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60-659: Vela Uniform was an element of Project Vela conducted jointly by the United States Department of Energy and the Advanced Research Projects Agency . Its purpose was to develop seismic methods for detecting underground nuclear testing , and it involved many experts from academia, the sponsoring military agencies and the Atomic Energy Commission . Vela Uniform incorporated seven underground nuclear tests in

120-451: A Department of Energy investigation into the laboratory. The investigation found that the "missing plutonium" was a result of miscalculation by LANL's statisticians and did not actually exist; but the investigation did lead to heavy criticism of the laboratory by the DOE for security flaws and weaknesses that the DOE claimed to have found. LANL is northern New Mexico's largest institution and

180-503: A top-secret site for designing nuclear weapons under the Manhattan Project during World War II . Chosen for its remote yet relatively accessible location, it served as the main hub for conducting and coordinating nuclear research, bringing together scientists from around the world, among them numerous Nobel Prize winners. The town of Los Alamos , directly north of the lab, grew extensively through this period. After

240-452: A description of the project history focusing on the contributions made at Los Alamos National Laboratory , as well as commentary from scientists that worked on the project. In the article astrophysicist Ed Fenimore states "Vela was the prototypical project that made Los Alamos the premier scientific national security laboratory in the world." Data from Project Vela is still used for national security work, and sensors, such as those developed in

300-551: A drum containing nuclear waste was ruptured due to a ' deflagration ' according to an inspector general report of the Dept. of Energy, which due to lab mistakes, also occurred in 2014 at the Carlsbad plant with significant disruptions and costs across the industry. In 2009, 69 computers which did not contain classified information were lost. The same year also saw a scare in which 1 kg (2.2 lb) of missing plutonium prompted

360-409: A file server, a batch server, a printer and graphics output server and numerous other general purpose and specialized systems. IBM Roadrunner , which was part of this network, was the first supercomputer to hit petaflop speeds. Until 1999, The Los Alamos National Laboratory hosted the arXiv e-print archive. The arXiv is currently operated and funded by Cornell University . The coreboot project

420-489: A more administrative nature. From the beginning, however, and through 1960, ARPA pressed to add research for testing surface-based, atmospheric, and outer-space detonations, and advocated satellites as a potential platform for such detections. The Vela Project started as a small budget research program within the DARPA Projects Agencies until 1961 when it was granted greater funding and resources through

480-459: A photo nearly led to a criticality incident. The photo shoot, which was directed by the laboratory's management, was one of several factors relating to unsafe management practices that led to the departure of 12 of the lab's 14 safety staff. The criticality incident was one of several that led the Department of Energy to seek alternative bids to manage the laboratory after the 2018 expiration of

540-444: A secure area within the laboratory, but were later found behind a photocopier. Los Alamos National Laboratory's mission is to "solve national security challenges through simultaneous excellence". The laboratory's strategic plan reflects U.S. priorities spanning nuclear security, intelligence, defense, emergency response, nonproliferation, counterterrorism, energy security , emerging threats, and environmental management. This strategy

600-655: A third accident occurred during an annual physical inventory in December 1958. Several buildings associated with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos were declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. At the end of the Cold War , both labs went through a process of intense scientific diversification in their research programs to adapt to the changing political conditions that no longer required as much research towards developing new nuclear weapons and has led

660-580: A week after the PTB Treaty on October 17, 1963. After deployment these satellites remained operational and online for 5 years before being shut down. The Vela Hotel series of satellites never detected any weapons being tested in outer space, but they did provide the scientific community with valuable data regarding the mechanics of the solar system . Importantly, this series of satellites was responsible for discovering Gamma-Ray Bursts , markers of collapsing stars and black holes which are now recognized as

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720-911: Is aligned with priorities set by the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), and national strategy guidance documents, such as the Nuclear Posture Review , the National Security Strategy , and the Blueprint for a Secure Energy Future. Los Alamos is the senior laboratory in the DOE system , and executes work in all areas of the DOE mission: national security, science, energy, and environmental management. The laboratory also performs work for

780-476: Is known that the majority of the work done on the initial Vela Project was implemented into Vela Hotel , which monitored outer space for nuclear tests. The Vela Hotel satellite program was primarily developed at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory , under the supervision of the United States Air Force . A system of X-ray , Neutron , and Gamma-Ray detection monitored for nuclear testing beyond

