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92-485: Archaeological surveys indicate that the territory of Vaslui was inhabited since the Neolithic . From the 14th century onwards, it developed as the provincial town of Vaslui, with a population that fluctuated considerably in the following centuries. The name of Vaslui appears first in a Polish document from 1375, referring to Koriat 's son Yuri Koriatovich . The name Vaslui was also mentioned in 1435, in connection with

184-563: A camarilla ; Alecu Moruzi also remained close to this circle. Alexandru Ioan Cuza's line existed for one more generation after his death in exile, ending in March 1890, when his surviving son, the pretender Alexandru "Sașa" Cuza , died in Madrid . He had been married to Alecu Moruzi's daughter Maria—a matter which stirred much controversy, particularly after she took ownership of Cuza estates. The Domnitor ' s uncle Gheorghe (the second)

276-692: A Freemason, he argues that, given "his very short stay in Moldavia" and his "quite unfriendly" rapport with the locals, he could not have instigated a movement. Historian Cătălina Opaschi reports that documents showing Cuza's Masonic pledges were uncovered in 1883 in Italy , suggesting that the movement was of peninsular origin . A lodge called Marte , obedient to the Russian branch of Freemasonry , existed at Iași from April 1772. According to Gorovei, Cuza's scheme involved deposing Mourouzis and placing Bogdan on

368-415: A Sports High School. The main industries are textiles (clothing and knitted wear) and food (baked goods, vegetable oil, meat, dairy). There are also a number of shopping centers and supermarkets. The Vaslui railway station  [ ro ] is located in the south of the city. Originally designed by Anghel Saligny , it opened in 1886. The station was renovated in 2013. In the city, public transport

460-541: A close relationship with the Costin boyars, and in particular with Hetman Ioniță Costin , orphaned son of the writer and politician Miron Costin . Cuza's own three sons, Miron, Toader and Velicico, were involved in cementing such links. Miron Cuza ( fl. 1680–1742) may have been named after Ioniță's father. Holding office as Logothete , he married Ilinca, daughter of Ioniță Costin, granddaughter of his namesake and niece of Nicolae Costin . The Costins had been one of

552-692: A conflict with Sturdza: supporting the constitutionalist Ionică Tăutu , he was detained for a while at Pângărați . The Cuza properties suffered damages in 1821, when the Ottoman army followed the Sacred Band on Moldavian territory. They were later passed on to Gheorghe's son-in-law, Vornic Costachi Vârnav (distantly related to the politician Scarlat Vârnav ). Arghirie (1758–1826) and his wife Ileana Kostaki were based in Hotin County , from 1812 annexed to Russia, alongside other parts of Moldavia, as

644-527: A daughter of Pitar Toader Râșcanu, Tudosica or Todosica (died 1775), with whom he had five sons and two daughters, whose birth dates he recorded in one of the few surviving private register of births. This matrimonial arrangement made him brothers-in-law with Constantin, Ioan and Alexandru Râșcanu. Of Ioniță and Tudosica's children, four sons are known to have survived into maturity: Nicolae (or Neculai), Arghirie, Gheorghe and Constantin. All were educated at home, by tutors from Golia Monastery . By 1767, Cuza

736-404: A difficult task. A common way to handle this is through a visit to the area, to check with local museums, historians and older people who might remember something about the former activities in a particular locale. It is usually a simple matter to gain permission to perform a cultural field survey, especially a non-intrusive one. If the area is privately owned, the local laws may or may not require

828-910: A mobile GIS for referencing, for sampling purposes, and for groundtruth updating directly in the field, resulting a more informed archaeological survey process. Fieldwalking involves picking up scattered artifacts in ploughed fields. In heavily wooded areas such as Scandinavia or the North American Northeast, or deeply alluviated areas as in the Netherlands, fieldwalking is not always a practical method. Humus and fallen leaves in forested areas, silt on alluvial fans, or turf in built-up neighbourhoods may render near-surface artifacts and sites invisible even at short distances. In such instances, archaeological surveyors may concentrate on above-ground structures such as burial cairns, collapsed field walls and rock art panels, look for unnatural changes in

920-545: A more comprehensive picture of the location of sites and the nature of off-site data (e.g. field systems , isolated finds, etc.). An intensive survey is the more costly, timely, and ultimately informative of the two approaches, although extensive surveys can provide important information about previously unknown areas. Archaeological field surveys can also be characterized as either purposive or sampling surveys. The former, sometimes also called " archaeological prospection ", involves cases where archaeologists are searching for

