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61-545: Valvoline Instant Oil Change is a company that provides preventive maintenance services for many different types of automobiles. These services include oil changes, antifreeze changes, differential fluid changes, batteries, belts, fuel system cleaning service, lights, wipers and transmission fluid changes, and in states where services are contracted out by state regulatory agencies, emissions testing . Valvoline oils and products are featured at all locations. This article about an automotive industry corporation or company

122-422: A bitter, sweet taste and causes inebriation. The toxic effects of ingesting ethylene glycol occur because it is converted by the liver into 4 other chemicals that are much more toxic. The lethal dose of pure ethylene glycol is 1.4 ml/kg (3 US fluid ounces (90 ml) is lethal to a 140-pound (64 kg) person) but is much less lethal if treated within an hour. (see Ethylene glycol poisoning ). Propylene glycol

183-441: A characteristic odor due to the additive tolyltriazole , a corrosion inhibitor. The unpleasant odor in industrial-use tolyltriazole comes from impurities in the product that are formed from the toluidine isomers (ortho-, meta-, and para-toluidine) and meta-diamino toluene which are side-products in the manufacture of tolyltriazole. These side-products are highly reactive and produce volatile aromatic amines which are responsible for

244-499: A colored dye (commonly a fluorescent green, red, orange, yellow, or blue) to aid in identification. A 1:1 dilution with water is usually used, resulting in a freezing point of about −34 °F (−37 °C), depending on the formulation. In warmer or colder areas, weaker or stronger dilutions are used, respectively, but a range of 40%/60% to 60%/40% is frequently specified to ensure corrosion protection, and 70%/30% for maximum freeze prevention down to −84 °F (−64 °C). In

305-437: A few hours the foil develops small holes where it touches the lasagna, and the food surface becomes covered with small spots composed of corroded aluminium. In this example, the salty food (lasagna) is the electrolyte, the aluminium foil is the anode, and the steel pan is the cathode. If the aluminium foil touches the electrolyte only in small areas, the galvanic corrosion is concentrated, and corrosion can occur fairly rapidly. If

366-479: A high-capacity heat transfer medium . Many formulations have corrosion inhibitors, and it is expected that these chemicals will be replenished (manually or under automatic control) to keep expensive piping and equipment from corroding. Antifreeze proteins refer to chemical compounds produced by certain animals , plants , and other organisms that prevent the formation of ice. In this way, these compounds allow their host organism to operate at temperatures well below

427-466: A hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT) formulation (e.g., Zerex G-05), both of which are claimed to have an extended service life of five years or 240,000 km (150,000 mi). DEX-COOL specifically has caused controversy . Litigation has linked it with intake manifold gasket failures in General Motors ' (GM's) 3.1L and 3.4L engines, and with other failures in 3.8L and 4.3L engines. One of

488-417: A longer history, especially in the automotive industry. However, EGW solutions formulated for the automotive industry often have silicate based rust inhibitors that can coat and/or clog heat exchanger surfaces. Ethylene glycol is listed as a toxic chemical requiring care in handling and disposal. Ethylene glycol has desirable thermal properties, including a high boiling point, low freezing point, stability over

549-413: A range of electrochemically incompatible metals ( aluminum , cast iron , copper , brass , solder , etc.). Water pump seal lubricant is also added. Antifreeze was developed to overcome the shortcomings of water as a heat transfer fluid . On the other hand, if the engine coolant gets too hot, it might boil while inside the engine, causing voids (pockets of steam), leading to localized hot spots and

610-415: A reddish color. When an aqueous solution of propylene glycol in a cooling or heating system develops a reddish or black color, this indicates that iron in the system is corroding significantly. In the absence of inhibitors, propylene glycol can react with oxygen and metal ions, generating various compounds including organic acids (e.g., formic, oxalic, acetic). These acids accelerate the corrosion of metals in