840-468: Is one of the sixteen research and development laboratories of the United States Department of Energy (DOE), located a short distance northwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico , in the American southwest . Best known for its central role in helping develop the first atomic bomb , LANL is one of the world's largest and most advanced scientific institutions. Los Alamos was established in 1943 as Project Y ,

900-466: The Army-Navy "E" Award for Excellence in production on October 16, 1945. After the war, Oppenheimer retired from the directorship, and it was taken over by Norris Bradbury , whose initial mission was to make the previously hand-assembled atomic bombs "G.I. proof" so that they could be mass-produced and used without the assistance of highly trained scientists. Other founding members of Los Alamos left

960-503: The Department of Defense (DoD), Intelligence Community (IC), and Department of Homeland Security (DHS), among others. The laboratory's multidisciplinary scientific capabilities and activities are organized into six Capability Pillars: Los Alamos operates three main user facilities: As of 2017, the Los Alamos National Laboratory is using data and algorithms to possibly protect public health by tracking

1020-756: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus were being tested by lab scientist Bette Korber and her team. "These vaccines might finally deal a lethal blow to the AIDS virus ", says Chang-Shung Tung, leader of the Lab's Theoretical Biology and Biophysics group. The laboratory has attracted negative publicity from a number of events. In 1999, Los Alamos scientist Wen Ho Lee was accused of 59 counts of mishandling classified information by downloading nuclear secrets—"weapons codes" used for computer simulations of nuclear weapons tests—to data tapes and removing them from

1080-757: The National Science Foundation , LANL operates one of the three National High Magnetic Field Laboratories in conjunction with and located at two other sites Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida , and University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida . Los Alamos National Laboratory is a partner in the Joint Genome Institute (JGI) located in Walnut Creek, California . JGI was founded in 1997 to unite

1140-604: The University of Texas System partnered with Lockheed-Martin . In December 2005, the Department of Energy announced that LANS had won the next seven-year contract to manage and operate the laboratory. On June 1, 2006, the University of California ended its sixty years of direct involvement in operating Los Alamos National Laboratory, and management control of the laboratory was taken over by Los Alamos National Security, LLC with effect October 1, 2007. Approximately 95% of

1200-517: The flow cytometry technology. In the 1950s, researcher Mack Fulwyler developed a technique for sorting erythrocytes that combined the Coulter Principle of Coulter counter technologies, which measures the presence of cells and their size, with ink jet technology, which produces a laminar flow of liquid that breaks up into separate, fine drops. In 1969, Los Alamos reported the first fluorescence detector apparatus, which accurately measured

1260-632: The LANL director no longer reports to the UC Regents or UC Office of the President. On June 8, 2018, the NNSA announced that Triad National Security, LLC, a joint venture between Battelle Memorial Institute , the University of California, and Texas A&M University, would assume operation and management of LANL beginning November 1, 2018. In August 2011, the close placement of eight plutonium rods for

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1320-599: The LANS contract. The lab was penalized with a $ 57 million reduction in its 2014 budget over the February 14, 2014, accident at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant for which it was partly responsible. In August 2017, the improper storage of plutonium metal could have triggered a criticality accident , and subsequently staff failed to declare the failure as required by procedure. With support of

1380-524: The Manhattan Project, Los Alamos hosted thousands of employees, including many Nobel Prize -winning scientists. The location was a total secret. Its only mailing address was a post office box, number 1663, in Santa Fe , New Mexico. Eventually two other post office boxes were used, 180 and 1539, also in Santa Fe. Though its contract with the University of California was initially intended to be temporary,

1440-522: The Secretary-Treasurer Robert Underhill, who was in charge of wartime contracts and liabilities. The work of the laboratory culminated in several atomic devices, one of which was used in the first nuclear test near Alamogordo, New Mexico , codenamed " Trinity ", on July 16, 1945. The other two were weapons, " Little Boy " and " Fat Man ", which were used in the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Laboratory received

1500-603: The US Department of Defense; on September 2, 1959, the Secretary of Defense assigned the research responsibilities to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). This initial assignment involved seven tasks: creating a worldwide network of standardized seismological stations; conduct research relating to underground test detection, and on seismic detection stations; conduct nuclear and chemical underground tests to expand knowledge of seismic signatures; and three tasks of

