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117-750: Construction on Valley Fair began on July 1, 1953. It was located in the town of Menasha, Wisconsin until the land on which it stood was annexed to Appleton. The mall was built by Hamilton Construction Company under the name Hoffman Shopping Centers, Inc. Designed by George Narovec of Appleton, it was one of the first malls in Wisconsin to be enclosed. The mall's grand opening was March 10, 1955. It opened fully on August 11, 1955. The mall originally had six stores: Krambo Supermarkets (renamed Kroger), House of Camera & Cards, Badger Paint & Hardware, Donald's, Hamilton Bakery and Eddie's Self-Service Liquor. The next two years saw further expansion in phases, fronted on

234-437: A suburb of Appleton. Tenants started to relocate to both malls as leases came up, though others would stick it out up through the late 1990s. YouthFutures was a non-profit, Christian-oriented organization created in 2002. Buying out the mall, it started to re-tenant a third time, removing all the national chains that were left, and refocusing on local tenants that were more family-oriented in nature. The former Kohl's building

351-715: A 5 percent market share. By 1982, it withdrew from the California market. Kroger opened stores in Florida under the SupeRx and Florida Choice banners from the 1960s until 1988, when the chain decided to exit the state and sold all of its stores; Kash n' Karry bought the largest share. In the 1970s, Kroger became the first grocer in the United States to test an electronic scanner and the first to formalize consumer research. Although Kroger has long operated stores in

468-404: A century before this rumor became reality, when Kroger announced in 2022 that it would acquire Safeway's parent company, Albertsons . In the 1930s, Kroger Grocery and Baking Company became the first grocery chain to monitor product quality and to test foods offered to customers. It also became the first company with a store surrounded on all four sides by parking lots. In 1932, the company tested

585-494: A definitive merger, bringing Roundy's chain's 166 primarily Wisconsin based chains under Kroger ownership. The merger is valued at $ 800 million, including debt. The acquisition, which brought Kroger back to Wisconsin after a 43-year absence, will retain the Roundy's, Pick 'n Save, Mariano's, Metro Market and Copps names, along with its Milwaukee operations. (Within a year-and-a-half, however, Kroger had rebranded all Copps locations to

702-435: A different sound format (e.g. 7.1 as opposed to 5.1 surround sound ) or subtitles. 2D and 3D versions are often distributed on the same hard drive. The playback of the content is controlled by the server using a "playlist". As the name implies, this is a list of all the content that is to be played as part of the performance. The playlist will be created by a member of the theatre's staff using proprietary software that runs on

819-399: A digital cinema playback system—including server, media block , and projector—can cost two to three times as much, and would have a greater risk of component failure and obsolescence. (In Britain the cost of an entry-level projector including server, installation, etc., would be £31,000 [$ 50,000].) Archiving digital masters has also turned out to be both tricky and costly. In a 2007 study,

936-434: A downside. The speed and ease of modern digital editing processes threatens to give editors and their directors, if not an embarrassment of choice then at least a confusion of options, potentially making the editing process, with this 'try it and see' philosophy, lengthier rather than shorter. Because the equipment needed to produce digital feature films can be obtained more easily than film projectors, producers could inundate

1053-468: A few stores to Jewel . Kroger would later return in 2015 upon its acquisition of Roundy's . Kroger entered the Charlotte market in 1977 and expanded rapidly throughout the 1980s when it bought some stores from BI-LO . However, most stores were in less desirable neighborhoods and did not fit in with Kroger's upscale image. Less than three months after BI-LO pulled out, that company decided to re-enter

1170-423: A filter wheel or an emitter for LCD glasses. RealD uses a " ZScreen " for polarisation and MasterImage uses a filter wheel that changes the polarity of projector's light output several times per second to alternate quickly the left-and-right-eye views. Another system that uses a filter wheel is Dolby 3D . The wheel changes the wavelengths of the colours being displayed, and tinted glasses filter these changes so

1287-412: A good showing at the box office. The digital formation of sets and locations, especially in the time of growing film series and sequels, is that virtual sets, once computer generated and stored, can be easily revived for future films. Considering digital film images are documented as data files on hard disk or flash memory, varying systems of edits can be executed with the alteration of a few settings on

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1404-546: A joint venture of the six major studios , published the first version (V1.0) of a system specification for digital cinema in July 2005. The main declared objectives of the specification were to define a digital cinema system that would "present a theatrical experience that is better than what one could achieve now with a traditional 35mm Answer Print", to provide global standards for interoperability such that any DCI-compliant content could play on any DCI-compliant hardware anywhere in

1521-490: A major portion of them in its headquarters state of North Carolina. Doing so, Kroger acquired Harris Teeter's click-and-collect program, which allows online ordering of groceries. Some industry experts saw this as a competitive move against online grocers such as AmazonFresh . The Harris Teeter acquisition marked Kroger's return to the Charlotte market after a 25-year absence. It also allowed Kroger to enter Asheville for

1638-589: A market-leading presence in Nashville and initially promised to keep the five remaining Harris Teeter stores open when it acquired the chain, but the market "did not support Harris Teeter's future business plans". Two Harris Teeter stores were closed outright, and three closed temporarily while being converted to the Kroger brand (one of these would undergo a major remodeling and replace a neighboring Kroger store). On November 11, 2015, Kroger and Roundy's announced

1755-491: A much smaller presence and the SuperValu-supplied stores are virtually nonexistent, though in all of these cases, Walmart remains a major competitor and Aldi is the only other supermarket with any market overlap. Kroger entered the competitive San Antonio, Texas , market in 1980 but pulled out in mid-1993. On June 15, 1993, the company announced the closure of its 15 area stores. From 1984 to 1986, Kroger exited