671-416: A series gives a good indication of which metal is more likely to corrode more quickly. However, other factors such as water aeration and flow rate can influence the rate of the process markedly. The compatibility of two different metals may be predicted by consideration of their anodic index. This parameter is a measure of the electrochemical voltage that will be developed between the metal and gold. To find

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732-424: A sheet of iron or steel covered with a zinc coating. Even when the protective zinc coating is broken, the underlying steel is not attacked. Instead, the zinc is corroded because it is less "noble". Only after it has been consumed can rusting of the base metal occur. By contrast, with a conventional tin can , the opposite of a protective effect occurs: because the tin is more noble than the underlying steel, when

793-484: A traditional inhibitor, usually silicates. An example is Zerex G05, which is a low-silicate, phosphate free formula that includes the benzoate inhibitor. A HOAT coolant can have a life expectancy as high as 10 years / 180,000 miles. P-HOAT coolants mix phosphates with HOAT. This technology is typically used in Asian makes and is often dyed red or blue. Si-OAT coolants mix silicates with HOAT. This technology

854-560: A wide range of temperatures, and high specific heat and thermal conductivity. It also has a low viscosity and, therefore, reduced pumping requirements. Although EGW has more desirable physical properties than PGW, the latter coolant is used in applications where toxicity might be a concern. PGW is generally recognized as safe for use in food or food processing applications, and can also be used in enclosed spaces. Similar mixtures are commonly used in HVAC and industrial heating or cooling systems as

915-410: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Antifreeze Because water has good properties as a coolant, water plus antifreeze is used in internal combustion engines and other heat transfer applications, such as HVAC chillers and solar water heaters . The purpose of antifreeze is to prevent a rigid enclosure from bursting due to expansion when water freezes . Commercially, both

976-553: Is also a major consideration with regard to closed loop bimetallic circulating systems. Should the pH and corrosion inhibition doses be incorrect, galvanic corrosion will be accelerated. In most HVAC systems, the use of sacrificial anodes and cathodes is not an option, as they would need to be applied within the plumbing of the system and, over time, would corrode and release particles that could cause potential mechanical damage to circulating pumps, heat exchangers, etc. A common example of galvanic corrosion occurs in galvanized iron ,

1037-517: Is commonly used as the main ingredient in the " e-liquid " used in electronic cigarettes . Propylene glycol oxidizes to lactic acid . Besides cooling system corrosion, biological fouling also occurs. Once bacterial slime starts to grow, the corrosion rate of the system increases. Maintenance of systems using glycol solution includes regular monitoring of freeze protection, pH , specific gravity , inhibitor level, color, and biological contamination. Propylene glycol should be replaced when it turns

1098-466: Is considerably less toxic than ethylene glycol and may be labeled as "non-toxic antifreeze". It is used as antifreeze where ethylene glycol would be inappropriate, such as in food-processing systems or in water pipes in homes where incidental ingestion may be possible. For example, the U.S. FDA allows propylene glycol to be added to a large number of ultra-processed foods , including ice cream , frozen custard , salad dressings, and baked goods , and it

1159-412: Is in the range of 0.5 to 1.0   V, depending on the exact alloys involved, and can cause considerable corrosion within months under unfavorable conditions. Thousands of failing lights would have to be replaced, at an estimated cost of $ 54 million. A " lasagna cell" is accidentally produced when salty moist food such as lasagna is stored in a steel baking pan and is covered with aluminium foil. After

1220-522: Is made by mixing distilled water with additives and a base product, usually MEG (mono ethylene glycol) or MPG (mono propylene glycol). Ethylene glycol solutions first became available in 1926 and were marketed as "permanent antifreeze" since the higher boiling points provided advantages for summertime use as well as during cold weather. They are used today for a variety of applications, including automobiles , but there are lower-toxicity alternatives made with propylene glycol available. When ethylene glycol

1281-421: Is named after Italian physician Luigi Galvani (1737–1798). Dissimilar metals and alloys have different electrode potentials , and when two or more come into contact in an electrolyte, one metal (that is more reactive ) acts as anode and the other (that is less reactive ) as cathode . The electropotential difference between the reactions at the two electrodes is the driving force for an accelerated attack on