1012-400: A particular site or a particular kind of archaeological material. For example, they might be searching for a particular shipwreck or an historic fort whose exact location is no longer certain. However, they may also be searching for archaeological materials in particular locations to test hypotheses about past use of those spaces. Sampling surveys , on the other hand, have the goal of obtaining

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1104-494: A practical way to decide whether or not to carry out an excavation (as a way of recording the basic details of a possible site), but may also be ends in themselves, as they produce important information about past human activities in a regional context. A common role of a field survey is in assessment of the potential archaeological significance of places where development is proposed. This is usually connected to construction work and road building. The assessment determines whether

1196-443: A representative sample of some population of sites or artifacts in order to make generalizations about that population. This involves some probability sampling of spatial units, such as random or stratified random sampling of geometrical (often square) or irregular spatial units. Conventionally, fieldwalking in grids or along lines called transects has formed the backbone of archaeological survey fieldwork, at least where visibility

1288-664: A seal which showed a sabred figure—presumed by Iftimi to have represented ancestor Ioniță. He married a Phanariote lady, Sultana Cozadini (1785–1865), impoverished member of the Gozzadini and Scanavis families, with roots leading back into the Duchy of the Archipelago . Ioan and Sultana were parents to the most distinguished Cuza of the 19th century, Alexandru Ioan . A Colonel in the Moldavian military forces and participant in

1380-417: A successful mission completion. The most important parts of the survey are analysis and evaluation. The types of questions that archaeologist often ask of survey data include: what is the evidence for first occupation of an area; when was this area occupied; how are sites distributed; where are sites located; what evidence is there for a settlement hierarchy; what sites are contemporary with each other; how has

1472-430: A systematic way (e.g. in parallel transects ) over parcels of the landscape in question, documenting archaeological data such as lithics , ceramics and/or building remains. However, variations in artifact visibility related to topography, vegetation, and soil character, not to mention the imperfect detection abilities of human observers, bring into question the very concept of complete coverage. An extensive survey , on

1564-474: A third, Grigore (1800–1869), died childless. Ioan and Grigore both held offices as Ispravnici under the Regulamentul Organic regime, but were liberals, deeply involved in the Moldavian revolution of 1848 . From 1851, Grigore served as Moldavia's Minister of Education, in which capacity he pushed for both institutional modernization and Romanian nationalism. During this epoch, Ioan Cuza used

1656-574: A wall in a dungeon at Iași's princely court, facing the Bahlui River . The two boyars finally were decapitated on August 18, 1778. Contemporary records suggest that they were killed at night in the Bahlui dungeon; their executioner was a Captain Pavăl from Cosăuți , who then left the severed heads exposed for public viewing, "on a rug by the gate of the court". Dărmănescu received more clemency from

1748-415: A wide range of conditions. While common metal detectors are geophysical sensors, they are not capable of generating high-resolution imagery. Other established and emerging technologies are also finding use in archaeological applications. Although geophysical surveying has been used in the past with intermittent success, good results are very likely when it is applied appropriately. It is most useful when it

1840-476: Is a build-up of several meters of soil above the layers the archaeologist is interested in, the price will obviously be much higher than if artifacts are found only centimeters below ground. One way to classify archaeological field surveys is to divide them into two types: intensive and extensive . The former is characterised by the complete or near-complete coverage of the survey area at a high resolution, most often by having teams of survey archaeologists walk in

1932-410: Is a building underneath a field. In such a case, the only way to decide if an excavation is worth the cost is to carefully analyze the evidence to determine which part to trust. On the one hand, the geophysics might just show an old and forgotten water-pipe, but it might also show the wall of just the building the archaeologists were looking for. The analysis therefore includes careful examination of all

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2024-976: Is also known that Dumitrașco married Safta, daughter of Toader Jora and sister-in-law of the Great Vornic Ioan Sturza (of the Greek Sturdzas ). One period writ describes him as the son of Safta Jora. This dynastic arrangement also made Cuza a relative of the powerful Doukas and brought him a large dowry, including 15 estates in Moldavia-proper and Bessarabia. He had a steady climb at the court, being first mentioned in June 1677 as Comis for Prince Antonie Ruset , granted ownership of Vlăicenii village in recognition for his service. He became Spatharios in 1679, under George Ducas , returning as Great Stolnic and Great Spatharios under Constantine Ducas . Dumitrașco also cultivated

2116-508: Is becoming an increasingly useful and cost-effective tool in archaeology. Geophysical instruments can detect buried archaeological features when their electrical or magnetic properties contrast measurably with their surroundings. In some cases, individual artifacts, especially metal, may be detected as well. Readings taken in a systematic pattern become a dataset that can be rendered as image maps for interpretation. Survey results can be used to guide excavation and to give archaeologists insight into