1872-474: A new willingness on the part of theaters to co-operate in installing 2K stereo installations to show Disney's Chicken Little in 3D film . Six more digital 3D movies were released in 2006 and 2007 (including Beowulf , Monster House and Meet the Robinsons ). The technology combines a single digital projector fitted with either a polarizing filter (for use with polarized glasses and silver screens),

1989-541: A number of ways: over the Internet or dedicated satellite links, or by sending hard drives or optical discs such as Blu-ray discs. Digital movies are projected using a digital video projector instead of a film projector , are shot using digital movie cameras or in animation transferred from a file and are edited using a non-linear editing system (NLE). The NLE is often a video editing application installed in one or more computers that may be networked to access

2106-526: A partnership between Commercial Horizons, Rollie Winter and Associates, and Bomier, for $ 2.3 million. "VF Partners" has been redeveloping the 26-acre, Valley Fair site since 2006. They have demolished most of the property. Because the former Kohl's Food Stores building, the Chase Bank , and the Marcus Cinemas, were still new enough and structurally sound, they weren't torn down. In September 2007,

2223-695: A pilot project after it opened a grocery store in Indianapolis. The facility, which was surrounded by a 75-car parking space, allowed the company to determine the close relationship between parking facilities and gross sales. Beginning in 1955, Kroger began acquiring supermarket chains, expanding into new markets. In May, Kroger entered the Houston, Texas , market by acquiring the Houston-based 26-store chain Henke & Pillot . In June, Kroger acquired

2340-571: A store in the Valley Fair Mall during the early 1980s. It eventually closed and re-opened under the name American Clothiers. Another attraction was the addition of Pedro's, at the time one of the first places in northeast Wisconsin to serve authentic Mexican food. Pedro's was eventually purchased by George Wall and the name changed to Sergio's Mexican Bar & Grill. This was followed by Fox River Mall opening in 1984 in Grand Chute ,

2457-626: A system specification for digital cinema. The same month it was reported that the number of cinemas equipped with digital projectors had increased to about 50 in the US and 30 more in the rest of the world. In April 2004, in cooperation with the American Society of Cinematographers , DCI created standard evaluation material (the ASC/DCI StEM material) for testing of 2K and 4K playback and compression technologies. DCI selected JPEG 2000 as

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2574-410: A trade association now exists to that end. Ten years on the sector has become a sizeable revenue stream in its own right, earning a loyal following amongst fans of the arts, and the content limited only by the imagination of the producers it would seem. Theatre, ballet, sport, exhibitions, TV specials and documentaries are now established forms of Event Cinema. Worldwide estimations put the likely value of

2691-583: A traditional film projector. Digital cinema is distinct from high-definition television and does not necessarily use traditional television or other traditional high-definition video standards, aspect ratios, or frame rates. In digital cinema, resolutions are represented by the horizontal pixel count, usually 2K (2048×1080 or 2.2 megapixels ) or 4K (4096×2160 or 8.8 megapixels). The 2K and 4K resolutions used in digital cinema projection are often referred to as DCI 2K and DCI 4K. DCI stands for Digital Cinema Initiatives. As digital cinema technology improved in

2808-645: A whole (28.2 percent of global figure), 16,522 in the United States and Canada (46.2 percent of global figure) and 7,703 in Asia (21.6 percent of global figure). Worldwide progress was slower as in some territories, particularly Latin America and Africa. As of 31 March 2015, 38,719 screens (out of a total of 39,789 screens) in the United States have been converted to digital, 3,007 screens in Canada have been converted, and 93,147 screens internationally have been converted. By

2925-430: A wide-release movie can cost millions of dollars. In contrast, at the maximum 250 megabit-per-second data rate (as defined by DCI for digital cinema), a feature-length movie can be stored on an off-the-shelf 300  GB hard drive for $ 50 and a broad release of 4000 'digital prints' might cost $ 200,000. In addition hard drives can be returned to distributors for reuse. With several hundred movies distributed every year,

3042-406: Is a significant saving on print expenses in such cases: at a minimum cost per print of $ 1200–2000, the cost of film print production is between $ 5–8 million per movie. With several thousand releases a year, the probable savings offered by digital distribution and projection are over $ 1 billion. The cost savings and ease, together with the ability to store film rather than having to send a print on to

3159-411: Is covered by a very large number of microscopic mirrors, one for each pixel, so a 2K device has about 2.2 million mirrors and a 4K device about 8.8 million. Each mirror vibrates several thousand times a second between two positions: In one, light from the projector's lamp is reflected towards the screen, in the other away from it. The proportion of the time the mirror is in each position varies according to

3276-686: Is dwindling. As of 4 May 2014, 37,711 screens (out of a total of 40,048 screens) in the United States have been converted to digital, 3,013 screens in Canada have been converted, and 79,043 screens internationally have been converted. Realization and demonstration, on October 29, 2001, of the first digital cinema transmission by satellite in Europe of a feature film by Bernard Pauchon, Alain Lorentz, Raymond Melwig and Philippe Binant. Digital cinemas can deliver live broadcasts from performances or events. This began initially with live broadcasts from

3393-402: Is greater than that of 2K digital cinema. 2K resolution (2048×1080) is also only slightly greater than that of consumer based 1080p HD (1920x1080). However, since digital post-production techniques became the standard in the early 2000s, the majority of movies, whether photographed digitally or on 35 mm film, have been mastered and edited at the 2K resolution. Moreover, 4K post production

3510-625: Is in Arena Sihlcity Cinema in Zürich. These displays do not use a projector; instead they use a LED video wall , and can offer higher contrast ratios, higher resolutions, and overall improvements in image quality. Sony already sells MicroLED displays as a replacement for conventional cinema screens. Digital distribution of movies has the potential to save money for film distributors. To print an 80-minute feature film can cost US$ 1,500 to $ 2,500, so making thousands of prints for

