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102-471: Vallparadís Park (in Catalan and officially Parc de Vallparadís ) is a natural urban space located in the municipality of Terrassa , in the province of Barcelona , Spain . Its construction began in 1991, from several previous approaches during the 19th and 20th centuries, which culminated in the final drafting of the project by Manuel Ribas i Piera . The park was declared an Bien de Interés Cultural by
204-691: A "Y" shape due to the Vallparadís torrent and the Monner torrent, which converge in the Monumental church complex of Sant Pere de Terrassa , a historical heritage made up of a patrimonial, archaeological and artistic ensemble, a fundamental piece of Romanesque art in Catalonia . It houses the Textile Museum and Documentation Centre , one of the main textile museum institutions, consisting of
306-597: A 180 m long swimming pool or a large-scale train that runs through the center of the park— and events are held annually, such as the Jazz Picnic or the Festival of Colors, which attract thousands of spectators. Since the Neogene , the park has been naturally shaped by the fluvial erosion of the waters of the Monner and Vallparadís torrents, forming part of the Catalan pre-coastal depression . The sediments found in
408-524: A 180-meter-long swimming pool, a large-scale train that runs through the center of the park, a bio-healthy playground, children's areas, restaurants and full accessibility for people with reduced mobility , despite the park's varying levels. In the southern center of the park, between the Pont del Cementiri Vell and the Montcada road, is the municipal swimming pool, also called Vallparadís lake, which opens at
510-470: A 1913 building by the architect Josep Maria Coll i Bacardí . It was built with the purpose of serving as a home for the architect himself. It is located inside the park, south of the Vallparadís castle, on Jacquard Avenue, next to the Pont del Passeig. The building originally consisted of two levels and a large plot of land and was sold to the Ernest Baumann company. Subsequently, in 1982 the property
612-690: A 2011 study the total number of Catalan speakers was over 9.8 million, with 5.9 million residing in Catalonia. More than half of them spoke Catalan as a second language, with native speakers being about 4.4 million of those (more than 2.8 in Catalonia). Very few Catalan monoglots exist; virtually all of the Catalan speakers in Spain are bilingual speakers of Catalan and Spanish, with 99.7% of Catalan speakers in Catalonia able to speak Spanish and 99.9% able to understand it. In Roussillon , only
714-409: A PGOU there are various zones showing the density of build and whether the area is designated as residential or commercial . The plans are readily available for inspection at the relevant Spanish town hall, along with the relevant normativas or planning rules for that area. New PGOUs and changes to a PGOU have to be advertised in the local press to allow for residents to be informed and to give them
816-424: A denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions. The number of people known to be fluent in Catalan varies depending on the sources used. A 2004 study did not count the total number of speakers, but estimated a total of 9–9.5 million by matching
918-529: A large number of Catalan colonies that today continue to maintain the Catalan language. They also founded many Catalan casals (associations). One classification of Catalan is given by Pèire Bèc : However, the ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal . Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to
1020-549: A library, an image bank and a fabric collection, and the Carthusian castle of Vallparadís , a fortification —also declared a historical heritage site—dating from 1110, the main section of the current Terrassa museum . In addition, the park has several architectural monuments of great importance such as the Casa Baumann , the Pont de Sant Pere or the Pont del Passeig. Inside the park there are different facilities —such as
1122-500: A minority of French Catalans speak Catalan nowadays, with French being the majority language for the inhabitants after a continued process of language shift . According to a 2019 survey by the Catalan government, 31.5% of the inhabitants of Catalonia predominantly spoke Catalan at home whereas 52.7% spoke Spanish, 2.8% both Catalan and Spanish and 10.8% other languages. Spanish was the most spoken language in Barcelona (according to
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#17327796346221224-666: A network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs. In Alicante province , Catalan is being replaced by Spanish and in Alghero by Italian . There is also well ingrained diglossia in the Valencian Community , Ibiza , and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands . During the 20th century many Catalans emigrated or went into exile to Venezuela , Mexico , Cuba , Argentina , and other South American countries. They formed
1326-553: A request was made for the Carthusian castle of Vallparadís to be declared a Historic-Artistic monument . However, the Plan General de Ordenación underwent a series of modifications and it was not until 1965 that a new Plan was presented, revised in 1970, which incorporated special attention to green areas. Finally, in 1972, the park Nuevo Plan de Ordenación was approved with a detailed delimitation and management. With
