Misplaced Pages

#368631

83-582: The Minolta Vectis S-series comprises two APS system models of film SLR cameras made by Minolta , the flagship model Vectis S-1 and the Vectis S-100 . The cameras feature a compact design, owing to the use of mirrors instead of prisms in the viewfinder . Only one early DSLR camera body, the Minolta Dimâge RD 3000 , also used the V-lens mount. The Vectis brand was also shared with

166-626: A DX encoding six-digit barcode pattern, which uses a DX number to identify the manufacturer and film type (and thus processing method), and the number of exposures, for the use of photofinishing laboratories. The cassettes are also manufactured with a Camera Auto Sensing code constructed as two rows of six rectangular areas on the metal cassette surface which are either conductive or insulating, representing 32 possible film speeds, eight possible film lengths, and four possible values of exposure tolerance or latitude. Conforming cameras detect at least some of these areas; only three contacts are needed to set

249-529: A darkroom . The 335 was a daylight loading spool for the 24 × 23 mm stereo format. Reflex viewfinders, both twin-and single-lens , had been used with earlier cameras using plates and rollfilm. The first 35 mm single-lens reflex (SLR) was the Kine Exakta , introduced in 1936. World War II interrupted development of the type. After the war, Exakta resumed development and the Contax S model with

332-515: A 24×65 mm panoramic format with their XPan/TX-1 camera. There is also a 21×14 mm format used by Tessina subminiature camera. The film is available in lengths for varying numbers of exposures. The standard full-length roll has always been 36 exposures (assuming a standard 24×36 frame size). Through about 1980, 20 exposure rolls were the only shorter length with widespread availability. Since then, 20 exposure rolls have been largely discontinued in favour of 24- and 12-exposure rolls. The length of

415-400: A 40-exposure roll could record more than 80 KB of data. Magnetic IX reportedly caused some problems for photo processors, who found their magnetic reading heads had to be cleaned frequently, or that their equipment's ability to print this information was limited, but Kodak's testing indicated magnetic deposits were not a concern. After the film developing process, APS film is stored in

498-432: A cassette or cartridge) for use in 135 film cameras . The term 135 was introduced by Kodak in 1934 as a designation for 35 mm film specifically for still photography, perforated with Kodak Standard perforations. It quickly grew in popularity, surpassing 120 film by the late 1960s to become the most popular photographic film size. Despite competition from formats such as 828 , 126 , 110 , and APS , it remains

581-465: A chemical process. For example Fuji Velvia film gave the photo a characteristic of saturated colours under daylight, high contrast, and exceptional sharpness. A true normal lens for 35 mm format would have a focal length of 43 mm, the diagonal measurement of the format. However, lenses of 43 mm to 60 mm are commonly considered normal lenses for the format, in mass production and popular use. Common focal lengths of lenses made for

664-455: A default aspect ratio of 4:3 (crop factor of 1.33). Mimicking 35mm film in a smartphone requires cropping to a 3:2 aspect ratio (crop factor of 1.5-1.6). For an authentic homage, one can apply creative digital filters like the ones commonly used in Instagram that map the colour profile to a characteristic look. Different brands of 35mm film would achieve the creative colour profile through

747-518: A legacy 135 film emulsion, despite having to enlarge the APS frame by a greater magnification ratio. However, the new emulsion also could be (and later was) used for 35 mm film, eliminating the advantage of the smaller format. Film selection also hindered adoption of APS. Initially, only color print film was available, with a limited selection of film speeds. Color slide film , popular with professional photographers, proved unpopular in APS format and

830-492: A light meter for the four most popular film speeds. The 135 film has been made in several emulsion types and sensitivities (film speeds) described by ISO standards. Since the introduction of digital cameras the most usual films have colour emulsions of ISO 100/21° to ISO 800/30°. Films of lower sensitivity (and better picture quality) and higher sensitivity (for low light) are for more specialist purposes. There are colour and monochrome films, negative and positive. Monochrome film