2208-485: Is conducted for a variety of reasons, some of which are motivated by threats to the preservation of archaeological material. These threats may include proposed land development or risks associated with processes such as decay or erosion. Surveys can also be conducted in the absence of threat as part of a research program or conservation efforts. Prior to engaging in fieldwork, desk-based assessments will likely take place, during which, written, visual, and electronic information

2300-480: Is entirely local and can be traced back to January 1588, with the first mention of a "Cozea" from Roșiori . This figure, identified by Gorovei as the Cuza patriarch, made lucrative land deals in other parts of Neamț County , leaving a fortune to his sons. One of these may be Toader Cuza, who is shown to be engaged in commercial exchanges with the boyar Toader Jora. Another genealogist, Gheorghe G. Bezviconi, proposes that

2392-521: Is fairly good. A single researcher or team will walk slowly through the target area looking for artifacts or other archaeological indicators on the surface, often recording aspects of the environment at the time. The method works best on either ploughed ground or surfaces with little vegetation. On ploughed surfaces, as the soil is turned regularly artifacts will move to the top. Erosion and soil loss on uncultivated and lightly vegetated soil (e.g., in semi-arid environments) may cause artifacts to also 'rise' to

2484-451: Is gathered for the purpose of evaluating and developing a plan for future fieldwork. Consideration should be given to the nature of the landscape (vegetation coverage, existing settlement or industry, soil depth, climate) before a range of techniques is selected to be applied within an appropriate overarching method. An area may be considered worthy of surveying based on the following: Map regression, comparing maps from different periods of

2576-423: Is often the case if it is a rescue survey, but less common in a regular survey. Another form of intrusive research is bore holes. Small holes are drilled into the ground, most often with hand-powered bores. The contents are examined to determine the depths at which one might find cultural layers, and where one might expect to strike virgin soil. This can be valuable in determining the cost of an excavation - if there

2668-509: Is presumed by historian Sorin Iftimi to be a late-19th-century invention. The first Cuza to reach high office may have been a Vistier Coza, serving in the 1630s. According to Stoicescu, he was father of the better-known Dumitrașco Cuza (or Cuzea). Contrarily, Gorovei argues that there is "no certain connection" between the Vistier and Dumitrașco, who was the known heir of Toader Cuza. It

2760-449: Is prohibitively high. The various Scandinavian sites and monuments registers mainly list above-ground monuments, not ploughed-out sites with scattered pottery. Because of the high costs involved in some kinds of surveys, it is often helpful to use " predictive modelling " to narrow down the search for archaeological materials. This is particularly important for purposive surveys, but can also be used to guide sampling surveys by eliminating

2852-568: Is provided by buses and taxis. In July 1994, a trolleybus line opened. It closed in July 2009, reopening in August 2016. The DN24  [ ro ] national road passes through the city in a north-south direction ( Iași - Bârlad ). The DN2F  [ ro ] road heads west to Bacău , and the DN15D  [ ro ] road goes north-west to Piatra Neamț . European route E581 lies to

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2944-498: Is the theoretical width of a transect in which the number of artifacts detected outside the sweep is identical to the number missed within the sweep. The poorer the visibility, the poorer the contrast between the artifact "targets" and their surroundings, or the poorer the surveyor's skill or attention, the narrower the sweep width will be. Modern technology such as GPS has made survey recording much easier, as positions of artifacts or artifact clusters ("sites") can be taken well within

3036-467: Is used in a well-integrated research design where interpretations can be tested and refined. Interpretation requires a knowledge both of the archaeological record , and of the way it is expressed geophysically. Appropriate instrumentation, field survey design, and data processing are essential for success, and must be adapted to the unique geology and archaeological record of each site. In the field, control of data quality and spatial accuracy are critical to

3128-669: The Bessarabia Governorate . The couple's two daughters married, respectively, into the Rosetti and Miclescu families. Constantin, who remained in Vaslui, became through his marriage the uncle of poet Vasile Alecsandri . Gheorghe, Arghirie and Constantin's male lines were extinguished before 1850, but the one starting with Nicolae Cuza (1755–1806) survived into the 20th century. With his Greek wife Nastasia Ziloti, Nicolae had sons Gheorghe (1780–1835) and Ioan (1785–1848);

3220-531: The Ottoman Empire in the Vaslui area. Once the Moldavian capital was moved from Suceava to Iași and the southern town of Bârlad became an administrative center of southern Moldavia, Vaslui declined for the next three centuries to eventually become a local borough ( târg ). There once was a fairly large Jewish community in the city of Vaslui. Its arrival from Galicia during the second half of

