50-668: The Velanati Chodas , also known as the Velanati Durjayas and Velanadu chiefs , were a Telugu dynasty that ruled parts of Andhra Pradesh during the 12th century. They served as tributaries to the Later Cholas and the Western Chalukyas , governing the region of Kammanadu in the erstwhile Guntur district. At the height of their power, the Velanati Chodas ruled over Venginadu , located between
100-617: A frame narrative. Manchana took the frame story from Rajashekhara 's Viddha-shalabhanjika , and took the short stories from several other sources including Pancha-tantra . His writings are an example of the early Prabandha style, and the earliest extant example of the katha (story) narrative in the Telugu literature. Manchana dedicated the book to Nanduri Gundayamatya, a grandson of the Velanati Choda courtier Nanduri Ketana. The book glorifies generals, diplomats, and ministers of
150-699: A great influence on art in South India , Sri Lanka , and Southeast Asia . Mahayana , the predominant Buddhist tradition in China , Japan , and Korea and the largest Buddhist denomination in the world, was developed among Telugus in Andhra. Telugu is one of six languages designated as a classical language by the Government of India . It has been in use as an official language for over 1,400 years and has an unbroken and diverse literary tradition of over
200-635: A term referring to the land inhabited by Telugus, was first used during the 14th century CE. In 1323 the sultan of Delhi , Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq , sent a large army commanded by Ulugh Khan (later, as Muhammad bin Tughluq , the Delhi sultan) to conquer the Telugu region and lay siege to Warangal . The fall of the Kakatiya dynasty led to an era with competing influences from the Turkic kingdoms of Delhi and
250-750: A thousand years. Telugu performing arts include the classical dance form Kuchipudi , as well as Perini Sivatandavam , and Burra Katha . The Telugu shadow puppetry tradition, Tholu Bommalata , dates back to the 3rd century BCE, and is the ancestor of Wayang , the popular Indonesian art form that has been a staple of Indonesian tourism. Telugu cinema is the largest film industry in India in terms of box office as well as admissions. The industry has produced some of India's most expensive and highest-grossing films , influencing Indian popular culture well beyond Telugu-speaking regions. Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply Telugu or Telugoo . Older forms of
300-520: A thousand years. The earliest Telugu literature dates to 11th century CE with Nannaya 's Andhra Mahabharatam . The language experienced a golden age under the patronage of the Vijayanagara king-poet Krishnadevaraya . Kuchipudi , originating from the eponymous village in Krishna district , is of the eight major Indian classical dances . It is a dance-drama performance, with its roots in
350-556: Is a Telugu language poetic collection of short stories written by Manchana in the Velanati Choda kingdom of southern India in the 12th or the 13th century. The book's title is also transliterated as Keyura-bahu-charitra (IAST: Keyūra-bāhu-caritra ) or Keyura-bahu-charitram . The poet Manchana ( IAST : Mañcana) lived in the Velanati Choda kingdom of southern India, probably during late 12th to early 13th century CE. The book contains several short stories ( katha s) within
400-581: Is also called the Andhra School or Vengi School. Art historians regard the art of Amaravati as one of the three major styles or schools of ancient Indian art, the other two being the Mathura style, and the Gandharan style. Amaravati school flourished under the local Sada rulers, Satavahanas, and Andhra Ikshvakus till 325–340 CE. Amaravati Stupa is the most famous monument of this style, and it
450-683: Is predominantly spoken in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, though it is also the official language of several other states like Andaman and Nicobar , Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Orissa and the cities of Kharagpur and Bellary . It is a part of the Dravidian language family, which is about 5,000 years old. Outside of the Telugu states , the largest number of Telugu speakers are found in Karnataka (3.7 million) and Tamil Nadu, making them
500-406: Is the fourth most spoken language in India and the 14th most spoken native language in the world. A significant number of Telugus also reside in the Indian states of Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , Orissa , Maharashtra . Members of the Telugu diaspora are spread across countries like United States , Australia , Malaysia , Mauritius , UAE and others. Telugu is the fastest-growing language in
550-861: Is used to construct Vimana —horizontal stepped tower. Most notable examples are the Thousand Pillar Temple in Hanamkonda , Ramappa Temple in Palampet, and Kota Gullu in Ghanpur . Ramappa Temple, also known as the Rudreswara temple, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Mulugu . Telugu cinema is the largest film industry in India in terms of box-office as well as admissions. The industry has produced some of India's most expensive and highest-grossing films of all time over
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#1732776745217600-693: The Godavari river. Andhras and Kalingas supported the Kauravas during the Mahabharata war. Sahadeva defeated the kingdoms of Pandya, Andhra, Kalinga, Dravida, Odra and Chera while performing the Rajasuya Yajna . Buddhist references to Andhras are also found. Andhra was mentioned in the Sanskrit sources such as Aitareya Brahmana ( c. 800 BCE ). According to Aitareya Brahmana of
650-477: The Krishna and Godavari rivers. They were Telugu speakers and claimed descent from Durjaya , a legendary chieftain of ancient Andhra, earning them the title of Durjayas of Velanadu. Rajendra Choda II, one of their rulers, assumed the title "Durjayakulaprakasa." As they owed allegiance to the Later Cholas, they added "Choda" to their names as an honorific. Gonka I ruled as a vassal to Kulothunga I of
