Misplaced Pages

#281718

48-681: In the Kapampangan language , banwa or banua means "sky" or "year". In the Hiligaynon Visayan language , banwa means "people", "nation" or "country." In the Malay language (the lingua franca of both Malaysia and Indonesia ), benua means "landmass" or "continent". The word for "land" in these languages and nearby Austronesian languages — e.g., in Tana Toraja , Tana Tidung or Tanö Niha – are tanah or tana . In

96-420: A certain order after verbs (or particles, such as negation words). The enclitic pronoun is always followed by another pronoun (or discourse marker : Pronouns also combine to form a portmanteau pronoun: Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and with the word naman : In the following chart, blank entries denote combinations which are deemed impossible. Column headings denote pronouns in

144-455: A concept encompasses a number of inter-related meanings. When speaking in English, Fijians may use the word vanua rather than an imprecise English equivalent. According to Fijian academic Asesela Ravuvu , a correct translation would be "land, people and custom". Vanua means "the land area one is identified with", but also An indigenous Fijian person is thus defined through his or her land;

192-463: A demonstrative pronoun and its existential form (for the nearest addressee) are exceptions. The plural of iyan is den/ren ; the plural of niyan is daren ; the plural of kanyan is karen , and the plural of oian is oren . The existential form of ian is ken . Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex, and take a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect and mode. The language has Austronesian alignment , and

240-651: A distant Tagalog dialect at first sight to the unfamiliar, but both languages are distantly related, as Tagalog is a Central Philippine language . Kapampangan is derived from the root word pampáng ('riverbank'). The language was historically spoken in the Kingdom of Tondo , ruled by the Lakans . A number of Kapampangan dictionaries and grammar books were written during the Spanish colonial period . Diego Bergaño  [ pam ] wrote two 18th-century books about

288-544: A significant Kapampangan-speaking minority also exists in Cagayan de Oro , Davao City and South Cotabato , specifically in General Santos and the municipalities of Polomolok and Tupi . According to the 2000 Philippine census, 2,312,870 people (out of the total population of 76,332,470) spoke Kapampangan as their native language. As of 2020, the language is ranked to be the eighth leading language spoken at home in

336-411: Is a popular centre for tourists owing to its diving and yachting facilities. The main industry on the island is sugar cane production, especially in the north. Copra is also an important crop. Tourism has also emerged as a significant industry on Vanua Levu. For administrative purposes, Vanua Levu is divided into three provinces: Bua (in the west), Macuata (in the north-east), and Cakaudrove (in

384-799: Is assigned the ISO 639-2 three-letter code pam , but not an ISO 639-1 two-letter code. Kapampangan is one of the Central Luzon languages of the Austronesian language family . Its closest relatives are the Sambalic languages of Zambales province and the Bolinao language spoken in the towns of Bolinao and Anda in Pangasinan . These languages share the same reflex /j/ of the proto-Malayo-Polynesian *R. Kapampangan mistakenly sounds like

432-459: Is called Hanuabada , meaning "big village". In Uneapa , the word vanua means "island". In Palauan , which is a non-Oceanic Austronesian language, beluu means "village" or "country", as can be seen in the native name of the country, Beluu er a Belau . In Vanuatu , vanua also means "land", "island" or "home." The name of the Vanua'aku Pati literally means "The party of My Land". Hence also

480-462: Is found on the southwestern portion of the island and consists of porphyritic basalt flows and volcanoclastics grading into greywacke . The Group includes the peak of Navotuvotu (2,763 feet or 842 meters) and the Mt. Kasi Mine. The main part of the island is roughly shaped like a tall, thin triangle 30 to 50 kilometres (19–31 miles) in width and 180 kilometres (110 miles) in length, rotated so that

528-519: Is governed by a mayor and a Town Council , whose members are elected for a three-year term and choose the Mayor from among themselves. At present, normative local body governance is in abeyance, and all cities and towns in Fiji are being run temporarily by Special Administrators appointed by the central government. Vanua Levu was settled about 3,100 years ago, with the settlers living in houses raised above

SECTION 10

#1732775348282

576-429: Is on the south of Vanua Levu, and supports a population of the vulnerable shy ground doves . The island's main population centres are the towns of Labasa, in the north, and Savusavu , located at the foot of the peninsula. Labasa, with a population of 28,500 at the 2010 census , has a large Indian community, and is a major centre of Fiji's sugar industry. Savusavu is smaller, with a population of just under 5,000, but

624-663: Is preserved in some western dialects. Proto-Philippine *tanəm is tanam ('to plant') in Kapampangan, compared with Tagalog tanim , Cebuano tanom and Ilocano tanem ('grave'). Proto-Philippine *R merged with /j/ . The Kapampangan word for 'new' is bayu ; it is bago in Tagalog, baro in Ilocano, and baru in Indonesian. Kapampangan is a VSO or Verb-Subject-Object language. However,