913-486: A mnemonic, due to the historic prevalence of the 35 mm format. This 'equivalent' is computed by multiplying (a) the true focal length of the lens by (b) the ratio of the diagonal measurement of the native format to that of the 35 mm format. As a result, a lens for an APS-C (18×24 mm) format camera body with a focal length of 40 mm, might be described as "60 mm (35 mm equivalent)". Although its true focal length remains 40 mm, its angle of view

SECTION 10

#1732798503369

996-404: A new "SmartFilm" brand; by 2002, Fujifilm had dropped the reversal film and was branding its APS color print film as Fujicolor Nexia, extending the range to ISO 800. A major distinction of APS film is the ability to record information other than the image. This metadata information is most commonly used for print aspect ratio, but can also be used to record the date and time that the photograph

1079-468: A new lens system on the other hand gave the possibility of creating smaller and lighter lenses as they had a smaller image circle to cover. Concurrently with their APS SLR film cameras, Canon, Minolta, and Nikon released lenses specifically intended for use on APS film cameras; the APS-specific lenses have shorter focal lengths to compensate for the reduced image size. Canon's lenses, which included

1162-681: A number of small APS point and shoot cameras with fixed lenses, including the waterproof Vectis Weathermatic and Vectis GX series. The model numbers of these cameras don't include the S prefix used for the SLR series. The S-1 was designed to be splashproof by using a porro mirror optical viewfinder, rather than the typical SLR pentaprism . It is equipped with three basic autoexposure modes (Program, Aperture-priority, Shutter-priority) and Manual exposure modes; there are five subject-specific program modes that can be selected (Portrait, Landscape, Close-up, Sports, and Night Portrait). The standard metering pattern

1245-477: A shorter back-focus, the rear elements, protruding into the body, would foul the mirror. However, the Nikon Pronea cameras accepted lenses for Nikon 35 mm SLRs. 135 film 135 film , more popularly referred to as 35 mm film or 35 mm , is a format of photographic film with a film gauge of 35 mm (1.4 in) loaded into a standardized type of magazine (also referred to as

1328-411: A smaller format called Advanced Photo System (APS) was introduced by a consortium of photographic companies in an attempt to supersede 135 film. Due in part to its small negative size, APS was not taken seriously as a professional format, despite the production of APS SLRs. In the point-and-shoot markets at which the format was primarily aimed, it enjoyed moderate initial success, but still never rivalled

1411-443: A thin polyester base, allowed 72 exposures in a single cassette. They produced special reels and tanks to allow this to be processed. Digital sensors are available in various sizes. Professional DSLR cameras usually use digital image sensors which approximate the dimensions of the 35 mm format, sometimes differing by fractions of a millimetre on one or both dimensions. Since 2007, Nikon has referred to their 35 mm format by

1494-403: A thin, transparent magnetic coating (magentic recording), depending on the camera. In the absence of an operator-specified format, the machine printing an APS roll will use these indicators to determine the output format of each print. Presently the format names APS-C and APS-H are most often used in reference to various makes of digital SLR that contain imaging sensors that have approximately

1577-403: A type of CMOS image sensor . The film is on a polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) base, and is wound on a single spool, housed in a plastic cartridge 39 mm (1.5 in) long. The PEN base is both thinner and lies flatter than traditional film base. In cross section, the cartridge resembles a squircle with varying corner radii. The basic diameter across one diagonal is 21 mm, while

1660-424: Is a 14-segment "honeycomb" pattern covering the central part of the frame, but the camera can be switched to spot metering mode, with the area being metered indicated by the central circle on the focusing screen. For through-the-lens flash exposure control, the camera switches to a four-segment metering pattern. The S-1 supports mid-roll changes. There is a single central autofocus sensor which may be overridden using

1743-402: Is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a slot lined with flocking . The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader. It has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film (also called "long pitch", KS-1870 , whereas 35 mm professional motion picture camera films are always "short pitch", BH-1866 ). Most cameras require the film to be rewound before

SECTION 20

#1732798503369

1826-524: Is common to higher-end digital image sensors , where it is typically referred to as full-frame format. On 135 film, the typical cameras produce a frame where the longer dimension of the 24×36 mm frame runs parallel to the length of the film. The perforation size and pitch are according to the standard specification KS-1870 . For each frame, the film advances 8 perforations. This is specified as 38.00 mm. This allows for 2 mm gaps between frames. Camera models typically have different locations for

