Misplaced Pages

#220779

24-480: Vandalic is traditionally classified as an East Germanic language, while the reasons for this classification are mostly historical and not linguistical. Due to the perception of Vandalic as an East Germanic language, its reconstruction from onomastics recorded by Greek and Roman sources relies on Gothic forms. Therefore, it is difficult to assess whether or not Vandalic is closely related to Gothic. Theories range from Gothic and Vandalic, together with Burgundian , form

48-585: A dialect continuum , or that language of the Vandals was actually Gothic, to them being different languages separating early on, without having an intermediary East Germanic ancestor. According to their own mythology, the Goths originally came from Scandinavia . It is therefore debated, whether Gothic and by extension Vandalic, came from Scandinavia or not. Linguistic evidence shows no specific relation between North Germanic and either Gothic or Vandalic. Still, it

72-649: A higher key, Accompanying my song with that sweet air which made the wretched Magpies feel a blow that turned all hope of pardon to despair Calliope Beach in Antarctica is named after the muse, as is the calliope hummingbird of North and Central America, and the calliope steam organ. Calliope Saddle is part of the Thisbe Valley Track in the Catlins Forest, South Otago, NZ. The Queensland town of Calliope Is another location named after

96-570: A town near Mount Olympus . She is said to have defeated the daughters of Pierus , king of Thessaly, in a singing match, and then, to punish their presumption, turned them into magpies . In some accounts, Calliope is the mother of the Corybantes by her father Zeus. She was sometimes believed to be Homer 's muse for the Iliad and the Odyssey . The Roman epic poet Virgil invokes her in

120-459: Is a misinterpretation of the sound by Latin authors. In Gothic documents, * /o:/ is mostly written ⟨o⟩ , but sometimes also ⟨u⟩ . The Proto-Germanic diphthong *eu tends to come down to Vandalic as eu . Take for example the form teudo - ('people'), as opposed to the Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 ( þiuda ), where it has changed to /iu/ . The Proto-Germanic diphthong *ai

144-709: Is a popular approach in historical research, where it can be used to identify ethnic minorities within populations and for the purpose of prosopography . Onomastics originates from the Greek onomastikós ( ὀνομαστικός , 'of or belonging to naming'), itself derived from ónoma ( ὄνομα , 'name'). This onomastics -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Calliope In Greek mythology , Calliope ( / k ə ˈ l aɪ . ə p i / kə- LY -ə-pee ; Ancient Greek : Καλλιόπη , romanized :  Kalliópē , lit.   'beautiful-voiced')

168-513: Is known about Vandalic grammar, but some things can be extracted from extant Vandalic material. The original Proto-Germanic *-z used to mark the nominative masculine singular in nominals , which was lost in West Germanic early on, is attested within some preserved Vandalic forms as - s or as part of - x (occasionally found Romanized in some name attestations as -us ). This marker is potentially to be deemed an archaic feature since it

192-687: Is lost in most words, with complete lost within Ostrogothic names from the 6th century onward. The epithet Vandalirice 'king of the Vandals' gives possible attestation of a genitive plural ending -e (cf. Gothic -ē), albeit written as ⟨i⟩ within this form. Old Germanic languages outside of East Germanic have - a (as in Old English and Old Norse ) or - o (as in Old Dutch or Old High German ) as their equivalents of this ending instead; compare Old English Wendla against

216-889: Is possible that both the Goths and the Vandals migrated from Scandinavia southwards, where their respective languages started to diverge from Proto-Germanic . The linguistic urheimat of Vandalic probably lies south of the Baltic sea. They crossed the Rhine in the fifth century, establishing themselves together with the Hasdingi and the Silingi in Gallaecia (northern Portugal and Galicia ) and in southern Spain , following other Germanic and non-Germanic peoples ( Visigoths , Alans and Suebi ) in c. 410 before they moved to North Africa in

240-585: Is possible that this sentence is, in fact, Gothic since the Vandals might have used Gothic as liturgical language. The epigram De conviviis barbaris in the Latin Anthology , of North African origin and disputed date, contains a fragment in a Germanic language that some authors believe to be Vandalic, although the fragment itself refers to the language as "Gothic". This may be because both languages were East Germanic and closely related; scholars have pointed out in this context that Procopius refers to

264-510: Is preserved as /ai/ , but tends to become /ei/ later on. For example, the name Gaisericus changes to Geiseric in later documents. The Vandalic consonant inventory according to Wrede. The Proto-Germanic * /z/ is also preserved in the language as a sibilant (always found written ⟨s⟩ or as part of ⟨x⟩ ), as opposed to having undergone rhotacism as it has in North or West Germanic . For example, compare

SECTION 10

#1732765276221

288-447: Is sometimes written as ⟨gu⟩ . This could be an issue of Latin spelling or a point to the development of /gw/ . Examples are Guiliaruna , < Proto-Germanic * wilja- and Guitifrida , < * wīti- . The Proto-Germanic cluster * /-ww-/ can be found strengthened to /-g-/ . The Proto-Germanic cluster * /-tj-/ can become [tsj] , as in matzia from Proto-Germanic * matjaną . Very little