1428-1064: A shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan. Like all Romance languages, Catalan has a handful of native words which are unique to it, or rare elsewhere. These include: The Gothic superstrate produced different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar , of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and templa "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien , of Germanic origin. The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja , of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna . However,
1530-438: A time when Christianity went from being a tolerated religion to an official one. At first, a basilica was built, and later a cathedral, in the area currently occupied by the church of Santa Maria and the clergy house. In this construction, which lasted more than a century, a funerary shrine with a subway crypt was also built, which today is the church of Sant Miquel. In this area, tombs have been found facing east, belonging to
1632-525: A transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge 's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan. With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon in 1479, the Spanish kings ruled over different kingdoms, each with its own cultural, linguistic and political particularities, and they had to swear by
1734-644: Is a Western Romance language . It is the official language of Andorra , and an official language of three autonomous communities in eastern Spain : Catalonia , the Balearic Islands and the Valencian Community , where it is called Valencian ( valencià ). It has semi-official status in the Italian comune of Alghero , and it is spoken in the Pyrénées-Orientales department of France and in two further areas in eastern Spain:
1836-484: Is a museum institution located on the east side of the central part of the park, next to the Carthusian castle of Vallparadís . It is a gallery dedicated to the textile world, in which Terrassa played one of the most important roles of the Industrial Revolution in this sector. The gallery, which presents an overview of the different techniques and styles used by the different regions throughout history,
1938-530: Is also a free consultation service of the museum's collection via Internet. The Carthusian castle of Vallparadís, located in the easternmost part of the park's center, was a fortification documented as early as 1110, when the land was purchased from the then Count of Barcelona , Ramón Berenguer III . The building rises on the edge of a large embankment of the park and has a rectangular plan, walls with arrowslits , towers at each of its corners and three bestorres on its west side. The reforms to transform it to
2040-473: Is chosen so that the observer creates his own composition depending on the point of view in which he is with the possibility of altering it by changing its position. The sculpture of naïve character is one of the references of the users of the park. In 2001 the proposal was approved for the installation in Vallparadís Park of the " Monumento a las víctimas del terrorismo " (Spanish for: Monument to
2142-400: Is made of brick and at the back there is a roadway for vehicles arranged in four lanes, as well as a sidewalk on each of the two sides. The bridge has undergone two extensions in 1960 and 1990 and is currently protected as a Bien Cultural de Interés Local . Between the Monner torrent to the 22 de Juliol avenue, there is the footbridge of the torrent of Les Bruixes, a footbridge that connects
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#17327796346222244-661: Is managed by the City Council of Terrassa , together with the Provincial Diputation of Barcelona and is part of the Barcelona Provincial Council Local Museum Network . It has a collection of fabrics with 365 pieces that were incorporated into the museum between 1946 and 1968, antique dealers and brocade , as well as church sarcophagi . At present, the textile gallery can be consulted upon request, and there
2346-415: Is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations—if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or more recently arrived immigrant students. There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan. More recently, several Spanish political forces have tried to increase
2448-600: Is pronounced [kətəˈla] in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and [kataˈla] in the Western dialects. In the Valencian Community and Carche , the term valencià [valensiˈa] is frequently used instead. Thus, the name "Valencian", although often employed for referring to the varieties specific to the Valencian Community and Carche, is also used by Valencians as a name for
2550-557: Is the Pont de la Unió, a viaduct inaugurated on February 19, 2010 in the presence of the then mayor, Pere Navarro i Morera . It is a footbridge that connects the Can Palet neighborhood with the so-called 20th century neighborhood, between Morella street and the Rubí road. It consists of a 107 m long frame and its name was chosen by the students of the schools President Salvans, Pau Vila, Andersen and Sagrat Cor de Jesús. Scattered throughout