3627-570: Is owned by Kroger), and Food Lion. The Hannaford locations in these markets were purchased from Delhaize by Kroger as a condition of Delhaize's 2000 acquisition of the Hannaford chain, which had previously competed against Food Lion, also owned by Delhaize. Walmart Supercenters are also major competitors in both markets, and the chain briefly competed against Winn-Dixie , which has now exited Virginia. In 2001, Kroger acquired Baker's Supermarkets from Fleming Companies, Inc. Albertsons exited

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3744-541: Is the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT), a lossy audio compression algorithm. It is a modification of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithm, which was first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972 and was originally intended for image compression . The DCT was adapted into the MDCT by J.P. Princen, A.W. Johnson and Alan B. Bradley at the University of Surrey in 1987, and then Dolby Laboratories adapted

3861-588: Is the largest supermarket operator in the U.S. by revenue and the country's fifth-largest general retailer. The company is one of the largest American-owned private employers in the United States . Additionally, Kroger is ranked No. 25 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest U.S. corporations by total revenue. It is frequently listed as being a good dividend stock for investors in 2024. About two-thirds of Kroger's employees are represented by collective bargaining agreements , with most being represented by

3978-454: The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences found the cost of long-term storage of 4K digital masters to be "enormously higher—up to 11 times that of the cost of storing film masters." This is because of the limited or uncertain lifespan of digital storage: No current digital medium—be it optical disc , magnetic hard drive or digital tape—can reliably store a motion picture for as long as

4095-715: The Digital Light Processing (DLP) technology developed by Texas Instruments (TI). D-Cinema projectors are similar in principle to digital projectors used in industry, education, and domestic home cinemas, but differ in two important respects. First, projectors must conform to the strict performance requirements of the DCI specification. Second, projectors must incorporate anti-piracy devices intended to enforce copyright compliance such as licensing limits. For these reasons all projectors intended to be sold to theaters for screening current release movies must be approved by

4212-494: The Huntsville - Decatur area of northern Alabama (as a southern extension of its Nashville, Tennessee , region), it has not operated in the state's largest market, Birmingham , since the early 1970s, when it exited as a result of intense competition from Winn-Dixie and local chains Bruno's Supermarkets and Western Supermarkets. Kroger built an ultra-modern dairy plant (Crossroad Farms Dairy) in Indianapolis in 1972. At

4329-457: The Malayalam digital movie Moonnamathoral , produced by Benzy Martin, was distributed via satellite to cinemas, thus becoming the first Indian digital cinema. This was done by Emil and Eric Digital Films, a company based at Thrissur using the end-to-end digital cinema system developed by Singapore-based DG2L Technologies. In January 2007, Guru became the first Indian film mastered in

4446-748: The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers , in the United States, initiated the first standards group dedicated towards developing digital cinema. By December 2000, there were 15 digital cinema screens in the United States and Canada, 11 in Western Europe, 4 in Asia, and 1 in South America. Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) was formed in March 2002 as a joint project of many motion picture studios ( Disney , Fox , MGM , Paramount , Sony Pictures , Universal and Warner Bros. ) to develop

4563-736: The United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW). In 1883, 23-year-old Bernard Kroger , the fifth of ten children of German immigrants , invested his life savings of $ 372 (equivalent to $ 12,164 in 2023) to open a grocery store at 66 Pearl Street in downtown Cincinnati. The son of a merchant, he ran his business with a simple motto: "Be particular. Never sell anything you would not want yourself." He experimented with marketing products his company had produced so that his customers would not need to patronize separate stores and farms. In 1884, Kroger opened his second store. By 1902, Kroger Grocery and Baking Company had been incorporated. By this time,

4680-464: The 1980s and early 1990s, the mall changed ownership several times. Foot traffic started to decrease when Northland Mall on the north side of Appleton completed a major expansion. Another 15 stores in an existing 1960s-era strip were also connected to Kohl's , creating a rare instance of a hybrid strip/enclosed mall. Dartmouth Clothing & Lady Dartmouth (based in Ashwaubenon, Wisconsin ) opened

4797-540: The Charlotte market, and in 1988, Kroger announced it was pulling out of the Charlotte market and put its stores up for sale. Ahold bought Kroger's remaining stores in the Charlotte area and converted them to BI-LO. In 1978, sixteen retail members of Parkview Markets Inc., filed an anti-trust lawsuit against Kroger. Kroger had a number of stores in the Western Pennsylvania region, encompassing Pittsburgh and surrounding areas from 1928 until 1984 when

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4914-433: The DCI before being put on sale. They now pass through a process called CTP (compliance test plan). Because feature films in digital form are encrypted and the decryption keys (KDMs) are locked to the serial number of the server used (linking to both the projector serial number and server is planned in the future), a system will allow playback of a protected feature only with the required KDM. Three manufacturers have licensed

5031-814: The DCI-compliant JPEG 2000 Interop format and also the first Indian film to be previewed digitally, internationally, at the Elgin Winter Garden in Toronto. This film was digitally mastered at Real Image Media Technologies in India. In 2007, the UK became home to Europe's first DCI-compliant fully digital multiplex cinemas; Odeon Hatfield and Odeon Surrey Quays (in London), with a total of 18 digital screens, were launched on 9 February 2007. By March 2007, with

5148-595: The DLP Cinema technology developed by Texas Instruments (TI): Christie Digital Systems , Barco , and NEC . While NEC is a relative newcomer to Digital Cinema, Christie is the main player in the U.S. and Barco takes the lead in Europe and Asia. Initially DCI-compliant DLP projectors were available in 2K only, but from early 2012, when TI's 4K DLP chip went into full production, DLP projectors have been available in both 2K and 4K versions. Manufacturers of DLP-based cinema projectors can now also offer 4K upgrades to some of