312-608: Is the Muse who presides over eloquence and epic poetry ; so called from the ecstatic harmony of her voice. Hesiod and Ovid called her the "Chief of all Muses". Calliope had two famous sons, Orpheus and Linus , by either Apollo or King Oeagrus of Thrace . She taught Orpheus verses for singing. According to Hesiod, she was also the wisest of the Muses, as well as the most assertive. Calliope married Oeagrus in Pimpleia ,

336-420: Is the study of proper names , including their etymology , history, and use. An alethonym ('true name') or an orthonym ('real name') is the proper name of the object in question, the object of onomastic study. Scholars studying onomastics are called onomasticians . Onomastics has applications in data mining , with applications such as named-entity recognition , or recognition of the origin of names. It

360-813: Is traditionally believed to have derived from Vandalic, although this claim is contested . Following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania , from the 8th century to the end of the 15th the region was called Al-Andalus . In one inscription from the Vandal Kingdom , the Christian incantation of Kyrie eleison is given in Vandalic as " Froia arme " ("Lord, have mercy!"). The same phrase appears in Collatio Beati Augustini cum Pascentio ariano 15 by Pseudo-Augustine : " Froja armes ". It

384-654: The Aeneid ("Aid, O Calliope, the martial song!") In some cases, she is said to be the mother of Sirens by the river-god Achelous . Another account adds that Calliope bore Rhesus to the river-god Strymon . Calliope is usually shown with a writing tablet in her hand. At times, she is depicted carrying a roll of paper or a book, or wearing a gold crown. She is also depicted with her children. The Italian poet Dante Alighieri , in his Divine Comedy , refers to Calliope: Here rise to life again, dead poetry! Let it, O holy Muses, for I am yours, And here Calliope, strike

408-730: The 430s. Their kingdom flourished in the early 6th century, but after their defeat in 534 they were placed under Byzantine administration . The Vandalic language is presumed to still have been spoken at the time of the Byzantine conquest. It likely disappeared before the end of the century. Very little is known about the Vandalic language other than various phrases and a small number of personal names of Vandalic origin, mainly known from documents and coins. Most Vandalic names were recorded by native speakers of Latin or Greek, who might have misinterpreted phonemes or assimilated names to those common in their mother tongue. The regional name Andalusia

432-721: The Goths , Vandals, Visigoths , and Gepids as "Gothic nations" and opines that they "are all of the Arian faith, and have one language called Gothic". The fragment reads: Inter " eils " Goticum " scapia matzia ia drincan! " non audet quisquam dignos educere versus. Calliope madido trepidat se iungere Baccho. ne pedibus non stet ebria Musa suis. Amid the Gothic "Hail! Let's get [something to] eat and drink" nobody dares to put forth decent verses. Calliope hurries to depart from wet Bacchus . An inebriated Muse may not stand on her feet. Other surviving Vandalic words are Baudus , "master" and Vandalirice , "King of

456-520: The Vandalic form geis (as in Geiseric ) 'spear' to Old English gār . The word-initial /h/ inherited from Proto-Germanic does not consistently appear in Vandalic names recorded by Greek or Latin authors (e.g., the element ari in Arifridos and Guntari , from Proto-Germanic * harja- 'army'). Sometimes the same name appears with and without ⟨h⟩ , depending on

480-446: The Vandals". The phonological features of Vandalic are similar to those of Gothic. The following vowel inventory is based on Wrede: The Proto-Germanic long vowel * /e:/ is often written in Vandalic names as ⟨e⟩ ( Gunthimer , Geilimer ), but it is also represented as ⟨i⟩ Geilamir , Vitarit . The Proto-Germanic short vowel * /e/ is often written as ⟨i⟩ in Vandalic when it

504-504: The author. However, royal names on Vandal coins use a conservative official spelling, with the ⟨h⟩ always being written. This could point to either a loss of the sound represented by ⟨h⟩ or errors introduced by authors unfamiliar with the sound. The Proto-Germanic fricatives * /þ/ and * /ð/ often turned into /t/ or /d/ , but there are also some names in which they were retained or otherwise represented distinctly: Thrasamundus , Guntha . Initial /w/

SECTION 20

#1732765276221

528-552: The lack of umlaut are names that contain the form * ari (< Proto-Germanic * harjaz 'army'): Ariarith , Arifridos , Guntari , Raginari vs. Old English here , the latter of which does show umlaut with the Proto-Germanic * a having shifted to e . Proto-Germanic * /o:/ is written ⟨u⟩ ; Blumarit (compare Proto-Germanic * blōmô ), Vilimut . This could either mean that * /o:/ turned into /u/ in Vandalic or that it

552-462: The potential Vandalic form * Vandali . The tables below show various Vandalic words, phrases and forms that survive in (or as) names and various Latin texts. The majority of these were taken from Nicoletta Francovich Onesti  [ fr ] . The few names on coins issued by the Vandalic kingdom were written in Latin script. Onomastics Onomastics (or onomatology in older texts)

576-408: Was not preceded by * /r, h, w/ . For example, Sigisteun contains - i because g precedes the vowel, but Beremut retains the *e since r precedes the vowel. It could either mean that * /e/ turned into /i/ in Vandalic or that the Vandalic short /e/ was interpreted as /i/ by non-natives. Similar to Gothic, Vandalic does not seem to have i-umlaut . One example of items that demonstrate

#220779