1909-457: Is equipped with two 1/2" progressive-scan CCD image sensors , each with a native resolution of 1.5 megapixels ; output is combined to render a finished image resolution of 1984×1360 pixels, approximately 2.7 MP. The image formed at the film plane is conveyed via relay optics and a beam-splitter to the CCD image sensors; it takes the APS "C"lassic central portion of the image in a 3:2 ratio, making

1992-645: Is much larger than image sensors in most compact cameras and smartphone cameras. The engineering standard for this film is controlled by ISO 1007 titled '135-size film and magazine'. The 135 film size is derived from earlier still cameras using lengths of 35 mm movie film , which had the same size but with different perforations. The 35 mm film standard for motion picture film was established in Thomas Edison 's lab by William Kennedy Laurie Dickson . Dickson took 70 mm film stock supplied by George Eastman 's Eastman Kodak Company. The 70 mm film

2075-417: Is used in the more expensive cameras and allows for more information exchange. Most cameras with magnetic IX automatically record the exposure date and time on tracks in the magnetic layer, outside the visible area, with more advanced models allowing the user to specify a predetermined caption to be printed on the photo or record the exposure settings, as well as determine print aspect ratio. Kodak claimed that

2158-416: Is usually panchromatic ; orthochromatic has fallen out of use. Film designed to be sensitive to infrared radiation can be obtained, both monochrome and with false-colour (or pseudocolour) rendition. More exotic emulsions have been available in 135 than other roll-film sizes. The term 135 format usually refers to a 24×36 mm film format , commonly known as 35 mm format. The 24×36 mm format

2241-482: The Canon ELPH (IXY/IXUS) drew particular attention and demand for its compact size and stylish all-metal body. Most of the APS cameras sold were to the consumer point and shoot camera market, but within five years of the format's launch, sales had dropped significantly, as the increasing quality, falling prices, and improved convenience of digital photography made it a viable alternative to film, especially for

2324-556: The EF 24-85mm , EF 22-55mm , and EF 55-200mm lenses, were fully functional with 35mm EOS SLRs; at least one (24–85mm) was available in silver finish to match the EOS IX camera. Minolta released eight lenses for the Vectis V mount, with five zooms covering a range from 22 to 240 mm and three prime lenses at 17, 50 (macro), and 400 ( catadioptric ) mm focal lengths. To accompany

2407-550: The Nikon F6 (discontinued in 2020). Introductory 35 mm SLRs, compact film point-and-shoot cameras, and single-use cameras continue to be built and sold by a number of makers. Leica introduced the digital Leica M8 rangefinder in 2007, but continues to make its M series rangefinder film cameras and lenses. A digital camera back for the Leica R9 SLR camera was discontinued in 2007. On March 25, 2009, Leica discontinued

2490-445: The trade mark FX. Other makers of 35 mm format digital cameras, including Leica , Sony , and Canon , refer to their 35 mm sensors simply as full frame. Most consumer DSLR cameras use smaller sensors, with the most popular size being APS-C which measures around 23×15 mm (giving it a crop factor of 1.5–1.6). Compact cameras have smaller sensors with a crop factor of around 3 to 6. Most smartphones (as of 2024) have

2573-630: The " Cent-Vues  [ fr ] ", which used the 35 mm perforated film to take consecutive hundred views in 18×24 mm. He manufactured it, won the gold medal in the Concours Lépine , and in 1910 sold at a small scale and without much success. The first big-selling 35 mm still camera was the American Tourist Multiple, which also appeared in 1913, at a cost of $ 175 (~5,600 2024 US Dollars) The first camera to take full-frame 24×36 mm exposures seems to be

Minolta Vectis S series - Misplaced Pages Continue

2656-529: The "MonsterAdapter LA-VE2", appeared as a crowd funded item on Indiegogo and offers the same features of the LA-VE1 plus the added benefit of auto-focus. This new adaptor was offered starting from September 2022. It is fully compatible with newer E mount Sony cameras and offers limited compatibility with older E mount cameras. The 17 mm lens is specified to work with the RD ;3000 only, but can be used on