5265-721: The Event Cinema industry at $ 1bn by 2019. Event Cinema currently accounts for on average between 1-3% of overall box office for cinemas worldwide but anecdotally it's been reported that some cinemas attribute as much as 25%, 48% and even 51% (the Rio Bio cinema in Stockholm) of their overall box office. It is envisaged ultimately that Event Cinema will account for around 5% of the overall box office globally. Event Cinema saw six worldwide records set and broken over from 2013 to 2015 with notable successes Dr Who ($ 10.2m in three days at

5382-768: The Houston market was strengthened when Kroger bought several stores from AppleTree Markets , which were former Safeway stores in early 1994. In 1998, Kroger merged with the then fifth-largest grocery company Fred Meyer , along with its subsidiaries, Ralphs , QFC , and Smith's . In the late 1990s, it acquired many stores from A&P as it exited many markets in the South. Kroger also swapped all ten of its Greensboro, North Carolina -area stores in 1999 to Matthews, North Carolina -based Harris Teeter , for 11 of that company's stores in central and western Virginia. Kroger in turn would acquire Harris Teeter 15 years later. Long

5499-558: The JPEG president). In contrast to the original 1992 JPEG standard, which is a DCT-based lossy compression format for static digital images , JPEG 2000 is a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based compression standard that could be adapted for motion imaging video compression with the Motion JPEG 2000 extension. JPEG 2000 technology was later selected as the video coding standard for digital cinema in 2004. On January 19, 2000,

5616-531: The Kingdom of the Crystal Skull solely on film. Paul Thomas Anderson recently was able to create 70-mm film prints for his film The Master . Film critic Roger Ebert criticized the use of DCPs after a cancelled film festival screening of Brian DePalma 's film Passion at New York Film Festival as a result of a lockup due to the coding system. The theoretical resolution of 35 mm film

5733-714: The Krambo Food Stores, Inc. of Appleton, Wisconsin . In July, it purchased Child's Food Stores, Inc. of Jacksonville, Texas , and operated 25 supermarkets in Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. In January 1956, the company bought out Big Chain Stores, Inc., a chain of seven stores based in Shreveport, Louisiana , later combining it with the Childs group. All of these chains adopted the Kroger banner in 1966. During all

5850-462: The MDCT algorithm along with perceptual coding principles to develop the AC-3 audio format for cinema needs. Cinema in the 1990s typically combined analog photochemical images with digital audio. Digital media playback of high-resolution 2K files has at least a 20-year history. Early video data storage units ( RAIDs ) fed custom frame buffer systems with large memories. In early digital video units,

5967-548: The Michigan Market. In 2008, Kroger began a partnership with Murray's Cheese of New York City. Murray's Cheese counters within Kroger stores sell a variety of artisanal cheese from all parts of the world. On July 9, 2013, Kroger announced that it would acquire the 212 stores of Charlotte-based Harris Teeter in a deal valued at $ 2.5 billion and that it would assume $ 100 million in the company's outstanding debt. Harris Teeter's stores are in eight Southern states, with

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6084-552: The Monday-Thursday daytime/evening slot and are characterised by the One Night Only release, followed by one or possibly more 'Encore' releases a few days or weeks later if the event is successful and sold out. On occasion more successful events have returned to cinemas some months or even years later in the case of NT Live where the audience loyalty and company branding is so strong the content owner can be assured of

6201-503: The National Association of Theatre Owners (NATO) released its Digital Cinema System Requirements. The document addresses the requirements of digital cinema systems from the operational needs of the exhibitor, focusing on areas not addressed by DCI, including access for the visually impaired and hearing impaired, workflow inside the cinema, and equipment interoperability. In particular, NATO's document details requirements for

6318-524: The New York Metropolitan Opera delivering regular live broadcasts into cinemas and has been widely imitated ever since. Leading territories providing the content are the UK, the US, France and Germany. The Royal Opera House, Sydney Opera House, English National Opera and others have found new and returning audiences captivated by the detail offered by a live digital broadcast featuring handheld and cameras on cranes positioned throughout

6435-504: The Old Louisville (lease expiration) and Southland Terrace stores closed. Digital cinema Digital cinema refers to the adoption of digital technology within the film industry to distribute or project motion pictures as opposed to the historical use of reels of motion picture film , such as 35 mm film. Whereas film reels have to be shipped to movie theaters , a digital movie can be distributed to cinemas in

6552-632: The Pick 'n Save banner.) In April 2016, Kroger announced that it had made a "meaningful investment" in the Boulder, Colorado -based Lucky's Market , an organic foods supermarket chain that operated 17 stores in 13 states throughout the Midwest and Southeast United States. In February 2017, Kroger withstood large community protests after announcing the closing of two smaller-sized Louisville-area stores. Despite high store volumes and high population densities,

6669-563: The Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Akron, and St. Louis markets. The company cited that higher wages for union employees made it unable to compete. The chain closed several stores around Flint, Michigan , in 1981, which were converted by local businessman Al Kessel to a new chain called Kessel Food Markets . Kroger bought most of these stores back in 1999 and began reverting them. Several other Michigan stores were sold to another Flint-based chain, Hamady Brothers , in 1980. The Hamady acquisition

6786-626: The Royal Ballet, Mariinsky Ballet, the Bolshoi Ballet and the Berlin Philharmoniker. In the last ten years this initial offering of the arts has also expanded to include live and recorded music events such as Take That Live, One Direction Live, Andre Rieu, live musicals such as the recent Miss Saigon and a record-breaking Billy Elliot Live In Cinemas. Live sport, documentary with a live question and answer element such as

6903-566: The San Antonio and Houston markets in early 2002, selling many of the Houston stores to Kroger. In 2004, Kroger bought most of the old Thriftway stores in Cincinnati, Ohio , when Winn-Dixie left the area. These stores were reopened as Kroger stores. In 2007, Kroger acquired Scott's Food & Pharmacy from SuperValu Inc. , and in the same year, also acquired 20 former Michigan Farmer Jack locations from A&P when A&P exited