3312-593: The Stephen the Great Monument was relocated from Chișinău to Vaslui. On 22 August 1944, Vaslui was captured by Soviet troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front in the course of the Jassy–Kishinev Offensive . The population of Vaslui grew steadily again after 1968, when the town was proclaimed as the administrative center of Vaslui County, with immigration from the neighbouring countryside, attracted by

3404-647: The 1848 revolt, he became friends and fellow inmates with Alecu Moruzi , who was a grandson of Prince Constantine. Cuza sided with the National Party in the ad-hoc Divan . That assembly elected him Moldavian Prince , then Domnitor of the United Principalities (nucleus of modern Romania), in 1859. In its validation of the election, the Divan informed Cuza that the country had a "debt of honor to your family", and that it wished to "compensate

3496-590: The 19th century gave a new impetus to local economic development. In 1899, Jews formed 37% of the population, and Vaslui was home to the Vasloi Hasidic dynasty. However, waves of pogroms , associated with the Holocaust ( see Romania during World War II and Holocaust in Romania ) as well as emigration to Israel during Romania's communist period decimated this population. During World War II ,

3588-549: The Bogdan and Cuza children their confiscated assets". Gheorghe Cuza (1762–1831), who inherited Bârzești, also held the office of Spatharios in 1813; married to Ralu Alcaz, he had a daughter, Ecaterina Cuza-Vârnav (died 1872). A second-generation liberal, he continued his father's feud with the Mourouzis family , as well as the penchant for conspiratorial "anti-Greek" politics. In 1803, having made public his intention of taking

3680-598: The Joras and the Cuzas had a common ancestor, the Vornic Băisan. The family may have branched out into Bessarabia at an early stage, with records showing them as founders and owners of the village Cozești . Unusually among Moldavian boyars, the Cuzas seem not to have adopted a coat of arms of their own. A tierced per fess shield is attributed to them by heraldists such as Mateiu Caragiale and Emanoil Hagi-Moscu , but

3772-478: The Moldavian throne for himself, he signed a protest against the incumbent, Alexander Mourouzis , who had him arrested. During the same interval, Russia reassigned his Bessarabian villages to the Balș family . Gheorghe and his brothers were instrumental in the process which led to the removal of Phanariote Princes, endorsing the nationalist memorandum of Ioniță Sandu Sturdza , who then became Prince. Gheorghe then had

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3864-709: The Prince, taking over as Stolnic . He was simultaneously Stolnic and Vistier to 1763, also serving as the Ispravnic of Vaslui from 1761 to 1767. As the head of his house, Ioniță was ktitor of the Moldavian Orthodox church in Negrești . Recognized for his philanthropy, in 1762 he received from the widow Safta Racleș the neighboring village of Bârzești . Around that time, he engaged in litigation over land with Vasile Crudul of Orhei , reportedly forcing

3956-552: The Prince: originally sentenced to have his right arm amputated, he was eventually dispatched to a monastery in Târgu Ocna . Released before 1783, he dedicated himself to translating Masonic literature. Other participants were also given less violent punishments, following requests from the clergy: some, such as the boyars' physician Dracache Depasta, were exiled and had their estates confiscated. Carra, who continued to defy Ghica,

4048-477: The accession of Prince Iliaș to the Moldavian throne. The town was burned to the ground in 1439 and 1440 when Tatars invaded Moldavia. The peak of Vaslui's importance was in the 15th century, when it was a second-rank capital of Moldavia, during the reign of Stephen the Great (r. 1457–1504) and its population approached that of the neighbouring Iași . In 1475, Prince Stephen won his greatest battle against

4140-602: The antisemitic movement from 1935. Both father and son were directly involved in persecuting the Romanian Jews , in particular during and after the 1941 Iași pogrom . By then, the 1778 conspiracy had been revisited by Barnoschi, with a novel which appeared in early 1937. Of the landmarks still associated with Ioniță, the manor in Bârzești was purchased in 1892 by the Ioanid family. It was nationalized , then demolished, under

4232-408: The area of development impact is likely to contain significant archaeological resources and makes recommendations as to whether the archaeological remains can be avoided or an excavation is necessary before development work can commence. Archaeologists use a variety of tools when carrying out surveys, including GIS , GPS , remote sensing , geophysical survey and aerial photography . Survey work

4324-520: The blood your ancestors have shed for the noble liberties". In late 1861, Mihail Kogălniceanu reminded deputies of this pledge, as part of a speech against Alecu Moruzi, who was at the time Moldavia's Prime Minister, and who, Kogălniceanu alleged, was not a Moldavian national. The allusion was picked up by Românulŭ newspaper, who noted that Kogălniceanu was directly referring to Ioniță's killing. A dispute erupted between Kogălniceanu and Grigore Cuza, who defended Moruzi's nationality rights—this paradox