1560-537: The atmosphere, along with radiation, since the only feasible event that could theoretically produce a double event like an atmospheric nuclear explosion would be something incredibly rare like a meteoroid generated lightning superbolt . However, radiation in the atmosphere is far less easy to calculate, as the Van Allen radiation belts can mask radioactive wavelengths and signatures. The Advanced Vela satellites were additionally fitted with larger solar panels , since

1620-479: The atmosphere. The satellites' instrumentation count included 12 X-ray detectors, 18 internal Neutron and Gamma-ray detectors, data transmission equipment to send the information back to Earth, and a set of solar panels which generated 90 watts to power the instrumentation on each satellite. Six of the Vela Hotel series satellites were manufactured, each with a design life of six months, and they were launched

1680-656: The authority of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army . This was likely prompted by increased caution over Domestic Nuclear Affairs resulting from the 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash as well as in anticipation of the 1963 PTB Treaty . The initial project was limited to the development of the Vela Satellites, but was later expanded and reorganized into three distinct levels of monitoring: The project's space and atmospheric divisions operated until

1740-537: The continental United States and Alaska from October 1963 to July 1971. Seismic traces from multiple locations were analyzed for each of these events to develop methods for differentiating underground nuclear tests from other seismic events (such as earthquakes ) and locating the test site. The program also involved numerous experiments using conventional high explosives. Download coordinates as: Project Vela In August 1959, several groups focused on detecting underground nuclear tests were established within

1800-490: The country indicated the need for a laboratory dedicated solely to that purpose. General Leslie Groves wanted a central laboratory at an isolated location for safety, and to keep the scientists away from the populace. It should be at least 200 miles from international boundaries and west of the Mississippi. Major John Dudley suggested Oak City, Utah , or Jemez Springs, New Mexico , but both were rejected. Jemez Springs

1860-807: The country's nuclear arsenal. Additional work included basic scientific research, particle accelerator development, health physics, and fusion power research as part of Project Sherwood . Many nuclear tests were undertaken in the Marshall Islands and at the Nevada Test Site . During the late-1950s, a number of scientists including Dr. J. Robert "Bob" Beyster left Los Alamos to work for General Atomics (GA) in San Diego . Three major nuclear-related accidents have occurred at LANL. Criticality accidents occurred in August 1945 and May 1946, and

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1920-758: The effectiveness of the United States' vaccine distribution infrastructure. Additional advancements include the ASPECT airplane that can detect bio threats from the sky. In 2008, development for a safer, more comfortable and accurate test for breast cancer was ongoing by scientists Lianjie Huang and Kenneth M. Hanson and collaborators. The new technique, called ultrasound-computed tomography (ultrasound CT), uses sound waves to accurately detect small tumors that traditional mammography cannot. The lab has made intense efforts for humanitarian causes through its scientific research in medicine. In 2010, three vaccines for

1980-578: The emplacement of satellites in the Defense Support Program (DSP), and were later integrated into the Global Positioning System set of satellites. Currently, all satellites under Project Vela are under the management of IONDS . The seismic division of Project Vela remains in activity today. In 2020, National Security Science magazine featured an article on Project Vela titled "Cold War watchmen" that contained

2040-402: The environment. It also contributed to thousands of dumpsites at 108 locations in 29 US states. Continuing efforts to make the laboratory more efficient led the Department of Energy to open its contract with the University of California to bids from other vendors in 2003. Though the university and the laboratory had difficult relations many times since their first World War II contract, this was

2100-519: The event evidence of a joint Israeli-South African nuclear test, though since then no evidence has been uncovered to corroborate whether that is true or untrue. Vela Uniform was the second half of Project Vela that began its development soon after the PTB Treaty was put into effect. Vela Uniform was created with the intention of monitoring seismic activity in order to determine the magnitude and location of any covert nuclear weapons tests beneath

2160-420: The expertise and resources in genome mapping , DNA sequencing , technology development, and information sciences pioneered at the three genome centers at University of California's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and LANL. The Integrated Computing Network (ICN) is a multi-security level network at the LANL integrating large host supercomputers,