2739-571: The APS formats, and the flange focal distance of V mount is only 36.00 mm. The short film-to-flange distance, limited image circle, and proprietary electronic signaling limit options to adapt V mount lenses to other cameras. A limited hand-produced run of the Chinese-made "MonsterAdapter LA-VE1" was released in 2015 which allows the use of V mount lenses on Sony E mount cameras, offering aperture control, focal length detection for both EXIF and IBIS , and manual-only focus. A new version,

2822-532: The Canon EOS IX and the Nikon Pronea SLRs could use existing 35 mm SLR lenses with Canon EF and Nikon F mount , respectively, whereas Minolta opted to create a new lens mount which later was shared with the Minolta Dimâge RD 3000 , an early digital SLR (DSLR). Using existing lenses meant the field of view was reduced by around 1.6×, but had the advantage of a larger lens selection. Creating

2905-570: The Centurion, a Zoom-lens reflex camera (ZLR), similar to an SLR, but fitted with a fixed zoom lens (25~100 mm f /4.5~5.6 ). Fujifilm also sold the Centurion as the Endeavor 4000SL. APS SLR cameras were not particularly successful; they were too expensive for the high-end amateur market when they first appeared, and professional photographers continued to use 35 mm cameras, which offered greater image quality and resolution. Of these

2988-509: The Leica did not begin until 1925. While by that time, there were at least a dozen other 35 mm cameras available, the Leica was a success. It came to be associated with the format, mostly because of this 35 mm popularity, as well as the entire company legacy. Early Leica cameras are considered highly collectable items. The original Leica prototype holds the record as being the world's most expensive camera, selling for €2.16 million in 2012. In

3071-579: The Leica was introduced in the 1920s. The first patent for one was issued to Leo, Audobard, and Baradat in England in 1908. The first full-scale production camera was the Homéos, a stereo camera produced by Jules Richard in 1913 and sold until 1920. It took 18x24 mm stereo pairs and used two Tessar lenses. In 1909, the French Étienne Mollier  [ fr ] designed a device for small-format photography,

3154-533: The National Inventor of the Year in 1996. Two methods for storing information on the film are employed: "magnetic IX" and "optical IX". Optical IX is employed by less expensive cameras and disposable cameras, and employs a light source to expose a small section of the film, outside of the image negative area. This method is limited to determining the print aspect ratio of the finished print. Magnetic IX

3237-461: The Pronea SLRs, Nikon released six IX-Nikkor lenses, all designed by Haruo Sato, which were lighter and had a smaller image circle, similar in concept to the later Nikon DX format lenses released with the company's DSLRs, starting in 2004. The Nikon IX series of lenses were not compatible with the existing line of Nikon 35 mm SLRs; as they were designed with a smaller image circle and had

3320-594: The R9 SLR and R-series lenses. By the early 2020s, film photography, particularly 35 mm photography, was experiencing a resurgence in popularity. In a 2021 PetaPixel survey, 75% of respondents expressed interest in newly manufactured analog cameras. Kodak reported in 2022 that it was having trouble keeping up with demand for 35 mm film. In 2024, the Pentax 17 and the Aflie TYCH+ 35 mm cameras were released, both using

3403-532: The Retina. Argus , too, made a long-lived range of 35 mm cameras; notably the Argus C3 . Kodak launched 135-format Kodachrome colour film in 1936. AGFA followed with the introduction of Agfacolor Neu later in the same year. The designations 235 and 435 refer to 35 mm film in daylight-loading spools, that could be loaded into Contax or Leica style reusable cassettes, respectively, without need of

Minolta Vectis S series - Misplaced Pages Continue

3486-528: The S-1 and S-100 as well. The 400 mm reflex lens as well as the 25–150 mm and 56–170 mm zooms may not perform to their full potential on the RD 3000, however. At least the 400 mm lens illuminates the full frame format, albeit with soft vignette typical for refractive designs. This photography-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Advanced Photo System Like prior attempts to displace 135 film from