4416-1066: The center of the town a church of their Old Believers Christian branch. According to data provided by Romanian officials in 2017, the population of Vaslui was 100,170. The substantial increase compared to the 2011 census figures is due to the fact that tens of thousands of dual citizens from neighboring Moldova come to Vaslui for their identity documents, where a Vaslui address is listed. Vaslui has several neighborhoods: 13 Decembrie, Ana Ipătescu, Castanilor, Copou, Delea, Alecu Donici, Gheorghe Racoviță, Green Park, Gura Bustei and Traian. The city has ten schools, classes I – VIII, named after Ioan Cuza , Dimitrie Cantemir , Constantin Parfene , Elena Cuza , Ștefan cel Mare , Mihai Eminescu , Constantin Motaș , Alexandra Nechita , Vasile Alecsandri , Mihail Sadoveanu . The city also has six high schools, named after Mihail Kogălniceanu , Emil Racoviță , Anghel Rugină , Ștefan Procopiu and Ion Mincu , as well as

4508-547: The conspirators were tied to Jean-Louis Carra . A French adventurer in Moldavia, and a mordant critic of Prince Grigore, Carra revealed himself as belonging to the French Masonic chapters in 1790, but, Pascu argues, "had been won over by the Freemasonry from the very beginning of his 'career'." This claim is rendered with precaution by another scholar, Neagu Djuvara . Though he notes that Carra may have well been

4600-463: The country. Racoviță ordered Cuza Sr's hanging on the scrânciob ("cradle") prepared outside the princely court, in what was seen by chronicler Ion Neculce as a blind retaliation for his sons' doings. His body was dropped in a mass grave by the side of Cetățuia Monastery . The three younger Cuzas escaped vengeance, but were kept out of political affairs; Toader's sons declined socially, losing their boyar status. The son of Miron and Ilinca, Ioniță

4692-545: The early stages of a Russian occupation . These events created major problems for the family, which saw its Bessarabian estates, including Cozești, confiscated by Russia. The period saw Cuza working with other boyars to limit Phanariote abuses by resorting to Russian and Ottoman arbitration under the terms of Küçük Kaynarca . In August 1774, the boyars, gathered at Focșani , nominated Cuza and Enachi Chirica as their envoys to Istanbul , where they were to ask for Ghica's return as Prince. Sultan Abdul Hamid I confirmed Ghica for

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4784-503: The evidence collected. A method often used to determine its value is to compare it to sites of the same period. As the number of well-documented surveys grow, this becomes a slightly easier task, as it is sometimes easier to compare two survey results than to compare a survey result with an excavated site. However, it remains difficult to compare datasets produced by different research teams. Ioan Cuza Ion Cuza or Cuzea , commonly known as Ioniță Cuza (ca. 1715 – August 18, 1778),

4876-399: The foreign merchants. According to Gorovei, these letters should be seen as early documents of Romanian nationalism , with Ioniță Cuza included on "something one may call the ' national party ', or the homegrown party". The Pitar ' s anti-Phanariote sentiments were recorded under the reign of Ioan Teodor Callimachi , whose Spatharios , Iordaki Stavraki , blacklisted Cuza. In 1759,

4968-645: The founder of Romanian liberalism . Mourouzis was informed of the Bogdan–Cuza–Dărmănescu intrigue, and retaliated: Bogdan and Cuza were apprehended and interrogated under torture by another Spatharios , Constantin Caragea. Exposed to a similar treatment, Dărmănescu admitted to having sent a letter to the Ottoman authorities in Bender , asking for arbitration against Mourouzis. He also incriminated Cuza, who

5060-474: The growth of crops or grass. There should preferably be photographs of the same area at different times of the year, allowing the analyst to find the best time to see cropmarks. If the indicator that started the process was not a record of previous work, the archaeologists will need to check if any work has been done prior to commencement of the pending project. As many older surveys and excavations were published in papers that are not widely available, this may be

5152-509: The industries set up by the Communist regime . According to the 2021 census , there were 63,035 people living within the city of Vaslui, making it the 40th largest city in Romania. The ethnic makeup was as follows: 98.63% Romanians , 1.19% Romani people , 0.06% Lipovans , and 0.12% other. The majority of the population is of Romanian ethnicity. Members of the Roma minority live compactly in

5244-424: The intrigues against Prince Constantine Mourouzis . He was survived by five sons. Through one of them, Ioniță was the great-grandfather of Alexandru Ioan Cuza , Romanian nationalist campaigner and Domnitor of the United Principalities . His reign saw several rapprochements between the Cuzas and the Mourouzis , all of which created controversy and returned focus on Ioniță's rebellion. Another one of Ioniță's sons