7020-533: The Theatre Management System (TMS), the governing software for digital cinema systems within a theatre complex, and provides direction for the development of security key management systems. As with DCI's document, NATO's document is also important to the SMPTE standards effort. The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( SMPTE ) began work on standards for digital cinema in 2000. It

7137-571: The U.S. began experiencing a severe economic recession . The recession had two significant and related effects on Kroger's operations in the region. One of them was that the highly cyclical manufacturing-based economy of the region declined in greater proportion than the rest of the U.S. , which undercut demand for the higher-end products and services offered by Kroger. Kroger sought wage rollbacks in several areas during this time period including in Western Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio,

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7254-523: The UK Film Council Digital Screen Network launched in the UK by Arts Alliance Media creating a chain of 250 2K digital cinema systems. The roll-out was completed in 2006. This was the first mass roll-out in Europe. AccessIT/Christie Digital also started a roll-out in the United States and Canada. By mid 2006, about 400 theaters were equipped with 2K digital projectors with the number increasing every month. In August 2006,

7371-500: The United States and Canada. In addition to the equipment already found in a film-based movie theatre (e.g., a sound reinforcement system , screen, etc.), a DCI-compliant digital cinema requires a DCI-compliant digital projector and a powerful computer known as a server . Movies are supplied to the theatre as a set of digital files called a Digital Cinema Package (DCP). For a typical feature film, these files will be anywhere between 90 GB and 300 GB of data (roughly two to six times

7488-761: The United States. Founded by Bernard Kroger in 1883 in Cincinnati, Ohio , Kroger operates 2,719 grocery retail stores under its various banners and divisions in 35 states (mostly in the South, Midwest and West) and the District of Columbia. Its store formats include 134 multi-department stores , 2,273 combo stores , 191 marketplace stores , and 121 price-impact warehouse stores . Kroger operates 33 manufacturing plants, 1,642 supermarket fuel centers, 2,254 pharmacies, 225 The Little Clinic in-store medical clinics, and 127 jewelry stores (782 convenience stores were sold to EG Group in 2018). Kroger's headquarters are located in downtown Cincinnati . The Kroger Company

7605-495: The West Virginia Panhandle and Michigan. The second effect of the economic recession was to worsen labor-management relations, causing a protracted labor strike in 1983 and 1984. During the strike, Kroger withdrew all of its stores from the Western Pennsylvania market, including some recently opened "superstores" and "greenhouses", selling these stores to Wetterau (now part of SuperValu ), who promptly flipped

7722-539: The acquisition of the seven-store Hiller's Market chain in Southeast Michigan, and that it would operate all but one of those stores under the Kroger banner. In June 2015, Kroger eliminated the Harris Teeter brand from the crowded Nashville, Tennessee, market, where its growth had been stunted by aggressive competition since it entered with six stores in the early 2000s. Kroger has traditionally had

7839-612: The acquisitions, in September 1957, Kroger sold off its Wichita, Kansas , store division, which consisted of 16 stores, to J. S. Dillon and Sons Stores Company , then headed by Ray S. Dillon, son of the company founder. In October 1963, Kroger acquired the 56-store chain Market Basket, providing them with a foothold in the lucrative southern California market. Prior to this time Kroger had no stores west of Kansas. Kroger, however, failed to make significant headway, only managing

7956-482: The basis for the compression in the system the same year. Initial tests with JPEG 2000 produced bit rates of around 75–125  Mbit/s for 2K resolution and 100–200 Mbit/s for 4K resolution . In China, in June 2005, an e-cinema system called "dMs" was established and was used in over 15,000 screens spread across China's 30 provinces. dMs estimated that the system would expand to 40,000 screens in 2009. In 2005

8073-545: The box office – event was also broadcast on terrestrial TV simultaneously), Pompeii Live by the British Museum, Billy Elliot, Andre Rieu, One Direction, Richard III by the Royal Shakespeare Company. Event Cinema is defined more by the frequency of events rather than by the content itself. Event Cinema events typically appear in cinemas during traditionally quieter times in the cinema week such as

8190-441: The company had grown to forty stores and sold $ 1.75 million worth of merchandise each year. In addition, Kroger became the first grocery chain to have its own bakery. In 1916, Kroger company began using self-service shopping. Before this, all articles were kept behind counters. Customers would ask for them, then clerks would deliver them to customers. In 1929, it was rumored that Safeway would merge with Kroger. It took nearly

8307-416: The content was usually restricted to several minutes of material. Transfer of content between remote locations was slow and had limited capacity. It was not until the late 1990s that feature-length films could be sent over the "wire" (Internet or dedicated fiber links). On October 23, 1998, Digital Light Processing (DLP) projector technology was publicly demonstrated with the release of The Last Broadcast ,

8424-814: The convenience store chain Kwik Shop . David Dillon , a fourth-generation descendant of J. S. Dillon, the founder of Dillon Companies, became the CEO of Kroger. In northeastern Ohio, Kroger had a plant in Solon, Ohio , until the mid-1980s. When that plant shut down, Kroger closed its northeastern Ohio stores in the Cleveland, Akron , and Youngstown areas. Some of those former Kroger stores were taken over by stores like Acme Fresh Markets, Giant Eagle , and Heinens . Kroger opened and had about 50 stores in St. Louis until it left

8541-507: The distributor (who saves the money of producing and transporting a film print) pays a fee per copy to help finance the digital systems of the theaters. A theater can purchase a film projector for as little as $ 10,000 (though projectors intended for commercial cinemas cost two to three times that; to which must be added the cost of a long-play system , which also costs around $ 10,000, making a total of around $ 30,000–$ 40,000) from which they could expect an average life of 30–40 years. By contrast,