672-682: Is the most dangerous, the Wainikoro river, known for its shark attacks. The second is the Dreketi river, the deepest river in Fiji. A 17,600 hectares (43,000 acres) area covering much of the interior of the Natewa/Tunuloa peninsula is the Natewa/Tunuloa Peninsula Important Bird Area . The Important Bird Area covers the largest tracts of the remaining old-growth forest on the peninsula, which

720-559: Is the second largest island of Fiji . Located 64 kilometres (40 miles) to the north of the larger Viti Levu , the island has an area of 5,587.1 square kilometres (2,157.2 sq mi) and a population of 135,961 as of 2007 . Fiji lies in a tectonically complex area between the Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate . The Fiji Platform lies in a zone bordered with active extension fault lines around which most of

768-477: Is what we do'). Ini is always concrete: ining libru ('this book'), ini ing asu nang Juan ('this is Juan's dog'). In their locative forms, keni is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of; keti is used when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. Two people in the same country will refer to their country as keti , but will refer to their respective towns as keni ; both mean 'here'. The plural forms of

816-775: The Banjar language , banua means "village" or "homeland". In the Old Javanese language , wanwa or wanua means "village", "inhabited place" or "settlement". In the Buginese language , banua means "village", "country", "land" or "homeland". In the Toraja language , banua means "home". In the Old Sundanese language , banua or wano means "area" or "place". In all Minahasan languages , wanua means "village", "country", or "land". The word Kawanua means land of

864-403: The Kapampangan ethnic group resides. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeastern Bataan , as well as in the provinces of Bulacan , Nueva Ecija , and Zambales that border Pampanga. It is further spoken as a second language by a few Aeta groups in the southern part of Central Luzon. The language is known honorifically as Amánung Sísuan ('breastfed, or nurtured, language'). Kapampangan

912-459: The grammatical antecedent , is present. The pronouns ya and la have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the words ati ('there is/are') and ala ('there is/are not'). Both ati yu and ati ya are correct. The plural form ('they are') is atilu and atila . Both ala la and ala lu are correct in the plural form. The singular forms are ala ya and ala yu . Kapampangan pronouns follow

960-427: The 1930s led to a collapse in the price of copra. In the same period, Indians founded the town of Labasa , now a major sugar -producing centre. In March 2012, the country of Kiribati began negotiating to buy 5,000 acres (2,023 hectares) of the island to house its population, which is expected to need to move as their territory is inundated by rising sea levels . On December 19, 2020, Cyclone Yasa slammed into

1008-511: The Minahasan people. In Iban (used by the Dayak people ), menua or menoa means "place", "country", "land" or "homeland". In many other Dayak languages, the word has the form binua . In some Oceanic languages of Melanesia , the root *banua has sometimes become vanua , via Proto-Oceanic * panua . In Motu , the word hanua means "village". The name of a village near Port Moresby

SECTION 20

#1732775348282

1056-667: The Philippines with only 639,687 households still speaking the language. Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes : 15 consonants and five vowels ; some western dialects have six vowels. Syllabic structure is relatively simple; each syllable contains at least one consonant and a vowel. Standard Kapampangan has five vowel phonemes: There are four main diphthongs : /aɪ/ , /oɪ/ , /aʊ/ , and /iʊ/ . In most dialects (including standard Kapampangan), /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ are reduced to /ɛ/ and /o/ respectively. Monophthongs have allophones in unstressed and syllable-final positions: In

1104-473: The absolutive case, and the row headings denote the ergative case . Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns differ from other Philippine languages by having separate forms for singular and plural. The demonstrative pronouns ini and iti (and their respective forms) both mean 'this', but each has distinct uses. Iti usually refers to something abstract, but may also refer to concrete nouns: iting musika ('this music'), iti ing gagawan mi ('this

1152-539: The actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession. Oblique markers, similar to prepositions in English, mark (for example) location and direction. Noun markers are divided into two classes: names of people (personal) and everything else (common). Examples: Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. Genitive pronouns follow

1200-509: The area in 1797 in his ship Duff . Traders began exploiting sandalwood thickets in the Bua Bay area around 1805, which had been discovered by shipwrecked sailors of the schooner Argo . By 1815, however, the supply had been depleted and apart from the occasional visit from whalers and bêche-de-mer traders, the island received little further attention until 1840, when a young sailor known as Jackson deserted his crew at Somosomo , on

1248-462: The chart of Kapampangan consonants, all stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions, including the beginning of a word. Unlike other languages of the Philippines but similar to Ilocano , Kapampangan uses /h/ only in words of foreign origin. Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on the last or the next-to-last syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress, except when stress occurs at