5336-544: The landowners' co-operation. Permission for an intrusive form of survey may be more difficult to acquire, due to the fear of destroying evidence or property values and the threat of lawsuit for said damages from the property owner. In a non-intrusive survey, nothing is touched, just recorded. An accurate survey of the earthworks and other features can enable them to be interpreted without the need for excavation . An intrusive survey can mean different things. In some cases, all artifacts of archaeological value are collected. This

5428-548: The latter to seek a loan from Turkish usurers , who then wished to abduct his son as collateral. After 1770, Cuza himself became implicated in controversial credit ventures, earning the reputation of a usurer. The deeds he held in Negrești and Bârzești became the basis for a large Cuza domain, which also included Zăpodeni and Rebricea ; he had inherited additional land in Cuzlău , as well as townhouses in Vaslui and Iași. Cuza married

5520-463: The latter. Cuza was sidelined later that year, when Racoviță managed to topple and replace Ducas. Over the following decades, Phanariote bureaucrats acting under the supervision of the Ottoman Empire instituted a regime which cut back on the privileges of established boyar families. Racoviță participated in its creation, returning to rule as a Phanariote in December 1715. However, in 1716, Moldavia

5612-426: The limits of accuracy and precision necessary for survey work. Recording the position and attributes of archaeological features has been expedited by customizable portable computing interfaces or mobile Geographical Information Systems ( GIS ). Databases containing existing regional archaeological data as well as other landscape GIS layers such as soils, vegetation, modern features, and development plans can be loaded on

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5704-411: The location, distribution and organization of past human cultures across a large area (e.g. typically in excess of one hectare , and often in excess of many km ). Archaeologists conduct surveys to search for particular archaeological sites or kinds of sites, to detect patterns in the distribution of material culture over regions, to make generalizations or test hypotheses about past cultures, and to assess

5796-448: The modern landscape interfered with the visibility of archaeological remains; what sorts of activities can be recognized (e.g., dwellings, tombs, field systems); how many people lived in this area at any given time or how did population density change over time; why did people choose to live where they did; how has the landscape changed over time; what changes in settlement patterns have there been? However, answering such questions depends on

5888-556: The most powerful players after the Moldavian Magnate Wars , keeping Princes as the "instruments of [their] party". Through her mother Ileana, Ilinca also descended from Movilești royalty, whose coat of arms was sometimes attributed to her Cuza descendants. In 1701–1702, Cuza Sr and the Hetman tried to mediate a conflict between Prince Ducas and his Spatharios , Mihai Racoviță . Instead, they came to be detested by

5980-442: The need to survey areas where, for geological or other reasons, we can reasonably expect all ancient traces to be destroyed (e.g., by erosion) or far too deeply buried (e.g., by alluvium) to be detectable. Modern predictive models in archaeology employ Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A geophysical survey is used for subsurface mapping of archaeological sites. In recent years, there have been great advances in this field, and it

6072-613: The new monarch. As noted by historian Cristian Ploscaru, he and Manolache Bogdan formed a boyar "brotherhood" with figures such as Lupu Balș, Grigore Crupenschi, Constantin Greceanu, and Alexandru Neculce, with some additional involvement by Constantin Sturdza. Various foreign sources indicate that the project was of a Masonic inspiration, which would push the history of Freemasonry in Romania to 1770 or even before, to 1740. Scholar Giorge Pascu argues that, especially through Bogdan,

6164-430: The other hand, is characterised by a low-resolution approach over targets within a study area (sometimes including hundreds of km²). Sometimes this involves a random sampling or some other kind of probability sample to gain a representative sample of the study area. Extensive surveys may be designed to target the identification of archaeological sites across a large area, whereas intensive surveys are designed to provide

6256-653: The patterning of non-excavated parts of the site. Unlike other archaeological methods, geophysical survey is not invasive or destructive. For this reason, it is often used where preservation (rather than excavation) is the goal for project preservation and compliance with applicable laws. The geophysical methods most commonly applied to archaeology are magnetometers , electrical resistance meters, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic (EM) conductivity. These methods provide excellent resolution of many types of archaeological features, and are capable of high sample density surveys of very large areas and of operating under

6348-507: The plateau and upper scarp or valley side soils will move down slope, forming a deep seal over low-lying archaeological deposits, rendering them inaccessible to surface survey. Even artifacts on the surface and with relatively high visibility (i.e., little obscuring vegetation), however, are not consistently detected by surveyors. Consequently, it is unrealistic to expect 100% recovery of artifacts or even sites. We can evaluate surveyors' effectiveness at detecting artifacts with "Sweep width," which