2652-459: Is today, since 1346, when the first settlers arrived in the area known as Vallis Paradisi . The torrents that occupied the park were inhabited by several agricultural settlements until the end of the 19th century, when the city of Terrassa was affected by the transformations of the municipality due to the arrival of the railroad in 1856 —in the northernmost part of the park— and the first urban planning project by Miquel Curet in 1878. Thus, in 1895
2754-463: Is used as a lookout point. In 2003 the walls were declared a Bien Cultural de Interés Local by the Generalitat de Catalunya with registration number 7597-I. Vallparadís Park forms a depression with an average slope of 10 meters. For this reason, several bridges and footbridges cross the park along its length, connecting its two longitudinal ends. In the western part of the bifurcation of
2856-534: The Asociación de Víctimas del Terrorismo , with the support of the City Council of Terrassa. The sculpture was inaugurated on March 23, 2002 by the then mayor, Manuel Royes, thanks to which the author was able to symbolize, in his own words, "a door to freedom, to a future and to peace". Although Vallparadís is an urban park and the fauna is mostly limited to insects, birds and small vertebrates, throughout
2958-749: The Crown of Aragon , and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe". Martorell 's novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows
3060-467: The Gascon dialect ) is similar to the distance among different Occitan dialects. Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century and still today remains its closest relative. Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Occitan, French, Italian , Sardinian as well as Spanish and Portuguese among others). However, despite being spoken mostly on
3162-679: The Government of Spain . From north to south it is about 3.5 km long, and averages about 100 m wide. The first fossil findings in the area date back a million years; samples of Pleistocene flora and fauna have been discovered at the Cal Guardiola site, while the first evidence of human presence dates back to the Iberian period, found at the Egosa settlement. This site would eventually become Egara , now Terrassa . The park has
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3264-485: The Honor Award of Catalan Letters (1969). The first Catalan-language TV show was broadcast in 1964. At the same time, oppression of the Catalan language and identity was carried out in schools, through governmental bodies, and in religious centers. In addition to the loss of prestige for Catalan and its prohibition in schools, migration during the 1950s into Catalonia from other parts of Spain also contributed to
3366-486: The Iberian Peninsula , Catalan has marked differences with the Iberian Romance group ( Spanish and Portuguese ) in terms of pronunciation , grammar, and especially vocabulary; it shows instead its closest affinity with languages native to France and northern Italy, particularly Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance ( Franco-Provençal , French , Gallo-Italian ). According to Ethnologue ,
3468-450: The Obra del Ballet Popular de Cataluña proclaimed Terrassa as the pubilla of Catalonia . For this reason, one of the acts that took place was the inauguration of this monument, in an event presided over by the mayor of Terrassa at that time, Manuel Royes, and the president of the Obra del Ballet Popular de Cataluña , Joan Vidal, in which a commemorative plaque was unveiled. This celebration
3570-461: The Romanesque churches of Sant Pere, Sant Miquel and Santa Maria (Saint Peter, Saint Michael and Saint Mary), as well as the clergy house of Sant Pere and an archaeological site that were part of the nucleus of Égara . It is a series of buildings with an existence of more than 1500 years that were restored in the late 19th century. Later, in 1906 , an archaeological search was carried out on
3672-472: The blue rock thrush , the song thrush , the sandpiper or the common firecrest . At certain times of the year you can see migratory birds such as the black redstart , white wagtail , the European golden oriole or the common house martin . The green space of Vallparadís park has several facilities —apart from the conventional ones of an urban park— that provide an extra service to users. These include
3774-452: The charterhouse functions still remain. It is worth mentioning a two-story cloister —the lower one with chaotic openings and the upper one more stable with pointed arches— and geometric capitals without decoration with the ancestral chapter house on the east side, covered with a rib vault . The old church of the monastery is what is known today as El Tinellet , with a flat roof supported by four diaphragmatic pointed arches . Currently,
3876-514: The consul in Barcelona was also asked. He declared that Catalan "is taught in schools, it is printed and spoken, not only among the lower class, but also among people of first quality, also in social gatherings, as in visits and congresses", indicating that it was spoken everywhere "with the exception of the royal courts". He also indicated that Catalan was spoken "in the Kingdom of Valencia, in
