимовић ; 16 May 1898 – 11 February 1993)

912-911: The Museum of the First and Second Serbian Uprisings and displays in Brankovina. Other institutions include the Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments, the Historical Archive of Valjevo , the Town Library. The Cultural Centre has a well-equipped stage and an auditorium with 630 seats. The Youth Centre has "Gallery 34" for exhibitions and forums. The Serbian Language and Culture Workshop offers classes in Serbian for foreigners. Valjevo has two elite art galleries. The Modern Gallery has

969-707: The Ottomans turned it into a prison. The village of Brankovina is situated near Valjevo and is the home of the Nenadović family. The sights of Brankovina are encompassed in a cultural and historical complex, which includes: the Church of Saint Archangel , Archpriest's school, Desanka's school, Old Courtroom, the Sleeping Outbuilding of the Nenadović family, the graves of the Nenadović family and Desanka Maksimović , as well as old “sobrašica” summer houses in

1026-496: The Petnica Science Center supports young researchers. It has outdoor swimming pools with minor sports facilities, as well as lake Pocibrava, a recreational area. The Nenadović Tower (Кула Ненадовића), originally an armory built by Jakov Nenadović and his son Jevrem in spring 1813, is adjacent to the road to Šabac, at the edge of Kličevac hill. The construction material was stone from an older Vitković tower. Later,

1083-558: The Sava (only navigable near its mouth in Sava ). However, many large villages and towns are located in the vicinity of the Kolubara: Lajkovac , Jabučje , Lazarevac , Šopić , Skobalj, Vreoci , Mali Borak, Veliki Crljeni , Draževac , Mislođin and Barič , where it flows into the Sava. Lower Kolubara itself is divided in two sub-regions, the (upper) Kolubara coal basin and the (lower) Obrenovac micro-region. In Neogene ,

1140-539: The archeological sites within the mines can be observed, and the other is Medoševac , which is considered as the largest scenic overlook in the Balkans, with the view over the entire mines, which look like "the surface of the Moon". The Processing section has an exhibition of the old steam locomotives which were used in the mines. There are also several lakes formed in the former mine shafts. The process of displacement of

1197-466: The beautiful town unique. The main economic activity in the second half of the 20th century was the arms manufacturing firm Krušik , which returned to production after the wars. The Valjevo economy is characterized by small, private companies working in metallurgy, food production and textiles. Austrian company Austrotherm GmbH, Italian company Golden Lady and Slovenian company Gorenje have built production facilities in Valjevo. Another domestic company

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1254-629: The coal basin mainly belongs, was attached administratively to the City of Belgrade in 1971. After three years, on 19 September 2007 the river course between Vreoci and Veliki Crljeni was transferred to the new artificial river bed. This will allow the opening of a new surface coal field Veliki Crljeni in September 2008 with an estimated coal reserves of over 30 million tons. The mining projects at Kolubara have been plagued with corruption: in 2011, 16 current and former members of Elektroprivreda Srbije ,

1311-444: The craft. Maksimović's reputation, which was such that most of her contemporaries referred to her simply by her first name, has led one author to describe her as "the most beloved Serbian poet of the twentieth century". Desanka Maksimović was born in the village of Rabrovica, near Valjevo , on 16 May 1898. She was the oldest of her parents' seven children. Her father Mihailo was a schoolteacher and her mother Draginja ( née Petrović)

1368-764: The editor-in-chief of Misao (Thought), one of Serbia's leading artistic and literary publications. Maksimović's poetry first appeared in Misao between 1920 and 1921. She received what was to be the first of many literary awards when one of her poems was voted to be the journal's best by its readers. Within a few years, the Srpski književni glasnik (Serbian Literary Herald), then Belgrade's most influential and respected literary journal, began printing her poems, and several of her works appeared in an anthology of Yugoslav lyric poetry. In 1924, Maksimović published her first poetry collection, simply entitled Pesme (Poems). The collection

1425-410: The exquisitely beautiful Brankovina church yard. Several ancient monasteries are located in the area surrounding of Valjevo, including Pustinja , Lelić , and Ćelije . The sites on which the current monasteries stand have been used for religious purposes since the 10th century, although the current church buildings date to between 14th and 17th centuries. Pustinja Monastery is located in the cleft of