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1342-541: Is nevertheless recommended for RI measurement. Propylene glycol solutions cannot be tested using specific gravity because of ambiguous results (40% and 100% solutions have the same specific gravity), although typical uses rarely exceed 60% concentration. The boiling point can be similarly determined by a concentration given from one of the three methods. Datasheets for glycol/water coolant mixtures are commonly available from chemical vendors. Most commercial antifreeze formulations include corrosion inhibiting compounds, and

1403-579: Is typically used in European makes and is often dyed pink. All automotive antifreeze formulations, including the newer organic acid (OAT antifreeze) formulations, are environmentally hazardous because of the blend of additives (around 5%), including lubricants, buffers, and corrosion inhibitors. Because the additives in antifreeze are proprietary, the safety data sheets (SDS) provided by the manufacturer list only those compounds which are considered to be significant safety hazards when used in accordance with

1464-446: Is used in a system, it may become oxidized to five organic acids (formic, oxalic, glycolic, glyoxalic and acetic acid). Inhibited ethylene glycol antifreeze mixes are available, with additives that buffer the pH and reserve alkalinity of the solution to prevent oxidation of ethylene glycol and formation of these acids. Nitrites , silicates , borates and azoles may also be used to prevent corrosive attack on metal. Ethylene glycol has

1525-502: The additive (pure concentrate) and the mixture (diluted solution) are called antifreeze, depending on the context. Careful selection of an antifreeze can enable a wide temperature range in which the mixture remains in the liquid phase , which is critical to efficient heat transfer and the proper functioning of heat exchangers . Most if not all commercial antifreeze formulations intended for use in heat transfer applications include anti-corrosion and anti- cavitation agents (that protect

1586-557: The 1880s, the insulation layer of shellac between the two metals had failed over time and resulted in rusting of the iron supports. An extensive renovation was carried out with replacement of the original insulation with PTFE . The structure was far from unsafe owing to the large number of unaffected connections, but it was regarded as a precautionary measure to preserve a national symbol of the United States. In 1681, Samuel Pepys (then serving as Admiralty Secretary) agreed to

1647-506: The OAT builds up. Honda specifically excludes 2-EHA from its formulas. Typically, OAT antifreeze contains an orange dye to differentiate it from the conventional glycol-based coolants (green or yellow), though some OAT products may contain a red or mauve dye. Some of the newer OAT coolants claim to be compatible with all types of OAT and glycol-based coolants; these are typically green or yellow in color. HOAT coolants typically mix an OAT with

1708-1039: The absence of leaks, antifreeze chemicals such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol may retain their basic properties indefinitely. By contrast, corrosion inhibitors are gradually used up, and must be replenished from time to time. Larger systems (such as HVAC systems) are often monitored by specialist firms which take responsibility for adding corrosion inhibitors and regulating coolant composition. For simplicity, most automotive manufacturers recommend periodic complete replacement of engine coolant, to simultaneously renew corrosion inhibitors and remove accumulated contaminants. Traditionally, there were two major corrosion inhibitors used in vehicles: silicates and phosphates . American-made vehicles traditionally used both silicates and phosphates. European makes contain silicates and other inhibitors, but no phosphates. Japanese makes traditionally use phosphates and other inhibitors, but no silicates. Most modern cars are built with organic acid technology (OAT) antifreeze (e.g., DEX-COOL ), or with

1769-446: The aluminium foil was not used with a dissimilar metal container, the reaction was probably a chemical one. It is possible for heavy concentrations of salt, vinegar or some other acidic compounds to cause the foil to disintegrate. The product of either of these reactions is an aluminium salt . It does not harm the food, but any deposit may impart an undesired flavor and color. The common technique of cleaning silverware by immersion of

1830-440: The anode metal, which dissolves into the electrolyte. This leads to the metal at the anode corroding more quickly than it otherwise would and corrosion at the cathode being inhibited. The presence of an electrolyte and an electrical conducting path between the metals is essential for galvanic corrosion to occur. The electrolyte provides a means for ion migration whereby ions move to prevent charge build-up that would otherwise stop