3978-627: The eastern strip of Aragon and the Carche area in the Region of Murcia . The Catalan-speaking territories are often called the Països Catalans or "Catalan Countries". The language evolved from Vulgar Latin in the Middle Ages around the eastern Pyrenees . Nineteenth-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival , culminating in the early 1900s. The word Catalan is derived from
4080-576: The laws of each territory before the respective parliaments . But after the War of the Spanish Succession , Spain became an absolute monarchy under Philip V , which led to the assimilation of the Crown of Aragon by the Crown of Castile through the Nueva Planta decrees , as a first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state ; as in other contemporary European states, this meant
4182-619: The 11th and 14th centuries. During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded southward to the Ebro river , and in the 13th century they conquered the lands that would become the Kingdoms of Valencia and the Majorca . The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia , which became Spanish-speaking in
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4284-672: The 15th century. In the Low Middle Ages , Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of
4386-459: The 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival ( Renaixença ), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau 's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama). In the 19th century, the region of Carche , in the province of Murcia
4488-482: The 2003 Bonaplata Award and the 2005 FAD Awards. Continuing south, before reaching the Vallparadís swimming pool, the bridge of the Cementerio Viejo is located. In 1830, with the annexation to the city of the Vallparadís block, the provisional cemetery became the official cemetery of Terrassa. In the 19th century, it was accessed by a road that passed through the Vallparadís torrent. Once the Pont del Passeig
4590-469: The Arabic element is generally much more prevalent in Spanish. Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Iberian Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm somebody down", and rebutjar "reject". Traditionally Catalan-speaking territories are sometimes called the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries),
4692-894: The Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims , bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988. In the 11th century, documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements, with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080. Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance , diverging from Old Occitan between
4794-553: The Sant Valentí street with Bonaventura Castellet, following the old path of the village of Sant Pere de Terrassa. It was inaugurated on March 13, 1999. The Monner torrent footbridge, also known as the Sant Pere footbridge, is a bridge that was already projected in 1915, in the first urban planning project where Josep Maria Coll i Bacardí designed a semicircular bridge linking the churches of Sant Pere with Salmerón street. It
4896-477: The Santa Eulàlia Avenue. This footbridge connects Escudé street in the so-called 20th century neighborhood with Germà Joaquim street, in Can Palet. Structurally, the bridge is 101 m long, 3 m wide and weighs 46 ton. The structure is made of steel, supported on two pillars. The bridge has an elevator that connects the park with the footbridge. Finally, on the approach to the southern end of the park,
4998-595: The Spanish province of Alicante settled around Oran , while those from French Catalonia and Menorca migrated to Algiers . By 1911, there were around 100,000 speakers of Patuet , as their speech was called. After the Algerian declaration of independence in 1962, almost all the Pied-Noir Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia or Alicante. The French government only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007,
5100-647: The area correspond to the Neogene and later Quaternary , and come mainly from the erosion of metamorphic , volcanic and plutonic rocks from the Paleozoic , and also from terrigenous and carbonate rocks , both from the Mesozoic and Paleogene . In 1997, through a series of archaeological excavations that lasted more than two years at the Cal Guardiola site, some 26,000 fossils were found, of which approximately 3,000 remains corresponded to mammals . Among them,
5202-430: The beginning of the summer, at the same time as Saint John's Eve and the end of the academic year. These facilities offer their services until September, including the programming of several activities dedicated to the youngest. The pool, 180 m long has a total surface area of approximately 5000 m². and since June 2014, the pool is managed by Club Natació Terrassa . Catalan language Catalan ( català )
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#17327796346225304-457: The castle is the main section of the six that make up the museum complex of Terrassa and its exhibition is structured in different areas such as the natural environment, with the main habitats of the Vallés —forests, agricultural areas, streams and torrents—, prehistory and ancient world —with elements of the archeological sites of Egara, among others—, medieval world —with archaeological remains of