3569-683: The Simplex, introduced in the U.S. in 1914. It took either 800 half-frame or 400 full-frame shots on 50 ft (15.2 m) rolls. The Minigraph, by Levy-Roth of Berlin, another half-frame small camera was sold in Germany in 1915. The patent for the Debrie Sept camera, a combination 35 mm still and movie camera was issued in 1918; the camera sold from 1922. The Furet camera made and sold in France in 1923 took full-frame 24x36 mm negatives, and

3652-441: The amateur photography market, including 126 film ( Instamatic ), 110 , and disc , APS used a film cartridge to reduce loading errors. APS also could reduce camera and lens size and weight by using a smaller image format; unlike the older amateur formats, image quality would be maintained by using newly-developed films, featuring emulsions with finer grain size and a flatter base material. The other major innovation delivered by APS

3735-400: The basic diameter across the opposite diagonal measures 30 mm, including the corner slot where the film exits. The slot is protected by a lightproof door. It is available in 40, 25 and 15 exposure lengths. The film includes a transparent magnetic coating over the entire rear surface; information is recorded on narrow tracks near the edge of the film. Each frame has four tracks: two below

3818-450: The camera is opened. Some motorized cameras unwind the film fully upon loading and then expose the images in reverse order, returning the film to the cassette; this protects all exposed frames (except the last one or two), should the camera back be accidentally opened; unexposed film gets spoiled, however. Disposable cameras use the same technique so that the user does not have to rewind. Since 1983, most film cassettes have been marked with

3901-424: The cartridge end indicate the status of the film cartridge: Additionally, a tab on one end of the cartridge indicates that the cartridge has been processed. On the end opposite the visual indicators, a reflective bar code-like system is used to indicate precise film speed (at release, coded from ISO 25 to 1600), type (reversal or negative), and number of exposures; for simpler cameras, a mechanical notch indicates if

3984-451: The consumer, who can easily locate the correct cartridge if reprints are desired. To facilitate automatic processing of film, a unique DX number is assigned to the different types of film. APS film is typically processed by using a small machine to transfer the exposed APS film from the original cartridge to a reloadable one, then re-attached to the original cartridge and rewound using another machine after processing. After support for APS

4067-470: The dark. Other, mostly shorter, lengths have been manufactured. There have been some 6-, 8-, 10-, and 15-exposure rolls given away as samples, sometimes in disposable cameras, or used by insurance adjusters to document damage claims. Twelve-exposure rolls have been used widely in the daily press. Photographers who load their own cassettes can use any length of film – with a thinner film base, up to 45 exposures will fit. The Ilford HP black-and-white film, on

4150-434: The developing process. Kodak began developing "Project Orion" in the mid-1980s and solicited partners starting in the late 1980s. In 1991, Canon, Fujifilm, Kodak, Minolta, and Nikon formed a consortium to complete the new photographic system. Initial testing of APS film cartridges with 40-exposure rolls started in 1994; details about the magnetic-stripe information encoding and formats were provided later that year, although

4233-508: The earliest days, the photographer had to load the film into reusable cassettes and, at least for some cameras, cut the film leader. In 1934, Kodak introduced a 135 daylight-loading single-use cassette. This cassette was engineered so that it could be used in both Leica and Zeiss Ikon Contax cameras along with the camera for which it was invented, namely the Kodak Retina camera. The Retina camera and this daylight loading cassette were

SECTION 50

#1732798503369

4316-406: The film after being closed don't spoil the additional length provided for conventional loading and can make that additional length available for two or three additional exposures. The same length can be available for exposure in any camera if it is loaded without exposing the film to light, e.g. in a dark room or a dark bag. A 27-exposure disposable camera uses a standard 24-exposure cassette loaded in

4399-472: The film provided includes the length required for the indicated number of exposures plus sufficient additional length for the film spoiled by being exposed to ambient light when it is drawn out of the canister, across the back of the camera, and securely engaged with the film advancing spool before the camera back is closed. A camera that uses less than the maximum distance between the spools may be able to make one additional exposure. Self-loading cameras that load