8658-567: The dominant grocer in western Virginia, Kroger entered the Richmond, Virginia , market in 2000, where it competes against market leaders Martin's (including former Ukrop's stores) and Food Lion . Kroger entered the market by purchasing Hannaford stores that either already existed or were being built in Richmond. Hannaford purchases also included the competitive Hampton Roads market, where it now competes with Farm Fresh , Harris Teeter (which

8775-509: The early 2010s, most theaters across the world converted to digital video projection. Digital cinema technology has continued to develop over the years with 3D, RPX, 4DX and ScreenX, allowing moviegoers with more immersive experiences. The transition from film to digital video was preceded by cinema's transition from analog to digital audio , with the release of the Dolby Digital (AC-3) audio coding standard in 1991. Its main basis

8892-455: The eastern end by a W. T. Grant discount store. With this, the mall was fully completed by 1956. It remained relatively unchanged through 1976, when the Grant's anchor ceased with the rest of the entire chain. In a huge expansion and renovation project in 1978-1979, the mall re-tenanted, with less emphasis on local businesses and more on nationally known tenants. This project included: Through

9009-767: The editing console with the structure being composed virtually in the computer's memory. A broad choice of effects can be sampled simply and rapidly, without the physical constraints posed by traditional cut-and-stick editing. Digital cinema allows national cinemas to construct films specific to their cultures in ways that the more constricting configurations and economics of customary film-making prevented. Low-cost cameras and computer-based editing software have gradually enabled films to be produced for minimal cost. The ability of digital cameras to allow film-makers to shoot limitless footage without wasting costly film has transformed film production in some Third World countries. From consumers' perspective digital prints do not deteriorate with

9126-523: The end of 2017, virtually all of the world's cinema screens were digital (98%). Despite the fact that today, virtually all global movie theaters have converted their screens to digital cinemas, some major motion pictures even as of 2019 are shot on film. For example, Quentin Tarantino released his latest film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood in 70 mm and 35 mm in selected theaters across

9243-445: The end of the period for which the title has been booked. They are also locked to the hardware (server and projector) that is to screen the film, so if the theatre wishes to move the title to another screen or extend the run, a new key must be obtained from the distributor. Several versions of the same feature can be sent together. The original version (OV) is used as the basis of all the other playback options. Version files (VF) may have

9360-502: The first feature-length movie, shot, edited and distributed digitally. In conjunction with Texas Instruments, the movie was publicly demonstrated in five theaters across the United States ( Philadelphia , Portland (Oregon) , Minneapolis , Providence , and Orlando ). In the United States, on June 18, 1999, Texas Instruments' DLP Cinema projector technology was publicly demonstrated on two screens in Los Angeles and New York for

9477-786: The first time. Charlotte and Asheville had been the only large markets in North Carolina where Kroger had no presence. In 2013, Kroger announced that the spouses of the company's unionized workers would no longer be covered by the company's insurance plan. The company cited the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act as a prime reason for the move. The benefit cut affected roughly 11,000 workers in Indiana. The company announced in April 2013 that full-time employees would maintain their health insurance benefits. In 2013, Kroger

9594-582: The former Kohl's building has been redeveloped as a strip mall. In late August 2015, Marcus Theaters announced the Valley Value Cinema would close soon and it played its final movie on Monday September 7, 2015. The cinema was using reel film and the owners didn't transition to digital format. Kroger The Kroger Company , or simply Kroger , is an American retail company that operates (either directly or through its subsidiaries ) supermarkets and multi-department stores throughout

9711-548: The former Valley Fair site and surrounding blocks were placed into a tax district by the city council to facilitate improvement of the site and the surrounding area. Valley Fair Partners is recreating the Valley Fair site so that individual new buildings, rather than one single structure, are located closer to Memorial Drive, WIS - 47 , and parking is located behind them. This design reverses the current layout of parking in front, building in back. The association has been calling

9828-533: The incorrect wavelength cannot enter the wrong eye. XpanD makes use of an external emitter that sends a signal to the 3D glasses to block out the wrong image from the wrong eye. RGB laser projection produces the purest BT.2020 colors and the brightest images. In Asia, on July 13, 2017, an LED screen for digital cinema developed by Samsung Electronics was publicly demonstrated on one screen at Lotte Cinema World Tower in Seoul . The first installation in Europe

9945-450: The industry saves billions of dollars. The digital-cinema roll-out was stalled by the slow pace at which exhibitors acquired digital projectors, since the savings would be seen not by themselves but by distribution companies. The Virtual Print Fee model was created to address this by passing some of the saving on to the cinemas. As a consequence of the rapid conversion to digital projection, the number of theatrical releases exhibited on film

10062-462: The information of a Blu-ray disc) and may arrive as a physical delivery on a conventional computer hard drive or via satellite or fibre-optic broadband Internet. As of 2013, physical deliveries of hard drives were most common in the industry. Promotional trailers arrive on a separate hard drive and range between 200 GB and 400 GB in size. Regardless of how the DCP arrives, it first needs to be copied onto

10179-417: The internal hard drives of the server, either via a eSATA connection, or via a closed network, a process known as "ingesting." DCPs can be, and in the case of feature films almost always are, encrypted, to prevent illegal copying and piracy. The necessary decryption keys are supplied separately, usually as email attachments or via download, and then "ingested" via USB. Keys are time-limited and will expire after

10296-418: The lens onto the cinema screen. Later projectors may use lasers instead of xenon lamps. Alone amongst the manufacturers of DCI-compliant cinema projectors Sony decided to develop its own technology rather than use TI's DLP technology. SXRD (Silicon X-tal (Crystal) Reflective Display) projectors have only ever been manufactured in 4K form and, until the launch of the 4K DLP chip by TI, Sony SXRD projectors were