1482-437: The following settlements: According to the 2022 census, the city proper has a population of 56,059, while the administrative area has a population of 82,169. The ethnic composition of the city of Valjevo: The Valjevo mountain range ( Medvednik , Jablanik , Povlen , Maljen , Suvobor ), with gently-rolling hills surrounds the town. Divčibare is a plateau in the mountain of Maljen. It has an average altitude of 1000 m. It

1539-468: The globe. Serbian composer Mirjana Sistek-Djordjevic (born 1935) set poems from Maksimovic’s Trazim Pomilovanje to music in her composition for women’s chorus and orchestra. A statue of Maksimović was unveiled in Valjevo on 27 October 1990, while she was still alive. In the 1990s, as part of the renaming of communist-era street names following the breakup of Yugoslavia, Đuro Salaj Street in Belgrade

1596-635: The honour, after Nobel laureate Ivo Andrić . The following year, Maksimović published Letopis Perunovih potomaka (A Chronicle of Perun's Descendants), a poetry collection dealing with medieval Balkan history. She travelled widely in the 1970s and 1980s, visiting many European nations, including the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom, but also Australia, Canada, the United States, and China. Her visits to Norway and Switzerland inspired

1653-541: The late 1920s, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was mired by ethnic tensions. In 1929, King Alexander decreed that it be renamed Yugoslavia to mitigate growing nationalist resentment. Before long, the country's political disputes spilled over into literary discourse. Yugoslav writers could not agree on the political and artistic direction Yugoslav literature should take. Older writers favoured abiding by existing literary norms while younger ones promoted modernism as

1710-593: The local Serb population had rebelled against the Turkish lords and liberated a large part of Serbia. One cause for the revolution was the killing of two prominent Serbian commanders by the Ottoman Turks. The two well-known knights, Ilija Birčanin and Aleksa Nenadović , were killed in Valjevo on the bridge over the Kolubara. The settlement's development accelerated further in the 20th century, when Valjevo became an important industrial and cultural center. During

1767-797: The major battles on the Balkans in the World War I , the Battle of Kolubara in 1914. There is a game hunting ground "Kolubara" in the valley of the river, on the territory of the Lazarevac municipality. The Kolubara is formed by two small rivers, the Obnica and Jablanica. Obnica is the river in Western Serbia that springs at the foot of the mountain Medvednik. It flows eastward, through

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1824-474: The mines actively covering 600 km (230 sq mi), Kolubara mine is the largest one in the Balkans . A series of coal based power stations are built in the basin, including Kolubara (130 MW, at Veliki Crljeni), Nikola Tesla B-1 (in 1983) and Nikola Tesla B-2 (both 615 MW, in Obrenovac). Because of its importance for industry and economy in general, the municipality of Lazarevac, to which

1881-442: The modern Kolubara District of Serbia. The Kolubara turns north and continues to flow in several parallel flows, receiving in this section its major tributaries: Ljig River , Turija, Lukavica and Peštan , from the right; Kladnica and Tamnava , from the left. Due to the floods, even though its valley is densely populated, there are no settlements on the river itself, until it reaches Obrenovac, few kilometers before it empties into

1938-499: The most populous city in western Serbia, there are no major settlements on the river, except for the villages of Mlađevo and Slovac and the river receives the right tributaries of Ribnica and Lepenica and the left tributary of Rabas . At Slovac, near the confluence of the right tributary of the Toplica , the Kolubara carved the epigenetic Slovačka sutjeska , which separates Upper and Lower Kolubara. Upper Kolubara constitutes most of

1995-401: The mother of King Peter I of Serbia . Valjevo has official sister cities: Kolubara The Kolubara ( Serbian Cyrillic : Колубара , pronounced [kɔlǔbara] ) is a 87 km (54 mi) long river in western Serbia ; it is an eastern, right tributary to the Sava river. Due to the many long tributaries creating a branchy system within the river's drainage basin ,