4482-592: The film speed is greater than or less than ISO 200. Kodak initially released its APS color print films under the Advantix brand, in ISO 100, 200, and 400 speeds; in July 1996, Kodak introduced ADVANTIX 200 Professional. By 2000, Kodak had introduced a monochrome print film. In 1998, Fujifilm offered color print and slide film under the established Fujichrome (ISO 100) and Fujicolor brands (ISO 100, 200, and 400) along with

4565-806: The film was wound on. Nikon 's F model, introduced in March 1959, was a system camera that greatly improved the quality and utility of 35 mm format cameras, encouraging professionals (especially photojournalists) to switch from larger format cameras to the versatile, rugged, and fast SLR design. Numerous other film formats waxed and waned in popularity, but by the 1970s, interchangeable-lens SLR cameras and smaller rangefinders, from expensive Leicas to "point-and-shoot" pocket cameras, were all using 35 mm film, and manufacturers had proliferated. Colour films improved, both for print negatives and reversal slides, while black-and-white films offered smoother grain and faster speeds than previously available. Since 35 mm

4648-737: The format include 24, 28, 35, 50, 85, 105, and 135 mm. Most commonly, a 50 mm lens is the one considered normal ; any lens shorter than this is considered a wide angle lens and anything above is considered a telephoto lens. Even then, wide angles shorter than 24 mm is called an extreme wide angle . Lenses above 50 mm but up to about 100 mm are called short telephoto or sometimes, as portrait telephotos , from 100 mm to about 200 mm are called medium telephotos, and above 300 mm are called long telephotos. With many smaller formats now common (such as APS-C ), lenses are often advertised or marked with their "35 mm equivalent" or "full-frame equivalent" focal length as

4731-413: The frame format, the information exchange (IX) standard included with APS identifies the film cartridge with a unique six-digit serial number. Some cameras can use IX to record additional metadata , including exposure information, onto the film, either optically or magnetically. The format selection is indicated on the film by a series of exposed squares alongside the image area (optical recording) or in

4814-573: The frame, reserved for the camera, and two above the frame, reserved for the photofinishing equipment. Some APS cameras use this coating to record exposure information via the IX system. APS simplifies film handling by allowing the camera to wind the film automatically when loaded, and similarly by rewinding automatically after all the exposures have been taken; some cameras also can rewind partially exposed film cartridges, allowing them to be removed and used later. Numbered symbols (called 'visual indicators') on

4897-654: The half-frame format to conserve film. Retrospekt and Mattel put out the Malibu Barbie FC-11 35 mm camera. In September 2024, MiNT Camera took pre-orders for the Rollei 35AF, an update of the Rollei 35. Kodak offered six 35 mm film cameras for sale as of October 2024, including the Ektar H35N, another half-frame camera. Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, metal cassettes to allow cameras to be loaded in daylight. The film

4980-590: The invention of Dr. August Nagel of the Kodak AG Dr. Nagel Werk in Stuttgart. Kodak bought Dr. August Nagel's company in December, 1931, and began marketing the Kodak Retina in the summer of 1934. The first Kodak Retina camera was a Typ 117. The 35 mm Kodak Retina camera line remained in production until 1969. Kodak also introduced a line of American made cameras that were simpler and more economical than

5063-464: The manual focus ring on the lens without moving out of autofocus mode. Like the S-1, the S-100 is weather resistant to light rain and snowy conditions. Compared to the S-1, the S-100 is equipped with a simpler exposure meter (two-segment, no spot metering option) and shutter (fastest speed reduced to 1 ⁄ 1000  s and flash synchronization speed slowed to 1 ⁄ 90  s). In addition,

SECTION 60

#1732798503369

5146-492: The market penetration of 135. Within five years of its launch, cheap digital compact cameras started becoming widely available, and APS sales plummeted. While they have shifted the vast majority of their product lines to digital, major camera manufacturers such as Canon and Nikon continued to make expensive professional-grade 35 mm film SLRs until relatively recently (such as the Canon EOS-1V (discontinued in 2018) and