6440-569: The pro- Habsburg conspiracy headed by François Ernaut , while his grandfather, Dumitrașco Cuzea, had been hanged during the clampdown. As boyars, both the Cuzas and the Costins opposed the Phanariote regime and devised other schemes to emancipate Moldavia from the Ottoman Empire . Ioniță was at the forefront of this fight in 1759, when he managed to contain the actions of Prince Ioan Teodor Callimachi and his courtier Iordaki Stavraki . He

6532-402: The quality of the evidence, which is why it is important to evaluate the effectiveness and thoroughness of the survey or surveys that contribute that evidence. At times, one part of the survey may not have yielded the evidence one wanted to find. For instance, very little may have been found during a field walk, but there are strong indications from geophysical survey and local stories that there

6624-426: The risks that development projects will have adverse impacts on archaeological heritage. Archaeological surveys may be: (a) intrusive or non-intrusive , depending on the needs of the survey team (and the risk of destroying archaeological evidence if intrusive methods are used) and; (b) extensive or intensive , depending on the types of research questions being asked of the landscape in question. Surveys can be

6716-546: The same Stavraki devised a plan to have Cuza and other 11 boyars removed, sending them on diplomatic mission to the Crimean Khanate , where they were to be kidnapped. One report suggests that they were in fact sent there, and arrested on arrival, finding themselves imprisoned at Yeni-Kale . The plan was foiled when the other boyars rebelled: as noted by Cuza himself, they had support "from the whole country", obtaining Stavraki's removal and exile; Cuza then reconciled with

6808-418: The same area, can reveal past structures that were recorded but are no longer visible as surface features. Using modern maps to transcribe or re-project earlier maps can help to locate these features with contemporary survey controls and techniques. Aerial photography is a good tool for planning a survey. Remains of older buildings often show in fields as cropmarks; just below the topsoil, the remains may affect

6900-528: The south-east. Vaslui is home to FC Vaslui football club which played in Liga I until 2014, and HC Vaslui handball club which are playing in Liga Națională . Vaslui is twinned with: Archaeological survey In archaeology , survey or field survey is a type of field research by which archaeologists (often landscape archaeologists ) search for archaeological sites and collect information about

6992-593: The southwestern suburbs of Rediu and Brodoc , in the southwestern part of the main town (in the neighbourhoods around Traian Street) and also scattered in the rest of the locality. In the 1960s and '70s nomadic Roma belonging to the Kalderash caste were forcibly settled by the Communists in the northern part of the town, scattered among ethnic Romanians. The third ethnic group is that of the Lipovans, who have in

7084-403: The surface. Even with optimal surface conditions the efficacy of fieldwalking varies according to long-term land use, topography, weather conditions, the skill and experience of the fieldwalkers, and other factors. Intensive arable agriculture on hilltops will first expose and then pulverize artifacts such as pottery and even chipped stone (typically flint, chert or obsidian) flakes. Conversely,

7176-523: The throne before they left, rendering their mission redundant. Cuza was appointed as Ghica's Spatharios later in 1774. The reign was nevertheless one of major setbacks, beginning with the forced cession of northern Moldavia , annexed by the Habsburg monarchy and administered as part of Galicia–Lodomeria . The Prince was assassinated in 1777, with Constantine Mourouzis taking his throne. Cuza preserved his rank and office, but began conspiring against

7268-404: The throne. Another historian, Nicolae Iorga , attributes the initiative to a low-ranking boyar, Iordachi Darie Dărmănescu, Cuza and other boyars being only drawn in by their "politicking". Various other researches have also noted that Dărmănescu was a key figure in the import of Enlightenment philosophy and modernizing political literature to Moldavia, while writer D. V. Barnoschi sees him as

7360-513: The vegetation and landscape to decide what may be hidden under the vegetation, or survey by subsurface testing (SST). SSTs can consist of a series of shovel-test pits that penetrate the humus layer or turf or, where substantial later sediments may cover archaeological materials, series of auger or core holes. SSTs are much more costly than fieldwalking, and surveys by SST usually have very low probability of intersecting and detecting archaeological remains unless intensity (density of SSTs), and thus cost,

7452-492: Was Paharnic before and during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768 , returning as Spatharios , or commander of the Moldavian military forces , during Ghica's second and final reign. While conserving his standing in regional politics, Cuza built a large estate of his own, with clusters of villages in both Fălciu County and Bessarabia . Cuza was finally executed, with Manolache Bogdan , after both were caught up in

