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39-813: Varne is a British Marque of sailing yacht built in Essex by Varne Marine in the 1970s and 1980s. It is named after the Varne Bank in the Straits of Dover . The most notable model produced was the Varne 27, designed by Duncan Stuart, and its successors the Varne 850 (a metricised rebranding). In approximately 1980, Weston Yachts purchased the moulds from Varne Marine and produced the Weston 8500; available in Fin, lifting Centreboard or Bilge Keel configurations. The Varne 27

78-461: A canting keel shifts angle from side to side to promote sailing with less heeling angle (sideways tilt), while other underwater foils mitigate leeway (sideways motion). World Sailing recognizes eleven classes of racing yacht: [REDACTED] Media related to Sailing yachts at Wikimedia Commons John MacGregor (sportsman) John MacGregor (24 January 1825 Gravesend – 16 July 1892 Boscombe , Bournemouth), nicknamed Rob Roy after

117-516: A desalination water maker , driven by the engine. Typically water from kitchen and bathroom sinks and showers drains overboard. Toilets typically use salt water and drain into holding tanks, unless they are in use beyond prescribed distances from shore. Refrigeration may be from ice acquired ashore, or by mechanical refrigeration driven directly from the engine or the yacht's electrical system. Yachts have electrical lighting for inside and outside use and also for night-time running. Modern yachts employ

156-594: A dragoman , Hany, and two retainers who maintained the various base camps on the journey. He visited the Nile Delta , the rivers of Damascus , as well as parts of the River Jordan and Kishon River . Whilst exploring the water courses above Lake Hula he was taken prisoner by villagers from Al-Salihiyya who lifted both him and the Rob Roy canoe out of the river whilst he kept them at bay with his paddle. He

195-671: A renowned relative , was an English explorer, travel writer and philanthropist. He is generally credited with the development of the first sailing canoes and with popularising canoeing as a sport in Europe and the United States. He founded the British Royal Canoe Club (RCC) in 1866 becoming its first Captain and also founded American Canoe Association in 1880. MacGregor worked as a barrister in London, and

234-756: A category, apart. Design considerations for a cruising yacht include seaworthiness, performance, sea kindliness, and cost of construction, as follows: The displacement of a monohull cruising sailboat affects the above factors, as follows: Multihulls offer tradeoffs as cruising sailboats, compared with monohulls . They may be catamarans or trimarans. They rely on form stability—having separate hulls far apart—for their resistance to capsize. Their advantages include greater: stability, speed, (for catamarans) living space, and shallower draft. Their drawbacks include: greater expenses, greater windage , more difficult tacking under sail, less load capacity, and more maneuvering room required because of their broad beam. They come with

273-651: A contest between the yacht, America , and its English competitors. Both countries had rules by which to rate yachts, the English by tonnage and the American by length. English and American design philosophies for sailing yachts diverged in the early 1800s: the English favoring a narrow beam (width) and a deep-draft keel and the Americans favoring a broad beam and a shallow draft with a moveable centerboard to provide lateral resistance and righting moment. In 1851, when

312-592: A deep-veed hull with long overhangs, and she is built to withstand a storm at sea with little consequence" A Varne Folkboat was also produced and the company also built the MK4 Hurley Silhouette. Varne Marine was formed by "energetic entrepreneur" Walter Standing, incorporated 1973 and liquidated in 1986. The Varne Owners Association , a club for owners of Varne-based yachts was formed in 2005. Sailing yacht Sailing yachts are actively used in sport and are among categories recognized by

351-456: A dining area, which may have a folding, built-in table. The salon is typically contiguous to the galley . A cruising yacht is likely to have a head (bathroom) with a marine toilet that discharges waste into a holding tank. Larger yachts may have additional staterooms and heads. There is typically a navigation station that allows the laying out of charts away from other activities within the vessel. The electrical panel and auxiliary instrumentation

390-399: A racing yachts would include several weights of jib and spinnaker, plus a specialized storm jib and trysail (in place of the mainsail ). Performance yachts are likely to have full-battened kevlar or carbon-fiber mainsails. Underwater foils can become more specialized, starting with a higher-aspect ratio fin keel with hydrodynamically efficient bulbs for ballast. On some racing yachts,

429-547: A suite of electronics for communication, measurement of surroundings, and navigation. Hull design can affect the aesthetics of a sailing yacht. The shape of the bow and stern are significant factors, as is a yacht's sheer line (the curvature of its deck). Bow shapes include the bow (convex curve), destroyer or vertical (near vertical), and knuckle or raked (angled straight to the water line). Stern shapes include raked aft or counter (slight outward angle), straight (up and down), reverse angle (sloping downward from

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468-586: A talent for mathematics. He was known by his peers for his strong Christian faith and although he had aspired to be a missionary and also considered civil engineering, his scientific interests led him to London to study for the Bar, specialising in patent law. During his time in the capital, he became heavily involved with philanthropy and was instrumental in launching the Ragged School movement's Shoeblack brigade. He also became involved with open air missions and