2052-414: The operator, were arrested on suspicion of embezzlement . In addition to this, resettlement procedures for affected local communities were, according to civil society organizations , not executed in accordance with Serbian law. There are possibilities for the development of the tourism, given the vicinity of Belgrade. There are two natural scenic overlooks above the mines. One is "Tamnava", from which

2109-604: The poetry collection Pesme iz Norveške (Poems from Norway; 1976) and a travel book titled Snimci iz Švajcarske (Snapshots from Switzerland; 1978). In 1982, Maksimović became one of the founding members of the Committee for the Protection of Artistic Freedom, which sought an end to government censorship. In 1988, she published a poetry collection titled Pamtiću sve (I Shall Remember Everything). She died in Belgrade on 11 February 1993, aged 94. "Maksimović ... marked

2166-602: The private theatre "Mala scena" and the Drama Studio of Valjevo Grammar School. The Jazz Fest is accompanied by summer literary talks in the Library Yard. Desanka's May Talks discuss literary topics, where the Desanka Maksimović Foundation grants an annual poetry award. Tešnjar is one of the oldest paved streets in Valjevo. It is used for films based in the past and is one of the places that makes

2223-680: The region of Kolubara was a huge bay of the Pannonian Sea ( Kolubarski zaliv ) As a result of abundant vegetation in the ancient sea, region of Kolubara and neighboring Tamnava (around Kolubara's longest tributary) today are immense lignite field which covers over 1,200 km (460 sq mi). It is estimated that coal deposits are as much as 22 billion tons, with coal layers being to 50 m (160 ft) deep, and over 20 million tons of coal are being extracted each year. Major mines are Rudovci , Kolubara (at Veliki Crljeni) and Kosmaj , with many surface digs being developed lately. With

2280-461: The short Kolubara drains relatively large area of 3,639 km (1,405 sq mi). It is part of the larger Black Sea drainage. The river is not navigable, but its valley is very important for transportation. Here are located Belgrade-Valjevo road, parts of Belgrade- Šabac road, Ibarska magistrala (Highway of Ibar ) and the Belgrade-Bar railway . The Kolubara was the site of one of

2337-511: The subject of human mortality. Maksimović travelled extensively in the 1970s and 1980s, and some of her visits abroad inspired several of her works. She became involved in efforts to combat government censorship in the early 1980s and was active until her death in 1993. Maksimović was the first female Serbian poet to gain widespread acceptance within Yugoslav literary circles and among the general public. One literary scholar notes that she served as an example for other Serbian women wishing to take up

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2394-578: The translators of her works was the Russian poet Anna Akhmatova . In 1967, Maksimović was awarded a medal by the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union . Maksimović's husband died in 1970. Following his death, her poems increasingly began to deal with the topic of human mortality. In 1975, she received a Vuk Karadžić Award for Lifetime Achievement from the SANU, becoming only the second writer to receive

2451-413: The twentieth century". During her lifetime, her reputation was such that many of her contemporaries referred to her simply by her first name. Her poem Krvava bajka is widely considered one of the best known pieces of Serbian-language verse. She is also credited with popularizing love locks in the former Yugoslavia through one of her poems. By the early 2000s, the phenomenon had spread to other parts of

2508-462: The villages of Suvodanje, Bobova, Majinović, Pričević and Zlatarić, and at the city of Valjevo meets the river Jablanica and forms Kolubara. The Obnica is 25 km long. Jablanica originates on the eastern slopes of the Jablanik mountain, just few kilometers away from Obnica. It curves around Parač mountain and next to the village of Balinović, before it meets Obnica in Valjevo. The Jablanica

2565-529: The war and completed her secondary education in 1919. Upon completing high school, Maksimović moved to Belgrade, the capital of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . She enrolled in the University of Belgrade , and took courses in art history and comparative literature . By this time, Maksimović had been writing verse for a number of years. She gave some of her poems to one of her former professors, who in turn gave them to Velimir Masuka,