1891-431: The anodic index. For example: gold and silver have a difference of 0.15   V, therefore the two metals will not experience significant corrosion even in a harsh environment. When design considerations require that dissimilar metals come in contact, the difference in anodic index is often managed by finishes and plating. The finishing and plating selected allow the dissimilar materials to be in contact, while protecting

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1952-749: The anti-corrosion components presented as sodium or potassium 2-ethylhexanoate and ethylhexanoic acid is incompatible with nylon 6,6 and silicone rubber , and is a known plasticizer . Class action lawsuits were registered in several states of the US, and in Canada, to address some of these claims. The first of these to reach a decision was in Missouri, where a settlement was announced early in December 2007. Late in March 2008, GM agreed to compensate complainants in

2013-452: The antifreeze's freeze protection will need to be considered. In other cases a vehicle may need to be operated in a colder environment, requiring more antifreeze and less water. Three methods are commonly employed to determine the freeze point of the solution by measuring the concentration: Both specific gravity and refractive index are affected by temperature, although the former is affected much less catastrophically. Temperature compensation

2074-514: The basis of all antifreezes since they were commercialized in the 1920s. Most automotive engines are "water"-cooled to remove waste heat , though the "water" used is actually a mixture of water and antifreeze. The term engine coolant is widely used in the automotive industry, which covers its primary function of convective heat transfer for internal combustion engines . When used in an automotive context, corrosion inhibitors are added to help protect vehicles' radiators , which often contain

2135-412: The catastrophic failure of the engine. If plain water were to be used as an engine coolant in northern climates freezing would occur, causing significant internal engine damage. Also, plain water would increase the prevalence of galvanic corrosion . Proper engine coolant and a pressurized coolant system obviate these shortcomings of water. With proper antifreeze, a wide temperature range can be tolerated by

2196-526: The concentration of dissolved substances. Salts lower the melting points of aqueous solutions. Salts are frequently used for de-icing , but salt solutions are not used for cooling systems because they induce corrosion of metals. Low molecular weight organic compounds tend to have melting points lower than water, which makes them suitable for use as antifreeze agents. Solutions of organic compounds, especially alcohols , in water are effective. Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol , etc. have been

2257-524: The development of coolants and their standards (VW TL 774 ) in collaboration with Haertol Chemie from Magdeburg. VW standards include: G11, G12, G12+, G12++, G13 and G12evo. Another company involved in the development is BASF (Glysantin), whose standards are: G30, G40, G48, G05, G33, and G34. Volkswagen Group: BASF: The most common water-based antifreeze solutions used in electronics cooling are mixtures of water and either ethylene glycol (EGW) or propylene glycol (PGW). The use of ethylene glycol has

2318-426: The engine coolant, such as −34 °F (−37 °C) to +265 °F (129 °C) for 50% (by volume) propylene glycol diluted with distilled water and a 15 psi pressurized coolant system. Early engine coolant antifreeze was methanol (methyl alcohol). Ethylene glycol was developed because its higher boiling point was more compatible with heating systems. The Volkswagen Group has been particularly committed to

2379-442: The environment due to its low toxicity and reduced CO 2 emissions . However, since 2018, they have moved on to G12EVO (TL 774-L) which no longer contains glycerol. Glycerol is mandated for use as an antifreeze in many sprinkler systems. Once antifreeze has been mixed with water and put into use, it periodically needs to be maintained. If engine coolant leaks, boils, or if the cooling system needs to be drained and refilled,

2440-448: The freezing point of water. Antifreeze proteins bind to small ice crystals to inhibit growth and recrystallization of ice that would otherwise be fatal. Cryoprotectants are commonly used in cryobiology to prevent or inhibit freezing in sperm, blood, stem cells, plant seeds, etc. Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerol (all used in automotive antifreeze) are commonly used as biological cryoprotectants. Most antifreeze