2220-500: The federal government, LANL is privately managed and operated by Triad National Security, LLC . The laboratory was founded during World War II as a secret, centralized facility to coordinate the scientific research of the Manhattan Project , the Allied project to develop the first nuclear weapons . In September 1942, the difficulties encountered in conducting preliminary studies on nuclear weapons at universities scattered across

2280-542: The first time that the university ever had to compete for management of the laboratory. The University of California decided to create a private company with the Bechtel Corporation, Washington Group International , and the BWX Technologies to bid on the contract to operate the laboratory. The UC/Bechtel led corporation— Los Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS)—was pitted against a team formed by

2340-499: The former 10,000 plus UC employees at LANL were rehired by LANS to continue working at LANL. Other than UC appointing three members to the eleven member board of directors that oversees LANS, UC now has virtually no responsibility or direct involvement in LANL. UC policies and regulations that apply to UC campuses and its two national laboratories in California ( Lawrence Berkeley and Lawrence Livermore ) no longer apply to LANL, and

2400-636: The growth of infectious diseases . Digital epidemiologists at the lab's Information Systems and Modeling group are using clinical surveillance data, Google search queries, census data, Misplaced Pages , and even tweets to create a system that could predict epidemics. The team is using data from Brazil as its model; Brazil was notably threatened by the Zika virus as it prepared to host the Summer Olympics in 2016 . Within LANL's 43-square-mile property are approximately 2,000 dumpsites which have contaminated

2460-521: The lab to increase research for "non-war" science and technology. Los Alamos' nuclear work is currently thought to relate primarily to computer simulations and stockpile stewardship . The development of the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility will allow complex simulations of nuclear tests to take place without full explosive yields. The laboratory contributed to the early development of

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2520-448: The lab. After ten months in jail, Lee pleaded guilty to a single count and the other 58 were dismissed with an apology from U.S. District Judge James Parker for his incarceration. Lee had been suspected for having shared U.S. nuclear secrets with China , but investigators were never able to establish what Lee did with the downloaded data. In 2000, two computer hard drives containing classified data were announced to have gone missing from

2580-490: The laboratory and became outspoken opponents to the further development of nuclear weapons. The name officially changed to the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory ( LASL ) on January 1, 1947. By this time, Argonne had already been made the first National Laboratory the previous year. Los Alamos would not become a National Laboratory in name until 1981. In the years since the 1940s, Los Alamos

2640-490: The largest employer with approximately 8,762 direct employees, 277 guard force, 505 contractors, 1,613 students, 1,143 unionized craft workers, and 452 post-doctoral researchers. Additionally, there are roughly 120 DOE employees stationed at the laboratory to provide federal oversight of LANL's work and operations. Approximately one-third of the laboratory's technical staff members are physicists , one-quarter are engineers , one-sixth are chemists and materials scientists , and

2700-525: The most violent events in the universe . The discovery of Gamma-Ray Bursts enabled scientists with unprecedented ability to map the universe as they augmented existing methods of measuring light to identify deep space objects. After the completion of development on the first set of Vela Satellites in the Hotel series, DARPA began work on the next phase of the Vela satellite program, namely, on Vela Sierra , which

2760-446: The new design required 120 watts as opposed to the Hotel series' 90 watts, as well as electromagnetic sensors for detecting an electromagnetic pulse from an in-atmosphere detonation. The new set of satellites had a design life of 18 months, but instead lasted on average 7 years, with the longest lasting of the set (Vehicle 9) being shut down in 1984, lasting around 15 years before being shut down. Vela Sierra's most famous actual event

2820-406: The number and size of ovarian cells and blood cells. As of 2017, other research performed at the lab included developing cheaper, cleaner biofuels and advancing scientific understanding around renewable energy. Non-nuclear national security and defense development is also a priority at the lab. This includes preventing outbreaks of deadly diseases by improving detection tools and the monitoring

2880-468: The project, are still an important part of nuclear detonation detection. There is very little documentation which directly addresses the topic of the initial Vela Project due to its low funding, staffing, resources and status of priority. The first sensor package sent into space, labelled the "Vela Hotel" experiment, was launched aboard the Ranger 1 lunar probe in August of 1961 and returned useful data. It