1296-432: The concepts of personhood and land ownership are viewed as inseparable. This is also the case for other indigenous peoples of Oceania , such as Australian Aboriginals ( see: Dreaming ) and New Zealand Māori ( see: iwi ). A vanua is also a confederation of several yavusa ("clans" established through descent from a common ancestor). A vanua in this sense is associated with its ownership of an area of vanua in

1344-403: The end of a word. Stress shift can occur, shifting to the right or left to differentiate between nominal or verbal use (as in the following examples): Stress shift can also occur when one word is derived from another through affixation; again, stress can shift to the right or the left: In Kapampangan, the proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə merged to /a/ in most dialects of Kapampangan; it

1392-487: The ergative-case ning ; non-subject patients are marked with the accusative-case -ng , which is cliticized onto the preceding word. DIR:direct case morpheme S‹um›ulat   ‹ AT ›will.write yang ya =ng 3SG . DIR = ACC poesia   poem ing   DIR Vanua Levu Vanua Levu (pronounced [βaˈnua ˈleβu] , lit.   ' Big Land ' , Hindi : वानुआ लेवु ), formerly known as Sandalwood Island ,

1440-458: The island horizontally, forming much of the boundary between the Provinces of Cakaudrove and Macuata . The highest peaks are Mount Batini, also known as Nasorolevu , with an elevation of 1,111 metres (3,645 feet), and, 16 kilometres (9.9 miles) further north-east, Dikeva , also known as Mount Thurston, with an elevation of 1,030 metres (3,380 feet). Vanua Levu's main mountain ranges lie near

1488-412: The land). Elsewhere, the form of the word is generally fenua . Kapampangan language Kapampangan , Capampáñgan , or Pampangan is an Austronesian language , and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines . It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac , on the southern part of Luzon 's central plains geographic region, where

Vanua - Misplaced Pages Continue

1536-489: The land. In Tongan , fonua means land or country. Samoan In Samoan , fanua means land. Rapa Nui In the Rapanui language , henua means land or earth. In Hawaiian honua means land, earth, or foundation, and is usually used in the more literal sense. Land in the more figurative or spiritual sense is usually represented by the word ʻāina , and locally-born people are referred to as kamaʻāina (child of

1584-452: The language: Arte de la lengua Pampanga (first published in 1729) and Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga (first published in 1732). Kapampangan produced two 19th-century literary giants; Anselmo Fajardo  [ pam ; tl ] was noted for Gonzalo de Córdova and Comedia Heróica de la Conquista de Granada , and playwright Juan Crisóstomo Soto  [ pam ; tl ; nl ] wrote Alang Dios in 1901. "Crissotan"

1632-640: The last clear indication of warfare about 1860. The Dutch navigator Abel Tasman was the first known European to sight Vanua Levu, in 1643. He was followed by Captain William Bligh in 1789, en route to Timor while escaping from the Mutiny on the Bounty , in which his crew had forced him and those loyal to him off deck and cast them adrift in a launch. Captain James Wilson subsequently explored

1680-671: The name of Vanuatu itself, and the place name Vanua Lava (literally ‘big island’ in Mota language ). In the Lo-Toga language , the word venie means "village", "island" or "country". In Mwotlap , the word vōnō means "village", "district", "island" or "country". In Fijian and in Fiji English , vanua is an essential concept of indigenous Fijian culture and society. It is generally translated in English as "land", but vanua as

1728-531: The nearby island of Taveuni, was adopted by a local Chief , and explored much of eastern and northern Vanua Levu. Settlers from Australia and New Zealand established coconut plantations in the Savusavu area in the 1860s. Intermarriage with Fijian people produced a mixed-race elite, which also prospered from the sale of copra, of which Savusavu was a major centre, until the Great Depression of

1776-524: The peaks of Seseleka (1,380 feet or 420 meters), Ndelanathau (2,443 feet or 745 meters), Nararo (2,420 feet or 740 meters), Valili (2,965 feet or 904 meters), Mariko (2,890 feet or 880 meters), Mount Nasorolevu (3,386 feet or 1,032 meters), Ndikeva (3,139 feet or 957 meters), and Uluingala (2,730 feet or 830 meters). The Pliocene Undu Group in the northeastern portion of the island, consists of breccia , tuff , and flows of rhyolite and dacite overlain by pumiceous strata . The Plio- Pleistocene Mba Grouop

1824-502: The point is to the northeast. This point, the northernmost in the Fiji chain, is Udu Point . From the southeastern side of this triangle, a long peninsula stretches out into the Koro Sea . The island is rough and hilly, and is surrounded by coral reefs, including Cakaulevu Reef , a long barrier reef off the northern shore. The antimeridian passes through this island, just touching its northeastern tip. A rugged mountain range divides