2501-464: The hull of the frigate HMS Alarm with 12-ounce copper plating. Upon her return from a voyage to the West Indies, it was found that although the copper remained in fine condition and had indeed deterred shipworm, it had also become detached from the wooden hull in many places because the iron nails used during its installation "were found dissolved into a kind of rusty Paste". To the surprise of

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2562-423: The hydraulic circuit from progressive wear). Water was the original coolant for internal combustion engines. It is cheap, nontoxic, and has a high heat capacity. It however has only a 100 Kelvin liquid range, and it expands upon freezing. To address these problems, alternative coolants with improved properties were developed. Freezing and boiling points are colligative properties of a solution, which depend on

2623-450: The inspection teams, however, some of the iron nails were virtually undamaged. Closer inspection revealed that water-resistant brown paper trapped under the nail head had inadvertently protected some of the nails: "Where this covering was perfect, the Iron was preserved from Injury". The copper sheathing had been delivered to the dockyard wrapped in the paper which was not always removed before

2684-405: The latter which works well with the hard water found in the United States, but is a plasticizer that can cause gaskets to leak. According to internal GM documents, the ultimate culprit appears to be operating vehicles for long periods of time with low coolant levels. The low coolant is caused by pressure caps that fail in the open position. (The new caps and recovery bottles were introduced at

2745-544: The manufacturer's recommendations. Common additives include sodium silicate , disodium phosphate , sodium molybdate , sodium borate , denatonium benzoate , and dextrin (hydroxyethyl starch). Disodium fluorescein dye is added to conventional ethylene glycol formulas to visually distinguish leaked amounts from other vehicle fluids, and as a marker of type to distinguish it from incompatible types. This dye fluoresces bright green when illuminated by blue or UV light from daylight or testing lamps. Automotive antifreeze has

2806-401: The more base materials from corrosion by the more noble. It will always be the metal with the most negative anodic index which will ultimately suffer from corrosion when galvanic incompatibility is in play. This is why sterling silver and stainless steel tableware should never be placed together in a dishwasher at the same time, as the steel items will likely experience corrosion by the end of

2867-415: The piece of aluminium foil (a much more reactive metal), leaving elemental silver behind. No silver is lost in the process. There are several ways of reducing and preventing this form of corrosion: All metals can be classified into a galvanic series representing the electrical potential they develop in a given electrolyte against a standard reference electrode. The relative position of two metals on such

2928-436: The presence of airborne sulfur molecules, and the copper in sterling silver corrodes under a variety of conditions. These layers of corrosion can be largely removed through the electrochemical reduction of silver sulfide molecules: the presence of aluminium (which is less noble than either silver or copper) in the bath of sodium bicarbonate strips the sulfur atoms off the silver sulfide and transfers them onto and thereby corrodes

2989-411: The reaction. If the electrolyte contains only metal ions that are not easily reduced (such as Na , Ca , K , Mg , or Zn ), the cathode reaction is the reduction of dissolved H to H 2 or O 2 to OH . In some cases, this type of reaction is intentionally encouraged. For example, low-cost household batteries typically contain carbon-zinc cells . As part of a closed circuit (the electron pathway),

3050-607: The relative voltage of a pair of metals it is only required to subtract their anodic indices. To reduce galvanic corrosion for metals stored in normal environments such as storage in warehouses or non-temperature and humidity controlled environments, there should not be more than 0.25   V difference in the anodic index of the two metals in contact. For controlled environments in which temperature and humidity are controlled, 0.50   V can be tolerated. For harsh environments such as outdoors, high humidity, and salty environments, there should be not more than 0.15   V difference in

3111-519: The remaining 49 states. GM ( Motors Liquidation Company ) filed for bankruptcy in 2009, which tied up the outstanding claims until a court determines who gets paid. According to the DEX-COOL manufacturer, "mixing a 'green' [non-OAT] coolant with DEX-COOL reduces the batch's change interval to 2 years or 30,000 miles, but will otherwise cause no damage to the engine". DEX-COOL antifreeze uses two inhibitors: sebacate and 2-EHA ( 2-ethylhexanoic acid ),