2940-447: The relationship was maintained long after the war. Until the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan , University of California president Robert Sproul did not know what the purpose of the laboratory was and thought it might be producing a " death ray ". The only member of the UC administration who knew its true purpose—indeed, the only one who knew its exact physical location—was

3000-426: The rigorous measurement of seven nuclear tests in the continental United States, as well as numerous smaller experiments using conventional high explosives rather than nuclear explosions. Over time, Vela Uniform's methods and techniques for measuring seismic activity to determine the existence and location of covert underground nuclear tests have improved, and stations for seismographical monitoring exist all around

3060-425: The same detection equipment as the Hotel series, those being the 12 X-ray detectors and 18 internal Neutron and Gamma-Ray detectors, but were also equipped with a new set of instruments. The Advanced Vela series came equipped with two non-imaging photodiode sensors called bhangmeters . These measured light levels over sub-millisecond intervals, and could detect a nuclear explosion to within 3,000 miles. This addition

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3120-588: The surface of the earth. Underground tests have been illegal under international law since the widespread ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). Vela Uniform can also detect underwater tests conducted at any point on the Earth's surface. The methods DARPA used to create a system with which they could determine the difference between a regular seismic event and an underground covert nuclear test involved

3180-840: The war ended in 1945, Project Y's existence was made public, and it became known universally as Los Alamos. In 1952, the Atomic Energy Commission formed a second design lab under the direction of the University of California, Berkeley , which became the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The two labs competed on a wide variety of bomb designs, but with the end of the Cold War , have focused increasingly on civilian missions. Today, Los Alamos conducts multidisciplinary research in fields such as national security , space exploration , nuclear fusion , renewable energy , medicine , nanotechnology , and supercomputing . While owned by

3240-460: The world. This has had the effect of giving more nations the ability to better understand their own country's seismic activities, and has given more and more countries access to aid in situations of earthquakes , tsunamis , and other such events, as well as ensuring the detection of any future covert underground nuclear tests. Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory (often shortened as Los Alamos and LANL )

3300-786: Was initially developed at LANL. In the recent years, the Laboratory has developed a major research program in systems biology modeling , known at LANL under the name q-bio. Several serials are published by LANL: LANL also published Los Alamos Science from 1980 to 2005, as well as the Nuclear Weapons Journal , which was replaced by National Security Science after two issues in 2009. In 2005, Congress held new hearings on lingering security issues at Los Alamos National Weapons Laboratory in New Mexico; documented problems continued to be ignored. In November 2008,

3360-654: Was intended to monitor the atmosphere for covert nuclear tests. Following the deployment of the Hotel series, Los Alamos resumed development on the satellites, this time working towards the Advanced Vela series. These new satellites were created with the intention that they would replace the Hotel Series, as well as function as the satellites that would complete the objectives of the Vela Sierra subset. The new set of Advanced Vela satellites were equipped with

3420-424: Was necessary due to the singular effects that atmospheric nuclear explosions produce, called either the "Double Flash" or the "Double-Humped Curve", which is a pair of flashes of light caused by an explosion, one lasting a millisecond which is quite intense and bright, the other far more prolonged and less intense. This "Double Flash" is what distinguishes atmospheric nuclear explosions from other kinds of explosions in

3480-497: Was only a short distance from the current site. Project Y director J. Robert Oppenheimer had spent much time in his youth in the New Mexico area and suggested the Los Alamos Ranch School on the mesa . Dudley had rejected the school as not meeting Groves' criteria, but as soon as Groves saw it he said in effect "This is the place". Oppenheimer became the laboratory's first director; from 19 October 1942. During

3540-419: Was responsible for the development of the hydrogen bomb , and many other variants of nuclear weapons. In 1952, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was founded to act as Los Alamos' "competitor", with the hope that two laboratories for the design of nuclear weapons would spur innovation. Los Alamos and Livermore served as the primary classified laboratories in the U.S. national laboratory system, designing all

3600-509: Was the " Double Flash " detected on September 22, 1979, by Vela satellite 6911 near the Prince Edward Islands . However, due to the lack of any corroborating evidence that a bomb ever went off in the area other than the readings the satellite provided, it is widely regarded as either a malfunction or a magnetospheric event affecting the instruments aboard the satellite. At the time of the event, President Jimmy Carter deemed

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