5406-414: The central arch is semicircular, wider, and the lateral ones have pointed arches . It is made of common brickwork, except for the corner areas, which are ashlars . In 2006 it was definitively closed to vehicular traffic and is only open to pedestrians. Currently, the bridge is considered a Bien Cultural de Interés Local . Further south, when the two torrents have already joined, is the longest bridge in
5508-400: The churches of Sant Pere, the castle of Vallparadís and the old castle-palace of Terrassa, among others—, modern era —with religious elements such as retables from the 17th and 18th centuries—, contemporary age —with rural and industrial life in the 19th century and culture and society —with a collection of paintings from the 20th century. Casa Baumann, also known as Casa Coll i Bacardí , is
5610-621: The construction of the Pont del Passeig was adjudicated, considered the first modern structure in the park, and in 1915 the first urban planning project was carried out by Josep Maria Coll i Bacardí . 18 years later, in 1933, a second, more modest urban development plan called Pla Viñals was drawn up, but it was not until 1951 that the Plan General de Ordenación Urbana was drawn up by the Provincial Urban Planning Committee of Barcelona. Meanwhile, in 1942
5712-474: The definitive Plan , in 1985 the drafting of the Plan Especial de Vallparadís was assigned to Manuel Ribas i Piera , a project that was executed between 1991 and 1997 in three construction phases. In 1999, with the park already formed, a master plan was drawn up that set the autonomous organizational guidelines for Vallparadís. The churches of Sant Pere de Terrassa are a monumental complex formed by
5814-419: The diminished use of the language. These migrants were often unaware of the existence of Catalan, and thus felt no need to learn or use it. Catalonia was the economic powerhouse of Spain, so these migrations continued to occur from all corners of the country. Employment opportunities were reduced for those who were not bilingual . Daily newspapers remained exclusively in Spanish until after Franco's death, when
5916-562: The first one in Catalan since the end of the Civil War, Avui , began to be published in 1976. Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia , there is an unparalleled large bilingual European non-state linguistic community. The teaching of Catalan
6018-576: The green areas of the cities, the fact that the municipality of Terrassa is located a short distance from the Sierra del Obac, you can see birds of prey such as the short-toed snake eagle , the Eurasian sparrowhawk , the Eurasian hobby and other nocturnal species such as the Eurasian scops owl , the barn owl or the Long-eared owl . Other smaller species that can be observed are the crested tit ,
6120-420: The imposition of the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant groups. Since the political unification of 1714, Spanish assimilation policies towards national minorities have been a constant. The process of assimilation began with secret instructions to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: they "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian language, for which purpose he will give
6222-481: The interior was modified and the current elevator, which can be seen today on the outside, was installed. In 2003, the Casa Baumann was declared a Bien Cultural de Interés Local with registration number 6706-I, and the building is currently used as the headquarters of the Youth and Children's Leisure Service of the City Council of Terrassa. The retaining walls of the Casa Salvans are the work of Lluís Muncunill i Parellada and are located on Salmerón Street, next to
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#17327796346226324-425: The islands of Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Sardinia, Corsica and much of Sicily, in the Vall d "Aran and Cerdaña". The defeat of the pro-Habsburg coalition in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of laws which, among other centralizing measures, imposed the use of Spanish in legal documentation all over Spain. Because of this, use of the Catalan language declined into the 18th century. However,
6426-410: The language as a whole, synonymous with "Catalan". Both uses of the term have their respective entries in the dictionaries by the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL) and the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC). (See also status of Valencian below). By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees , as well as the territories of
6528-606: The language in features closer to Occitan (and French ). There is evidence that, at least from the 2nd century AD, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation arose generally because Spanish, Asturian , and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir , Asturian and Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir , Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Spanish novillo , Asturian nuviellu vs. Catalan torell , Occitan taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has