10413-547: The local grocery chain Red Food , which was in turn bought by BI-LO in 1994. Today, Chattanooga is the only metropolitan market in Tennessee in which Kroger does not operate with the nearest location being Dalton, Georgia , with 2 stores (Walnut Avenue and Cleveland Highway). In the 1990s, Kroger acquired Great Scott (Detroit), Pay Less Food Markets , Owen's Market , JayC Food Stores , and Hilander Foods . Additionally,

10530-556: The market in 1986, saying that its stores were unprofitable. Most of its stores were bought by National , Schnucks , and Shop 'n Save . Most of the remaining Kroger stores in eastern Missouri and west-central Illinois became a western extension of the Central Division (headquartered in Indianapolis ). Kroger also experienced a similar withdrawal from Chattanooga, Tennessee , in 1989. Many of these stores were sold to

10647-477: The market with cheap productions and potentially dominate the efforts of serious directors. Because of the quick speed in which they are filmed, these stories sometimes lack essential narrative structure. The electronic transferring of digital film, from central servers to servers in cinema projection booths, is an inexpensive process of supplying copies of newest releases to the vast number of cinema screens demanded by prevailing saturation-release strategies. There

10764-491: The more recent 2K models. Early DLP Cinema projectors , which were deployed primarily in the United States, used limited 1280×1024 resolution or the equivalent of 1.3 MP (megapixels). Digital Projection Incorporated (DPI) designed and sold a few DLP Cinema units (is8-2K) when TI's 2K technology debuted but then abandoned the D-Cinema market while continuing to offer DLP-based projectors for non-cinema purposes. Although based on

10881-427: The next cinema, allows a larger scope of films to be screened and watched by the public; minority and small-budget films that would not otherwise get such a chance. The initial costs for converting theaters to digital are high: $ 100,000 per screen, on average. Theaters have been reluctant to switch without a cost-sharing arrangement with film distributors . A solution is a temporary Virtual Print Fee system, where

10998-644: The number of showings. Unlike film, there is no projection mechanism or manual handling to add scratches or other physically generated artefacts. Provincial cinemas that would have received old prints can give consumers the same cinematographic experience (all other things being equal) as those attending the premiere. The use of NLEs in movies allows for edits and cuts to be made non-destructively, without actually discarding any footage. A number of high-profile film directors, including Christopher Nolan , Paul Thomas Anderson , David O. Russell and Quentin Tarantino have publicly criticized digital cinema and advocated

11115-615: The only 4K DCI-compatible projectors on the market. Unlike DLP projectors, however, SXRD projectors do not present the left and right eye images of stereoscopic movies sequentially, instead they use half the available area on the SXRD chip for each eye image. Thus during stereoscopic presentations the SXRD projector functions as a sub 2K projector, the same for HFR 3D Content. However, Sony decided in late April, 2020 that they would no longer manufacture digital cinema projectors. In late 2005, interest in digital 3D stereoscopic projection led to

11232-417: The original footage from a remote server, share or gain access to computing resources for rendering the final video, and allow several editors to work on the same timeline or project. Alternatively a digital movie could be a film reel that has been digitized using a motion picture film scanner and then restored, or, a digital movie could be recorded using a film recorder onto film stock for projection using

11349-432: The recent Oasis documentary, lectures, faith broadcasts, stand-up comedy, museum and gallery exhibitions, TV specials such as the record-breaking Doctor Who fiftieth anniversary special The Day Of The Doctor , have all contributed to creating a valuable revenue stream for cinemas large and small all over the world. Subsequently, live broadcasting, formerly known as Alternative Content, has become known as Event Cinema and

11466-452: The release of Disney's Meet the Robinsons , about 600 screens had been equipped with digital projectors. In June 2007, Arts Alliance Media announced the first European commercial digital cinema Virtual Print Fee (VPF) agreements (with 20th Century Fox and Universal Pictures ). In March 2009 AMC Theatres announced that it closed a $ 315 million deal with Sony to replace all of its movie projectors with 4K digital projectors starting in

11583-540: The release of Lucasfilm's Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace . In Europe, on February 2, 2000, Texas Instruments' DLP Cinema projector technology was publicly demonstrated, by Philippe Binant, on one screen in Paris for the release of Toy Story 2 . From 1997 to 2000, the JPEG 2000 image compression standard was developed by a Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) committee chaired by Touradj Ebrahimi (later

11700-423: The required brightness of each pixel. Three DMD devices are used, one for each of the primary colors. Light from the lamp, usually a Xenon arc lamp similar to those used in film projectors with a power between 1 kW and 7 kW, is split by colored filters into red, green and blue beams which are directed at the appropriate DMD. The 'forward' reflected beam from the three DMDs is then re-combined and focused by

11817-434: The same 2K TI "light engine" as those of the major players they are so rare as to be virtually unknown in the industry. They are still widely used for pre-show advertising but not usually for feature presentations. TI's technology is based on the use of digital micromirror devices (DMDs). These are MEMS devices that are manufactured from silicon using similar technology to that of computer chips. The surface of these devices

11934-422: The second quarter of 2009; it was anticipated that this replacement would be finished by 2012. As digital cinema technology improved in the early 2010s, most theaters across the world converted to digital video projection. In January 2011, the total number of digital screens worldwide was 36,242, up from 16,339 at end 2009 or a growth rate of 121.8 percent during the year. There were 10,083 d-screens in Europe as

12051-416: The server. In addition to listing the content to be played the playlist also includes automation cues that allow the playlist to control the projector, the sound system, auditorium lighting, tab curtains and screen masking (if present), etc. The playlist can be started manually, by clicking the "play" button on the server's monitor screen, or automatically at pre-set times. Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI),

12168-503: The shopping center site Valley Fair Center, instead of Valley Fair Mall. Copps Food Center demolished the Kohl's Department Store section and built a new Copps Supermarket in its place, which includes a pharmacy. The new supermarket was to replace their old location at 1919 East Calumet Street; the new building is about 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m). However, the Kohl's Foods portion of