507-409: A variety of sleeping accommodations and (for catamarans) bridge-deck configurations. Traditionally, all sailing yachts were made of wood, using a wooden keel and ribs, clad with planks. These materials were supplanted with metal in specialty racing yachts. In the 1960s fiberglass became a prevalent material. These materials and other composites continue in use. Gaff rigs have been uncommon in

546-452: Is also a function of target propeller speed at cruise. A 31-foot (9.4 m) sailboat might have a 13-horsepower (9.7 kW) engine, whereas a 55-foot (17 m) sailboat might have a 110-horsepower (82 kW) engine. Electrical power comes from a bank of batteries that are recharged by the motor, driving an alternator. The plumbing system for house water draws from one or more tanks, which are either filled in port or replenished with

585-422: Is often near this location. Cruising yachts have an auxiliary propulsion power unit to supplement the use of sails. Such power is inboard on the vessel and diesel, except for the smallest cruising boats, which may have an outboard gasoline motor . Target shaft horsepower for the engine per unit of displacement is related to hull speed per square root of waterline length all to the third power. Choice of engines

624-624: The Cruising Club of America and the Royal Ocean Racing Club in order to handicap yachts of different designs that were expected to compete against one another. Successful designers of this era were Olin Stephens , Philip Rhodes , Aage Nielson, and C. Raymond Hunt. The International Offshore Racing (IOR) rule supplanted the previous rules in 1970 to provide a fairer basis for handicapping racing yachts. This rule promoted

663-535: The Northern American kayaks , but built in Lambeth of lapstrake oak planking, decked in cedar covered with rubberised canvas with an open cockpit in the center. It measured 15 feet long, 28 inches wide, nine inches deep and weighed 80 pounds (36 kg) and was designed to be used with a double-bladed paddle. He named the boat Rob Roy after the celebrated Scottish outlaw of the same name, to whom he

702-425: The English crown, Charles commissioned a series of royal yachts, which included at least one experimental catamaran . The first recorded yacht race between two vessels occurred in 1661, followed by the first open sailing competition in 1663 in English waters. Starting in 1739, England found itself in a series of wars—a period that saw a decline in yachting. In Ireland, however, the gentry enjoyed yachting and founded

741-465: The beginning of the 1600s with the building of a pleasure vessel for the son of King James I of England . Pleasure vessels acquired the name yacht after the time of Charles II , who spent time exiled in Europe and visited the Netherlands, where a variety of jachten were already well developed as pleasure boats for the elite classes since the beginning of the 17th century. Upon his restoration to

780-468: The comfort and amenities necessary for overnight voyages. Qualities considered in cruising yachts include: performance, comfort under way, ease of handling, stability, living comfort, durability, ease of maintenance, and affordability of ownership. Cruising sailboats share the common attribute of providing overnight accommodations. They may be classified as small (easy to haul behind a trailer), near-shore and off-shore . Multihull sailing yachts are

819-410: The construction of cruising boats, since the mid 20th century. More common rigs are Bermuda , fractional , cutter , and ketch . Occasionally employed rigs since then have been the yawl , schooner, wishbone , catboat . A survey of cruising sailors identified preferences for sloops, cutters, and ketches in equal measure. Most cruising yachts have masts of aluminum, which may be stepped (mounted) on

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858-481: The deck). As to sheer, traditional yachts have the deck follow a curve below an imaginary straight line from stem (top of bow) to stern. Racing yachts emphasize performance over comfort. High-performance rigs provide aerodynamic efficiency and hydrodynamically efficient hulls minimize drag through the water and sideways drift. Racing yachts have a wide selection of weights and shapes of sail to accommodate different wind strengths and points of sail. A suite of sails on

897-605: The first yacht club in Cork as the Cork Harbor Water Club in 1720, followed by the Lough Ree Yacht Club in 1770. English yacht racing continued among the English gentry who founded England's oldest yacht club in 1775 to support a fleet at Cumberland . With maritime peace, starting in 1815, came a resurgence of interest in yachting. Boatbuilders, who had been making fast vessels both for smugglers and

936-727: The governing body of sailing sports, World Sailing . The term yacht originates from the Dutch word jacht (pl. jachten , which means "hunt"), and originally referred to light, fast sailing vessels that the Dutch Republic navy used to pursue pirates and other transgressors around and into the shallow waters of the Low Countries . The history of pleasure boats begins with rowed craft in Pharaonic Egyptian times. The history of sailing yachts begins in Europe in

975-425: The government revenue cutters , turned their skills again to yachts. The fast yachts of the early 19th century were typically luggers , schooners , or sloops with fore-and-aft rigs . By the 1850s, yachts featured large sail areas, a narrow beam, and a deeper draft than was customary until then. Racing between yachts owned by wealthy patrons was common, with large wagers at stake. The America's Cup arose out of