7544-499: Was "slaughtered by the Prince" (whose name is not given) at Roman . In 1742–1748, Ioniță was a Postelnic , and then a Pitar to 1752, being consulted by Prince Constantine Mavrocordatos during the abolition of Moldavian serfdom (April 1749). The same year, he and other boyars sent three letters of protest to Abdullah Pasha , the Ottoman Grand Vizier , demanding less taxation for locals, and fewer privileges for

7636-530: Was a Moldavian statesman and political conspirator, remembered as one of the first Romanian nationalists and Freemasons . His paternal family, the Cuzas (Cuzeas) , were landowners of uncertain origin who, by the time of Ioniță's birth, had been established into the boyardom , being under the patronage of Doukas and Sturdza aristocrats. Ioniță's mother was a direct descendant of the statesman-chronicler Miron Costin ; his father, Miron Cuza, had been involved in

7728-531: Was again in conflict with the Phanariote regime, which at the time was personified by prince Grigore III Ghica . He and other boyars declared themselves outraged at being sidelined from major offices, and left the country on voluntary exile. The Ottoman envoy, or Kapucu , intervened as mediator; the protesters returned after being promised reparations. Thus, Cuza himself returned to prominence. From 1769 to 1773, he served as Paharnic , ending his term under

7820-529: Was also highlighted in Românulŭ . According to historian Gheorghe Ghibănescu , Ioniță and his sons were "planted" in the Moldavian soil, a "trunk" for Alexandru Ioan's growth. The latter was allegedly a Freemason, though the circumstances of his initiation remain unclear. However, shortly before the 1866 coup which toppled him, the Domnitor surrounded himself mostly with his Cozadini relatives, who became

7912-467: Was born at an unknown date, referred to by historians as "before 1720" or "around 1715". He is known to have had a brother, Mihalache, who is recorded as deceased before 1760. His grandfather Costin died late in 1729, leaving Miron an heir to much of his estate. According to an oral tradition attested among the peasants of Trifești-Neamț , Miron, also referred to as Cuza Bărbosul ("Cuza the Bearded"),

8004-555: Was deceived by the latter into leading a diplomatic mission into the Crimean Khanate , where he was briefly imprisoned. After the resulting uprising in his favor, Cuza managed to expel Stavraki from Moldavia. He was propelled to high office, serving for years as the Moldavian Stolnic . In 1767, Cuza also had a standoff with Grigore III Ghica , who finally agreed to grant him and other native boyars access to higher offices, and thus earned Cuza's enduring political support. He

8096-594: Was dragged into the Austro–Turkish War . Racoviță and his Seimeni "put up no resistance" to the Imperial Army , which then imposed terror on the city of Iași . Following this regime change, Miron and Velicico involved themselves in a plot to topple Racoviță, alongside boyar Vasile Ceaurul and the mercenary François "Franță" Ernaut . In January 1717, the Seimeni defeated Ernaut, and resumed control of

8188-602: Was finally ordered to leave Moldavia in February 1776. Romanian folklore commemorated the Spatharios with a lengthy ballad, which was probably composed shortly after his execution. The fatherless family, including a nine-year old youngest son Ioan, was again left exposed to poverty and persecution—though an oral tradition, relayed by Alexandru Cantacuzino in 1856, has it that Prince Constantine lived to regret his violent deeds and, as one of his final acts, "gave back to

8280-426: Was one of the boyars to have signed that document. Historian A. D. Xenopol notes that Cuza was mainly targeted not for actually siding with Bogdan, but for having protested against the Ottoman army 's raids in Moldavia. Prince Mourouzis had also found the Ottoman presence unpalatable, but, Xenopol writes, regarded Cuza's additional complaints as dangerously excessive. Cuza and Bogdan spent their final days chained to

8372-758: Was the grandfather of the Bessarabian opera singer Valentina Cuza-Bleichmann, as well as of another political figure, A. C. Cuza . Originally a socialist, the latter Cuza first achieved notoriety in 1910, when he put out the "first publicly antisemitic program". He founded the National-Christian Defense League , then the National Christian Party . The latter group also involved his son, also named Gheorghe . A published sonneteer , and son-in-law of politician Iancu Flondor , he vied with other figures for control of

8464-433: Was the great-grandfather of A. C. Cuza , the antisemitic doctrinaire. Ioniță Cuza's ethnic origins and ancestry are largely uncertain, subject to several competing theories. Some early hypotheses, centered on the name's resonance, have proposed that the Cuzas were Italians or Lorrainers . Historian N. Stoicescu believes that they were possibly ethnic Greeks . According to genealogist Ștefan S. Gorovei, Ioniță's ancestry

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