5229-416: The most popular film size today. The size of the 135 film frame with its frame's aspect ratio of 1:1.50 has been adopted by many high-end digital single-lens reflex and digital mirrorless cameras, commonly referred to as " full frame ". Even though the format is much smaller than historical medium format and large format film, being historically referred to as miniature format or small format , it

5312-425: The native crop factor 1.5× compared to 24×36 mm "full-frame" cameras; this crop factor is slightly greater than the APS native "H" frame dimension. The Vectis V mount lenses used by the above models are not compatible with any other lens mount, including Minolta's 35mm A-mount and SR-mount systems. Aperture and focus are controlled electronically by the camera; the image circle of the lenses only illuminates

5395-418: The new system to date, and an equal expense would be required going forward. The Advanced Photo System was an attempt at a major upgrade of photographic technology for amateurs, resulting in a new film cartridge to facilitate automation of film loading and rewinding; according to Kodak, 1 ⁄ 5 of all film that it received for processing showed some defects attributable to loading error. In addition,

5478-459: The now familiar pentaprism viewing feature was introduced in 1949. In the 1950s, the SLR also began to be produced in Japan by such companies as Asahi and Miranda . Asahi's Pentax introduced the instant-return mirror , important for the popularity of SLRs; until then, the viewfinder on an SLR camera blanked as the mirror sprang out of the optical path just before taking the picture, returning when

5561-491: The optical viewfinder has slightly less coverage of the final frame area. It offers the same exposure modes (PASM) and subject-specific program exposure modes, and also uses a central autofocus sensor. The Minolta Dimâge RD 3000 is a digital single lens reflex camera which succeeds the earlier Minolta RD-175 . The RD 3000 shares features and accessories with the Vectis S-1, including V mount lenses and shutter speeds. It

5644-529: The original cartridge, unlike 135 film. For identification, every cartridge is assigned a unique nine-digit cartridge identification (CID) code and the associated strip of APS film is assigned an identical filmstrip identification (FID) code; while the CID code has nine digits, the FID code has six human-readable digits and nine machine-readable digits. The six-digit FID code is printed on the cartridge label, at both ends of

5727-575: The point-and-shoot market. In addition, auto-loading 35mm cameras could be made almost as compact, as convenient, and as inexpensive as APS-format cameras, preventing APS from attaining greater popularity. Despite the potential benefits, APS never really caught on with professional photographers because of the significantly smaller film area (58% of 135 film ) and narrow selection of film types. In controlled testing, Popular Photography found that prints from one new emulsion developed for APS were significantly sharper than an equivalently-sized prints using

5810-423: The processed negative, and also is stored magnetically (as a nine-digit code) in the IX layer. This FID is usually printed on the index print as well as the back of every individual print. The CID/FID system was designed to be an additional convenience both for the photoprocessor, who can easily match each processed film strip and prints with its cartridge, and each cartridge to a particular customer's order, and for

5893-667: The prototype "Standard" frame size, at that time, was narrower than the final APS-C frame, with a 7:5 aspect ratio, 23.4×16.7 mm (0.92×0.66 in). APS was announced to the photofinishing market in October 1995 and officially launched at the Photo Marketing Association show in Las Vegas in February 1996. At that time, Kodak CEO George M. C. Fisher announced that US$ 500 million had been invested in

5976-513: The same crop factor as those formats, albeit with different actual dimensions, as APS-H digital sensors have a 3:2 aspect ratio, not the 16:9 aspect ratio of the APS-H film frame. Some of the lenses originally released with the APS SLRs have survived and are now marketed towards use on "APS" digital SLRs for the same reason. In reference to digital cameras, APS may also mean active pixel sensor ,

6059-491: The same 16:9 aspect ratio as high-definition television . The "C" format has the same 3:2 aspect ratio as a 135 film image. Most APS cameras (with the exception of some disposable cameras ) can record all three formats. The entire "H" frame is recorded on the film for each exposure, and information is recorded on the film to instruct the photofinsher to print the format selected by the photographer; an image recorded in one aspect ratio can be reprinted in another. In addition to