12285-408: The smaller dynamic range of digital cameras, correcting poor digital exposures is more difficult than correcting poor film exposures during post-production. A partial solution to this problem is to add complex video-assist technology during the shooting process. However, such technologies are typically available only to high-budget production companies. Digital cinemas' efficiency of storing images has

12402-539: The specification as are the minimum specifications for the projectors employed including the color gamut , the contrast ratio and the brightness of the image. While much of the specification codifies work that had already been ongoing in the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( SMPTE ), the specification is important in establishing a content owner framework for the distribution and security of first-release motion-picture content. In addition to DCI's work,

12519-493: The standard added additional playback rates (like 25 fps in SMPTE mode). For the sound component of the content the specification provides for up to 16 channels of uncompressed audio using the "Broadcast Wave" (.wav) format at 24 bits and 48 kHz or 96 kHz sampling. Playback is controlled by an XML -format Composition Playlist, into an MXF -compliant file at a maximum data rate of 250 Mbit/s. Details about encryption, key management , and logging are all discussed in

12636-572: The stores to independent owners while continuing to supply them under the FoodLand and Shop 'n Save brands. Kroger's exit ceded the market to lower-cost, locally owned rivals, most notably Giant Eagle and the SuperValu-supplied grocers. (Kroger purchased Eagle Grocery company, whose founders went on to create Giant Eagle.) Kroger still maintains a presence in the nearby Morgantown, West Virginia , Wheeling, West Virginia , and Weirton, West Virginia / Steubenville, Ohio , areas where Giant Eagle has

12753-642: The time, it was considered the largest dairy plant in the world. Kroger exited the Chicago market in 1970, selling its distribution warehouse in Northlake, Il. and 24 stores to the Dominick's Finer Foods grocery chain. Kroger exited the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area in 1970, selling 16 stores to Quality Foods, which rebranded the stores to Piggly Wiggly . Kroger exited Milwaukee in 1972, selling

12870-496: The use of film and film prints. Most famously, Tarantino has suggested he may retire because, though he can still shoot on film, because of the rapid conversion to digital, he cannot project from 35 mm prints in the majority of American cinemas. Steven Spielberg has stated that though digital projection produces a much better image than film if originally shot in digital, it is "inferior" when it has been converted to digital. He attempted at one stage to release Indiana Jones and

12987-407: The venue to capture the emotion that might be missed in a live venue situation. In addition these providers all offer additional value during the intervals e.g. interviews with choreographers, cast members, a backstage tour which would not be on offer at the live event itself. Other live events in this field include live theatre from NT Live, Branagh Live, Royal Shakespeare Company, Shakespeare's Globe,

13104-809: The world and to provide robust protection for the intellectual property of the content providers. The DCI specification calls for picture encoding using the ISO/IEC 15444-1 " JPEG2000 " (.j2c) standard and use of the CIE XYZ color space at 12 bits per component encoded with a 2.6 gamma applied at projection. Two levels of resolution for both content and projectors are supported: 2K (2048×1080) or 2.2 MP at 24 or 48 frames per second , and 4K (4096×2160) or 8.85 MP at 24 frames per second. The specification ensures that 2K content can play on 4K projectors and vice versa. Smaller resolutions in one direction are also supported (the image gets automatically centered). Later versions of

13221-450: Was becoming more common as of 2013. As projectors are replaced with 4K models the difference in resolution between digital and 35 mm film is somewhat reduced. Digital cinema servers utilize far greater bandwidth over domestic "HD", allowing for a difference in quality (e.g., Blu-ray colour encoding 4:2:0 48 Mbit/s MAX datarate, DCI D-Cinema 4:4:4 250 Mbit/s 2D/3D, 500 Mbit/s HFR3D). Each frame has greater detail. Owing to

13338-625: Was clear by that point in time that HDTV did not provide a sufficient technological basis for the foundation of digital cinema playback. In Europe, India and Japan however, there is still a significant presence of HDTV for theatrical presentations. Agreements within the ISO standards body have led to these non-compliant systems being referred to as Electronic Cinema Systems (E-Cinema). Only three manufacturers make DCI-approved digital cinema projectors; these are Barco , Christie and Sharp/ NEC . Except for Sony, who used to use their own SXRD technology, all use

13455-719: Was noted for carrying 17 out of 22 Red List species, four of which are in the top list of said species. On March 3, 2015, Kroger announced it would enter Hawaii , having registered with the state as a new business in February 2015. Kroger was planning to expand to Hawaii in 2006 but withdrew after it had already submitted registration. Kroger, which is in the process of looking for locations to open its first store, will face competition from Honolulu-based rivals Foodland and Times ; major retailers Safeway, Walmart, and Costco ; Japanese-owned Don Quixote; and Department of Defense-owned DeCA Commissaries. On May 1, 2015, Kroger announced

13572-738: Was short-lived. In 1982, Kroger sold the 65-store Market Basket chain it had operated for several years in southern California. The stores were reverted to the Boys Markets branding, after acquiring the chain. Boys Markets was acquired by the Yucaipa Companies in 1989. When Yucaipa acquired Ralphs , the Boys brand disappeared. In 1983, The Kroger Company acquired Dillon Companies grocery chain in Kansas along with its subsidiaries ( King Soopers , City Market , Fry's and Gerbes ) and

13689-430: Was split between an indoor skateboarding park, and a gathering place for teens, where local bands played on weekends. This venture would have created the nation's first functioning "youth mall" had it taken off, but it was bogged down by the high costs for heating and cooling the nearly 50-year-old structure, and remodeling was far beyond their financial reach. Youth Futures sold the mall on March 30, 2006 to "VF Partners",

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