6630-566: The lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese and Spanish; 76% with Ladin and Romansh ; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language was ridiculed as a mere dialect of Spanish . This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing
6732-427: The linguistic census held by the Government of Catalonia in 2013) and it is understood almost universally. According to 2013 census, Catalan was also very commonly spoken in the city of 1,501,262: it was understood by 95% of the population, while 72.3% over the age of two could speak it (1,137,816), 79% could read it (1,246.555), and 53% could write it (835,080). The share of Barcelona residents who could speak it (72.3%)
6834-406: The linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages ). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. Some include Catalan in Occitan, as the linguistic distance between this language and some Occitan dialects (such as
6936-421: The most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed". From there, actions in the service of assimilation, discreet or aggressive, were continued, and reached to the last detail, such as, in 1799, the Royal Certificate forbidding anyone to "represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in Spanish". The use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious and marked
7038-432: The necropolis of the Episcopal period of the 11th century and the Carolingian period of the 9th and 10th centuries. During this period a parish church was also built, which corresponds to the church of Sant Pere and the episcopal palace next to the cathedral. The whole ecclesiastical complex expanded progressively over the years until its peak, around the 11th and 12th centuries. The Textile Museum and Documentation Centre
7140-439: The other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In the Northern Catalonia area of France, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes
7242-401: The park coleoptera such as acilius sulcatus or stictonectes lepidus , lepidoptera such as the Marsh fritillary or the Spanish moon moth and gastropods with various types of snails . The most common animals in the park are birds . Apart from species such as the house sparrow , the rock dove , the great tit , the magpie , the serin or the blackbird , which are abundant in
7344-455: The park are a series of sculptures. At the northern end of the park, next to the Parc del Nord, is located "Homage to Malevich" (in Catalan , Homenatge a Malèvitx ). This sculpture is dedicated to Kazimir Malevich , a Russian painter, considered the creator of Suprematism . It is a work of Jorge de Oteiza , inaugurated on May 15, 1999. The piece had to be moved twice due to the urbanization of
7446-412: The park is the Pont de Sant Pere, a structure dating from 1579, built by the councilors of the town of Sant Pere to the master builder Pere Pomers i Ramon Flotes . It joins the neighborhoods of Centre and Antic Poble de Sant Pere. The maximum height is 19.30 m, the length is 57 m and it is 3.50 m wide. Through it you can access the churches of Sant Pere . It is formed by three arches of different widths:
7548-673: The park there is a wide variety of plants and trees, which is why the park is considered the green lung of the city. The park, one of the largest in Catalonia , contains a great variety of plants and trees, among which the most important tree species are stone pines —29.2%—, plane trees —22.75%— and holm oaks —29.2%—. To a lesser extent, false asacias , mediterranean cypresses , olive and ash trees can be found. Other species that can be found are poplars , blue gum , laurels , tulip trees , chrerry plum trees , maples or lodogno trees . Regarding smaller varieties of plants, throughout
7650-592: The park you can appreciate honeysuckles , common ivy , purple morning glory , common barberries , rosemary , mock oranges or abelias . The locations and their origin, as well as a description of each of the species in the park are as follows. Being an urban park located in full contact with the municipality of Terrassa, Vallparadís has the same fauna that characterizes the city, basically composed of small mammals such as various types of bats and shrews , and others more common in large populations such as mice and cats . As for invertebrates , you can find in
7752-406: The park. They are walls formed with common rubble stone with a size that decreases the higher they are in the wall. They are formed by pebble stones that form an irregular line, which goes down a slope of the road and flows into the Monner de Vallparadís torrent, until it becomes a retaining wall with buttresses linked together with blind arches. At the highest part, a cantilever is formed that
7854-510: The park: the Pont del Passeig. It is a bridge that connects the Vallparadís and the Cementerio Viejo neighborhoods. The construction of this bridge, in 1895, was the first intervention of the Public Improvement Plan of the City Council to divert the northern exit of Terrassa. It is 112 m long by 16.13 m high and is formed by six arches supported by frustum pilasters of ashlars with stone string courses. The entire intrados