6142-414: The smaller film size potentially could result in APS point-and-shoot cameras with greater zoom ranges in the same size as existing 35 mm compact cameras, or more compact altogether. Accessories were made to facilitate digitization of APS film for use with computers, including a slideshow device for televisions and film scanner. At launch, all five manufacturers announced point-and-shoot APS cameras;

6225-556: The smaller half-frame size, allowing the design of a very compact SLR camera. Unusual formats include the 24×32 mm and 24×34 mm on the early Nikon rangefinders , and 24×23 mm for use with some stereo cameras . In 1967, the Soviet KMZ factory introduced a 24×58 mm panoramic format with its Horizont camera (descendants of which are called, in the Roman alphabet, Horizon ). In 1998, Hasselblad and Fuji introduced

6308-470: The sprocket which advances the film. Therefore, each camera model's frame may vary in position relative to the perforations. The film is approximately 0.14 mm thick. Other image formats have been applied to 135 film, such as the half-frame format of 18×24 mm which earned some popularity in the 1960s, and the 24×24 mm of the Robot cameras . The successful range of Olympus Pen F cameras utilized

6391-470: Was cut lengthwise into two equal width (35 mm) strips, spliced together end to end, and then perforated along both edges. The original picture size was 18×24 mm (half the full frame size later used in still photography). There were four perforations on each side of a motion picture frame. While the Leica camera popularized the format, several 35 mm still cameras used perforated movie film before

6474-682: Was preferred by both amateur and professional photographers, makers of film stock have long offered the widest range of different film speeds and types in the format. The DX film-speed encoding system was introduced in the 1980s, as were single-use cameras pre-loaded with 35 mm film and using plastic lenses of reasonable enough quality to produce acceptable snapshots. Automated all-in-one processing and printing machines made 35 mm developing easier and less expensive, so that quality colour prints became available not only from photographic specialty stores, but also from supermarkets, drugstores, and big box retailers, often in less than an hour. In 1996,

6557-450: Was soon discontinued, although chromogenic black-and-white IX240 film continued to be produced. In January 2004, Kodak announced it was ceasing APS camera production. Both Fuji and Kodak, the last two manufacturers of APS film, discontinued production in 2011. The film is 24 mm wide, and has three selectable image formats: The "C" and "P" formats are formed by cropping the 30.2 × 16.7 mm "High Definition" image, which uses

6640-423: Was taken, store a caption, and record exposure data such as shutter speed and aperture setting. This information can be read by the photo printing equipment to determine the print aspect ratio, print information on the back (or, rarely, the front) of the photograph, or to improve print quality. The system was invented by four engineers at Kodak, who were awarded patents in 1992 and 1993 and who jointly were named

6723-431: Was the "information exchange" process in which the camera recorded data directly on the film; this would simplify cropping prints to a desired aspect ratio and potentially could provide photofinishers with exposure data to optimize print quality. However, by the time APS was released in 1996, the first digital cameras had appeared, providing many of the same benefits with the additional convenience and economy of eliminating

6806-451: Was the first cheap small 35 mm camera of similar appearance to more modern models. The Leica Camera designed by Oskar Barnack used 35 mm film, and proved that a format as small as 24 mm × 36 mm was suitable for professional photography. Although Barnack designed his prototype camera around 1913, the first experimental production run of ur-Leicas (Serial No. 100 to 130) did not occur until 1923. Full-scale production of

6889-879: Was withdrawn in 2011, many film processors dispose of the APS cartridge and return the exposed film strip bare. The format was introduced in 1996 by Kodak, Fujifilm , Minolta , Nikon , Canon and others. APS was mainly used for point and shoot amateur cameras, Several of the cameras at launch shared a common design, including the Fujifilm Endeavor 100 / Minolta Vectis UC / Nikon Nuvis Mini and Kodak Advantix 5600MRX / Minolta Vectis 40. The Canon ELPH drew attention for its stainless steel body and compact dimensions. Camera manufacturers and their branded lines of APS point-and-shoot cameras included: Three SLR systems with interchangeable lenses also were released. Three APS SLR systems were released as: In addition to these interchangeable-lens models, Olympus released

#368631