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3172-473: The removal of lead sheathing from English Royal Navy vessels to prevent the mysterious disintegration of their rudder-irons and bolt-heads, though he confessed himself baffled as to the reason the lead caused the corrosion. The problem recurred when vessels were sheathed in copper to reduce marine weed accumulation and protect against shipworm . In an experiment, the Royal Navy in 1761 had tried fitting

3233-404: The same time as DEX-COOL). This exposes hot engine components to air and vapors, causing corrosion and contamination of the coolant with iron oxide particles, which in turn can aggravate the pressure cap problem as contamination holds the caps open permanently. Honda and Toyota's new extended life coolants use OAT with sebacate, but without the 2-EHA. Some added phosphates provide protection while

3294-533: The sheets were nailed to the hull. The conclusion therefore reported to the Admiralty in 1763 was that iron should not be allowed direct contact with copper in sea water. Serious galvanic corrosion has been reported on the latest US Navy attack littoral combat vessel the USS Independence caused by steel water jet propulsion systems attached to an aluminium hull. Without electrical isolation between

3355-438: The silver or sterling silver (or even just silver plated objects) and a piece of aluminium (foil is preferred because of its much greater surface area than that of ingots, although if the foil has a "non-stick" face, this must be removed with steel wool first) in a hot electrolytic bath (usually composed of water and sodium bicarbonate , i.e., household baking soda) is an example of galvanic corrosion. Silver darkens and corrodes in

3416-601: The steel and aluminium, the aluminium hull acts as an anode to the stainless steel, resulting in aggressive galvanic corrosion. The unexpected fall in 2011 of a heavy light fixture from the ceiling of the Big Dig vehicular tunnel in Boston revealed that corrosion had weakened its support. Improper use of aluminium in contact with stainless steel had caused rapid corrosion in the presence of salt water. The electrochemical potential difference between stainless steel and aluminium

3477-539: The system. Propylene glycol methyl ether is used as an antifreeze in diesel engines. It is more volatile than glycol. Once used for automotive antifreeze, glycerol has the advantage of being non-toxic, withstands relatively high temperatures, and is noncorrosive. It is not however used widely. Glycerol was historically used as an antifreeze for automotive applications before being replaced by ethylene glycol . Volkswagen introduced G13 (TL 774-G) antifreezes containing glycerol in 2008, marketed as better for

3538-426: The system. Corrosion inhibitors such as sodium nitrite or sodium molybdate can be injected into these systems to reduce the galvanic potential. However, the application of these corrosion inhibitors must be monitored closely. If the application of corrosion inhibitors increases the conductivity of the water within the system, the galvanic corrosion potential can be greatly increased. Acidity or alkalinity ( pH )

3599-504: The tin coating is broken, the steel beneath is immediately attacked preferentially. A spectacular example of galvanic corrosion occurred in the Statue of Liberty when regular maintenance checks in the 1980s revealed that corrosion had taken place between the outer copper skin and the wrought iron support structure. Although the problem had been anticipated when the structure was built by Gustave Eiffel to Frédéric Bartholdi 's design in

3660-450: The unpleasant odor. Galvanic corrosion Galvanic corrosion (also called bimetallic corrosion or dissimilar metal corrosion ) is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially when it is in electrical contact with another, in the presence of an electrolyte . A similar galvanic reaction is exploited in primary cells to generate a useful electrical voltage to power portable devices. This phenomenon

3721-564: The zinc within the cell will corrode preferentially (the ion pathway) as an essential part of the battery producing electricity. Another example is the cathodic protection of buried or submerged structures as well as hot water storage tanks . In this case, sacrificial anodes work as part of a galvanic couple, promoting corrosion of the anode, while protecting the cathode metal. In other cases, such as mixed metals in piping (for example, copper, cast iron and other cast metals), galvanic corrosion will contribute to accelerated corrosion of parts of

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