1014-432: The handicapping rules-based designs of the 19th century towards more sea-kindly hull designs. In the 1930s yacht hulls were designed with a "fisherman" underbody, whereby the slope of the bow continued to the fullest extent of the draft and then carried horizontally aft. Noted yacht designers, such as John Alden and Starling Burgess employed this configuration. Starting in the 1920s several new rating rules were devised by

1053-413: The jib and the anchor. In temperate climates, the cockpit may have a canvas windshield with see-through panels, called a "dodger". Steering may be either by tiller or wheel. Depending on size, a cruising yacht is likely to have at least two cabins, a main salon and a forward stateroom. In smaller yachts, the salon is likely to have convertible berths for its crew or passengers. Typically the salon includes

1092-410: The mast and sail. Some booms allow for roller furling of mainsails. Sailboats employ standing rigging to support the rig, running rigging to raise and adjust sails, cleats to secure lines, winches to work the sheets, and more than one anchor to secure the boat in harbor. A cruising yacht's deck usually has safety line to protect the crew from falling overboard and a bow pulpit to facilitate handling

1131-422: The near-shore waters of England and Scotland in a 20-foot (6.1 m) cutter (R.T. McMullen). In the late 1800s some cruising adventurers converted fishing vessels and pilot boats into cruising boats. The most notable of these was Joshua Slocum's Spray , a converted work boat in which he accomplished the first single-handed circumnavigation (1895-98). In the 20th century, cruising yacht design evolved past

1170-420: The top of the keel inside the boat or on the top of the cabin, outside. A keel-stepped mast is better able to withstand a failure of its supporting standing rigging , but requires a penetration of the cabin roof and the need for waterproofing. Masts have a variety of possible tracks for the mainsail to be attached and raised. Some allow for in-mast furling of the mainsail at the expense of aerodynamic efficiency of

1209-402: The turn of the 20th century, racing yachts featured long overhangs, fore and aft, and a narrow, deep keel by historic standards. Along the way, yacht designers discovered that handicapping rules based on tonnage or length were not good indicators of performance, although they remained a basis for taxation in the two home countries. The prevalent purpose of yachting under sail in the 19th century

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1248-543: The use of fin keels and blade rudders. This rule was augmented with the International Measurement System (IMS) to assure safe designs for extreme conditions, following the disastrous 1979 Fastnet Race in which only 86 of the 303 participants finished owing to failed equipment and loss of 19 lives and five boats. Cruising yachts may be designed for near-shore use or for passage-making. They may also be raced, but they are designed and built with

1287-461: The yacht America crossed to England, the two design philosophies were converging back towards each other. America's pointed, convex bow and maximum beam, placed aft, influenced British designs, thanks to her racing successes against the British competition. American yachtsmen, in turn, found that their shallow "skimming-dish" designs were not faster or safer than the visiting English yachts. By

1326-409: Was also able to follow his passion for travel. In 1849 he spent nine months exploring southern Europe, Palestine and Egypt . He was introduced to canoeing during a trip to the United States and Canada in 1858. MacGregor was a champion marksman but turned to boating when a railway accident left him unable to hold a rifle steady. The boat he designed was a 'double-ended' kind of canoe inspired by

1365-735: Was an accomplished artist who drew all the illustrations in his travel books. MacGregor was born in Gravesend to Major Duncan MacGregor, a Scottish soldier, and Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir William Dick, Baronet of Prestonfield . When he was four weeks old, he was amongst the survivors of the sinking of the Kent . His schooling followed his father's postings, and he attended The King's School in Canterbury and Trinity College in Dublin . He graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge , having shown

1404-472: Was described as "the best second hand boat you've never heard of" by Practical Boat Owner Magazine in the year 2000. In May 2008, Sailing Today magazine described the Varne 27 as "an old school classic in the mould of the Nicholsons, Contessas and Rustlers of her day. She is fast and formidable in a good blow while remaining impeccably mannered. Her motion at sea is supremely smooth, as you'd expect from

1443-456: Was racing. Boats would cross the Atlantic to engage the yachts of other owners in contests of speed. Cruising was the provenance of the most wealthy in large, luxurious yachts that had reliable auxiliary power or were solely steam-powered yachts. Early explorers in smaller sailing craft wrote of their experiences cruising the lakes and canals of Europe in a sailing canoe ( John MacGregor ) and

1482-599: Was related. During the 1860s, he had at least seven similar boats built and he sailed and paddled them in Europe, the Baltic and the Middle East. One of those canoes is now based at the National Maritime Museum Cornwall . The version he used for his expedition to Egypt, Syria and Palestine in 1868/69 was slightly smaller but was designed so that he could sleep in it. He was accompanied by

1521-482: Was responsible for the first scientific survey of the area. In 1866, he published A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe , which popularised the design and, more importantly, the concept: "in walking you are bounded by every sea and river, and in a common sailing-boat you are bounded by every shallow and shore; whereas, ...a canoe [can] be paddled or sailed, or hauled, or carried over land or water" . The book

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