2622-500: Was 10, the family moved to Valjevo. Maksimović's family was devastated by World War I . In 1915, she lost her father to typhus while he was serving in the Royal Serbian Army . Her father's death thrust the family into difficult financial straights. In order to be able to take care of her mother and her siblings, Maksimović was forced to drop out of high school . In her free time, she learned French . She re-enrolled after

2679-502: Was a Serbian poet, writer and translator. Her first works were published in the literary journal Misao in 1920, while she was studying at the University of Belgrade . Within a few years, her poems appeared in the Serbian Literary Herald , Belgrade's most influential literary publication. In 1925, Maksimović earned a French Government scholarship for a year's study at the University of Paris . Upon her return, she

2736-453: Was a housewife. Maksimović's ancestors had migrated to Serbia from Herzegovina in the late 18th century. Her maternal grandfather was an Eastern Orthodox priest. Within two months of her birth, her father was reassigned to the nearby village of Brankovina , and the family had to relocate. Maksimović spent much of her early childhood in Brankovina. She took an interest in reading at an early age, spending hours in her father's library. When she

2793-427: Was an important staging post on the trade route that connected Bosnia to Belgrade . Valjevo became significant during the 16th and 17th centuries under stable Ottoman rule. According to Matija Nenadović , there were 24 mosques in Valjevo in the late 18th century. At the beginning of the 19th century most of the territory of Serbia rapidly transformed. The Serbian revolution began with armed rebellion. In 1804,

2850-466: Was appointed a professor at Belgrade's elite First High School for Girls, a position she would hold continuously until World War II . In 1933, Maksimović married Sergej Slastikov, a Russian émigré writer. After being dismissed from her post at the high school by the Germans in 1941, she was reduced to a state of poverty and forced to work odd jobs to survive the three-and-a-half year occupation . She

2907-489: Was damaged in 1683 during the invasion of Turkish army to Vienna. Pustinja is today an active female monastery. The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, with adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is " Cfa " (Warm Temperate Climate). The most important cultural institution is the National Museum founded in 1951, under whose auspices are

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2964-489: Was forcibly retired from her teaching position at the First High School for Girls at the behest of the occupational authorities. Impoverished, she resorted to giving private lessons, sewing children's clothes and selling dolls in the marketplace. In order to heat her apartment, Maksimović had to walk from downtown Belgrade to Mount Avala to collect firewood. She wrote patriotic poems in secret during this time but

3021-535: Was met with positive reviews. Maksimović graduated from the University of Belgrade around this time and received a fellowship from the Government of France for a year's study at the University of Paris . She returned to Belgrade in 1925, and upon her return, received a Saint Sava medal from the government for her literary achievements and became a professor at the city's elite First High School for Girls. By

3078-527: Was named the recipient of a string of honours and awards in 1958. In 1964, she published one of her most acclaimed works, a volume of reflective poetry entitled Tražim pomilovanje (I Seek Clemency). The work's veiled critique of the Tito government made it especially popular. The following year, she became a full-fledged member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts . Following her husband's death in 1970, Maksimović's poetry increasingly began to revolve around

3135-422: Was only allowed to publish children's books. After the war, Yugoslavia became a socialist state under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito . Maksimović was reinstated as a professor at the First High School for Girls. In 1946, she published a collection of war poems titled Pesnik i zavičaj (The Poet and His Native Land). The collection contained one of her best known poems, Krvava bajka (A Bloody Fairy Tale),

3192-517: Was only permitted to publish children's literature during this period, but secretly compiled a collection of patriotic poems, which were not published until after the war. Among these was Krvava bajka (A Bloody Tale), about the Wehrmacht 's killing of schoolchildren in the Kragujevac massacre . It was recited extensively in post-war commemorative ceremonies and became one of the best known Serbian-language poems. To mark her 60th birthday, Maksimović

3249-527: Was well received and quickly became a bestseller. Its veiled critique of Tito made it especially popular, especially among those frustrated with the Yugoslav government's increasing arbitrariness and corruption. Maksimović was the recipient of further honours over the next several years. In 1965, her colleagues voted to make her a full member of the SANU. By this time, Maksimović was not only well known and respected within Yugoslavia, but also abroad, with her works having been translated into dozens of languages. Among

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