7956-469: The percentage of speakers to the population of each area where Catalan is spoken. The web site of the Generalitat de Catalunya estimated that as of 2004 there were 9,118,882 speakers of Catalan. These figures only reflect potential speakers; today it is the native language of only 35.6% of the Catalan population. According to Ethnologue , Catalan had 4.1 million native speakers and 5.1 million second-language speakers in 2021. According to
8058-460: The population self-identifies with both Catalan and Spanish equally, 36.4% with Catalan and 47.5% only Spanish. In 2003 the same studies concluded no language preference for self-identification within the population above 15 years old: 5% self-identified with both languages, 44.3% with Catalan and 47.5% with Spanish. To promote use of Catalan, the Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalonia's official Autonomous government) spends part of its annual budget on
8160-419: The position of the observer. It consists of poles of more than three meters and at its end there are five different types of elements of nature and geometric shapes: the moon, the sun, the lightning bolt, a tyrangle and a rhombus in blue, yellow, red, green and pink colors, respectively. According to the author, the whole is an alloy of elements that contrast between nature itself and abstraction . This contrast
8262-599: The presence of hippopotamuses , damas , equus and hyenas are noteworthy. Other animal species found include various types of proboscideans , bears , rhinoceroses , jaguars , deer , macaques , megaloceroses , bovidae and a suidae , the only one found in Western Europe with an age of one million years. Plant remains have also been found in the excavations, of which two large specimens with dimensions exceeding 3 m are worth mentioning. The Vallparadís park has gone through several stages until it became what it
8364-404: The promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories, with entities such as Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística (Consortium for Linguistic Normalization). In Andorra , Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution , several policies favoring Catalan have been enforced, such as Catalan medium education. On
8466-521: The rest of the territories. (% of the population 15 years old and older). (% of the population 15 years old and older). PGOU (Redirected from PGOU ) Plan General de Ordenación Urbana (English: General Urban Ordinance Plan ; PGOU ) are the urban plans produced by municipalities in Spain and agreed to by the various regional governments. There are strict national guidelines for these town plans. Within
8568-402: The site by the architect Josep Puig i Cadafalch . This exploration resulted in one of the most important elements for the historiographical evaluation of the diocese of Egara , documented from the year 400 to 750 . The complex, which encompasses both the late and early medieval periods, was built on a small hill on both sides of the Vallparadís and Monner torrents that make up the park, at
8670-481: The so-called Pla de la Font de l'Apotecari del Parc de Vallparadís . It is the work of the Escola d'Arts i Oficis de Barcelona ( Catalan for: Municipal School of Arts and Crafts of Barcelona). It is a tribute to the sardana —a typical Catalan dance performed in a group and in a circle—, which explains the characteristic shape of the monument. On April 25 and 26, 1998, in the municipality of San Juan de las Abadesas ,
8772-472: The so-called railwaymen's apartments and, later, for the construction of the Barcelona-Vallés line station. It weighs 26 tons and is made of zinc -coated metallized steel with a satin paint finish. The piece represents a test of a spatial rotation that Malevich called " Malevich's units ". In the eastern branch of the park, also at the northern end, is located "La sardana", a monument located in
8874-569: The social level, including in schools and the University of Barcelona . The Catalan language and culture were still vibrant during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), but were crushed at an unprecedented level throughout the subsequent decades due to Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), which abolished the official status of Catalan and imposed the use of Spanish in schools and in public administration in all of Spain , while banning
8976-613: The sole official language of the region. Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the regional languages of France, such as Catalan, Alsatian , Breton , Occitan , Flemish , and Basque . After the French colony of Algeria was established in 1830, many Catalan-speaking settlers moved there. People from
9078-521: The start of the decline of Catalan. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature came under the influence of Spanish, and the nobles, part of the urban and literary classes became bilingual . With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France , and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French , which in 1700 became
9180-462: The term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner , followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from Middle French ). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. The word Catalan can be pronounced in English as / ˈ k æ t ə l ə n , - æ n / KAT -ə-lən, -lan or / ˌ k æ t ə ˈ l æ n / KAT -ə- LAN . The endonym