1872-491: The reefs on the shores. Between 1250 and 1350, the Pacific sea level fell 30 centimetres (12 in), exposing the tops of the reefs. This killed the abundant sea food, it also dropped the ground water table below the depth of the roots of the crops. The scarcity of food caused conflict and war. In response, the people moved from seaside villages, for mountaintop fortified villages. These forts were occupied until about 1870, with

1920-813: The same time', Mikakapapagsisiluguranan , 'everyone loves each other', Makapagkapampangan , 'can speak Kapampangan', and Mengapangaibuganan , 'until to fall in love'. Long words frequently occur in normal Kapampangan. Kapampangan nouns are not inflected , but are usually preceded by case markers . There are three types of case markers: absolutive ( nominative ), ergative ( genitive ), and oblique . Unlike English and Spanish (which are nominative–accusative languages ) and Inuit and Basque (which are ergative–absolutive languages ), Kapampangan has Austronesian alignment (in common with most Philippine languages). Austronesian alignment may work with nominative (and absolutive) or ergative (and absolutive) markers and pronouns. Absolutive or nominative markers mark

1968-486: The sense of "land"; the various meanings of vanua are, here too, interrelated. The word vanua is found in the place names Vanua Levu and Vanua Balavu . Indigenous land ownership is a key issue in conservative and indigenous nationalistic Fijian politics. Several right-wing, essentially indigenous parties refer to vanua in their names: In Māori language , whenua means homeland or country. The Māori people also call themselves Tāngata whenua , or people of

Vanua - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-679: The shallow earthquakes were centred. These fault lines are the Fiji Fracture Zone (FFZ) to the north, the 176° Extension Zone (176°E EZ) to the west, and the Hunter Fracture Zone (HFZ) and Lau Ridge to the east. Mio - Pliocene sandstones and marl grade into epiclastics and andesitic volcanics of the Suva Group . The Group forms the Korotini Tableland in the middle of the island, it includes

2064-571: The south-east). These three provinces also comprise the Northern Division of Fiji. Together with the remote Lau Islands , Vanua Levu and its outliers form the Tovata Confederacy , one of three traditional alliances of Fiji's chiefs. The Paramount Chief, who is based on the nearby island of Taveuni , holds the title of Tui Cakau . Only two population centres - Labasa and Savusavu - have been incorporated as Towns . Each

2112-401: The verbs change according to triggers in the sentence (better known as voices). Kapampangan has five voices: agent, patient, goal, locative, and cirumstantial. The circumstantial voice prefix is used for instrument and benefactee subjects. The direct case morphemes in Kapampangan are ing (which marks singular subjects) and reng , for plural subjects. Non-subject agents are marked with

2160-634: The windward, southern coasts, making them much wetter. Northern Vanua Levu, by contrast, has a dry climate eight months of the year, enabling sugar cane , the island's major crop , to thrive there. Vanua Levu has a number of rivers, including the Labasa , the Wailevu , and the Qawa . These three form a delta on which the town of Labasa stands. None of the island's rivers are navigable by large vessels. There are also many well known rivers on Vanua levu. The first

2208-811: The word order can be very flexible and change to VOS ( Verb-Object-Subject ) and SVO ( Subject-Verb-Object ). Just like other Austronesian languages, Kapampangan is also an agglutinative language where new words are formed by adding affixes onto a root word (affixation) and the repetition of words, or portions of words (reduplication), (for example: anak ('child') to ának-ának ('children')). Root words are frequently derived from other words by means of prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes. (For example: kan ('food') to kanan ('to eat') to ' kakanan ('eating') to kakananan ('being eaten')). Kapampangan can form long words through extensive use of affixes, for example: Mikakapapagbabalabalangingiananangananan , 'a group of people having their noses bleed at

2256-401: The word they modify. Oblique pronouns can replace the genitive pronoun, but precede the word they modify. The dual pronoun ikata and the inclusive pronoun ikatamu refer to the first and second person. The exclusive pronoun ikamí refers to the first and third persons. Kapampangan differs from many Philippine languages in requiring the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or

2304-705: Was written by Amado Yuzon , Soto's 1950s contemporary and Nobel Prize nominee for peace and literature, to immortalize his contribution to Kapampangan literature. Kapampangan is predominantly spoken in the province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac ( Bamban , Capas , Concepcion , San Jose , Gerona , La Paz , Victoria and Tarlac City ). It is also spoken in border communities of the provinces of Bataan ( Dinalupihan , Hermosa and Orani ), Bulacan ( Baliuag , San Miguel , San Ildefonso , Hagonoy , Plaridel , Pulilan and Calumpit ), Nueva Ecija ( Cabiao , San Antonio , San Isidro , Gapan and Cabanatuan ) and Zambales ( Olongapo City and Subic ). In Mindanao,

#281718