9282-522: The territorial name of Catalonia , itself of disputed etymology. The main theory suggests that Catalunya ( Latin : Gathia Launia ) derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia ('Land of the Goths '), since the origins of the Catalan counts, lords and people were found in the March of Gothia , whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived. In English,
9384-865: The then General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the départment's languages and seeks to further promote it in public life and education. In 1807, the Statistics Office of the French Ministry of the Interior asked the prefects for an official survey on the limits of the French language . The survey found that in Roussillon , almost only Catalan was spoken, and since Napoleon wanted to incorporate Catalonia into France, as happened in 1812,
9486-403: The use of Catalan in them. Between 1939 and 1943 newspapers and book printing in Catalan almost disappeared. Francisco Franco's desire for a homogeneous Spanish population resonated with some Catalans in favor of his regime, primarily members of the upper class, who began to reject the use of Catalan. Despite all of these hardships, Catalan continued to be used privately within households, and it
9588-609: The use of Spanish in the Catalan educational system. As a result, in May 2022 the Spanish Supreme Court urged the Catalan regional government to enforce a measure by which 25% of all lessons must be taught in Spanish. According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia , in 2013 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after Spanish , as a native or self-defining language: 7% of
9690-471: The victims of terrorism) of 3 m in height, work of Jesús Fructuoso. It is a stone monolith with a bronze window, 110 cm high and 80 cm wide, protruding from the central margin. It is located on the main promenade of the park, at the height of the Rambla de San Nebridio, next to the weather station, very close to the entrance of the swimming pool. The monument was proposed by Terrassa per la Pau and
9792-498: Was able to survive Franco's dictatorship. At the end of World War II , however, some of the harsh measures began to be lifted and, while Spanish language remained the sole promoted one, limited number of Catalan literature began to be tolerated. Several prominent Catalan authors resisted the suppression through literature. Private initiative contests were created to reward works in Catalan, among them Joan Martorell prize (1947), Víctor Català prize (1953) Carles Riba award (1950), or
9894-425: Was acquired by the City Council of Terrassa. Architecturally, the house underwent a first extension in 1926 and a second one, on the second floor, in 1951. Thirty-one years later, in 1982, the building was affected by a fire in the upper part and the city council had to consolidate the structure. In addition, in 1995, the building's exterior envelope was repaired. Finally, in 2007, the access points were adapted, part of
9996-458: Was built in 1896, this path ceased to be functional and was removed. After the floods of Vallés in 1962, a lake was formed in this area and in 1967 a footbridge was built, known as the Pont del Cementiri Vell. Once past the Vallparadís swimming pool, heading south, is the Font d'en Serracanta walkway, a footbridge inaugurated on April 28, 2007 next to the urbanized area between the Pont del Gall and
10098-461: Was enlivened by the performance of several local groups, who danced sardanas. In the northern part of the park, at the access next to the 22 de Juliol walkway —between the Monner torrent and the Pla de la Font de l'Apotecari —, there is since 1999 the sculpture Relacions de l'espai by Àngel Màdico, a sculpture made up of five elements of different colors that contrast with the surroundings, depending on
10200-543: Was in 2004 that the Monner torrent footbridge was inaugurated, an 80 m bridge without pilasters supported by two cables, considered a unique engineering work in Europe and which has won the Catalonia Construction Awards 2005, Construmat Award 2005, 3rd Biennial Award of Architecture of Vallés 2005, International Puente de Alcántara Award 2005 and Footbrige Awards 2005. It has also been a finalist for
10302-640: Was lower than that of the overall Catalan population, of whom 81.2% over the age of 15 spoke the language. Knowledge of Catalan has increased significantly in recent decades thanks to a language immersion educational system. An important social characteristic of the Catalan language is that all the areas where it is spoken are bilingual in practice: together with French in Roussillon, with Italian in Alghero, with Spanish and French in Andorra, and with Spanish in
10404-590: Was repopulated with Valencian speakers. Catalan spelling was standardized in 1913 and the language became official during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939). The Second Spanish Republic saw a brief period of tolerance, with most restrictions against Catalan lifted. The Generalitat (the autonomous government of Catalonia, established during the Republic in 1931) made a normal use of Catalan in its administration and put efforts to promote it at
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