700-635: The Later Cholas in Gangaikonda Cholapuram , and his son Mummadi Varma served as viceroy of Vengi . He fought as a general in battles against the Kalyani Chalukyas and rebellious vassals, Kalinga and Chakrakuta, who allied with the Kalyani Chalukyas. Mummadi Varma assumed the title Chola Mula Stambha (The pillar of Chola empire) . His kingdom encompassed the region from Gundlakamma in the south to Tripurantakam in
750-471: The Pallava dynasty extended their rule across southern Andhra Pradesh and Tamilakam and established their capital at Kanchipuram . Their power increased during the reigns of Mahendravarman I (571–630) and Narasimhavarman I (630–668). The Pallavas dominated the southern Telugu-speaking region and northern Tamilakam until the end of the ninth century. Later, various dynasties have ruled the area, including
800-574: The Rigveda , the Andhras left North India from the banks of river Yamuna and migrated to South India . They were also mentioned in the Mahabharata and Buddhist Jataka tales . In the seventh century BCE, Asmaka was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas . Andhras were mentioned by Megasthenes in his Indica ( c. 310 BCE ) as being second only to Mauryans in military strength in
850-651: The Roman Empire . The kingdom reached its zenith under Gautamiputra Satakarni . Their capital city, Amaravati was the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE. At the end of the Satavahana rule, the Telugu region was divided into Kingdoms ruled by lords. In the late second century CE, the Andhra Ikshvakus ruled the eastern region along the Krishna River. During the fourth century,
900-467: The Salankayanas , Cholas , Vishnukundinas and Eastern Chalukyas . Between 1163 and 1323 the Kakatiya dynasty emerged, bringing the distinct upland and lowland cultures of Telugu lands, which brought into being a feeling of cultural affinity between those who spoke the Telugu language . Kakatiya era also saw the development of a distinct style of architecture which improved and innovated upon
950-607: The Buddhist Jataka tales . Megasthenes reported in his Indica ( c. 310 BCE ) that the Andhras, living in the Godavari and Krishna river deltas , were famous for their formidable military strength, which was second only to that of the Maurya Empire in the entire Indian subcontinent . The first major Andhra polity was the Satavahana dynasty (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over
1000-591: The Kakatiyas' conflict with the Yadavas, he managed to recover Velanadu. However, starting from 1201 AD, he suffered defeats against the Kakatiyas and their subjects, the Nellore Chodas, and was slain in battle with Ganapatideva of the Kakatiyas in 1207 AD. His son, Rajendra Choda III, made further attempts but ultimately lost the entire kingdom to Ganapatideva. The Velanati Chodas ruled over a region between
1050-523: The Krishna and Godavari rivers. According to Keyurabahu Charitram , the region experienced prosperity and abundance. The Palanati Charitra mentions that war sports, including cockfighting , were popular, and the region boasted opulent city markets. Nanne Choda , a renowned Telugu poet, hailed from this dynasty. During this period, the region witnessed both Saivism and Vaishnavism . The kings practiced Saivism, as documented in historical texts about
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#17327767452171100-739: The Persio-Tajik sultanate of central India. The struggle for Andhra ended with the victory of the Musunuri Nayaks over the Turkic Delhi Sultanate . The Telugus achieved independence under Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646). The Qutb Shahi dynasty of the Bahmani Sultanate succeeded that empire. The Qutub Shahis were tolerant of Telugu culture from the early 16th to
1150-638: The United States. It is also a protected language in South Africa . Andhra is an ethnonym used for Telugu people since antiquity. The earliest mention of the Andhras occurs in Aitareya Brahmana ( c. 800 BCE ) of the Rigveda . In the Mahabharata , the infantry of Satyaki was composed of a tribe called the Andhras, known for their long hair, tall stature, sweet language, and mighty prowess. They were also mentioned in
1200-518: The Velanati kings. Telugu people Telugu people ( Telugu : తెలుగువారు , romanized : Teluguvāru ), also called Āndhras , are an ethno-linguistic group who speak the Telugu language and are native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh , Telangana and Yanam district of Puducherry . They are the most populous of the four major Dravidian linguistic groups. Telugu
1250-416: The ancient Hindu Sanskrit text of Natya Shastra . It developed as a religious art linked to traveling bards, temples and spiritual beliefs, like all major classical dances of India. Other Telugu performing arts include: Amaravati School of Art is an ancient Indian art style that evolved in the region of Amaravati (then known as Dhānyakaṭaka) from 2nd century BCE to the end of the 3rd century CE. It
1300-501: The banks of the Krishna, but the Velanati Chodas remained subjects of Someswara III during these conflicts. However, in 1132 AD, Rajendra Choda I fought alongside the Later Cholas . Vikrama Chola dispatched his army, led by his son Kulothunga II , to Vengi. Many chieftains, including the Velanati Chodas, collaborated with him and played a crucial role in driving out the Kalyani Chalukyas in the Battle of Manneru. Rajendra Choda I died in
1350-673: The end of the 17th centuries. The arrival of Europeans (the French under the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau and the English under Robert Clive ) altered polity of the region. In 1765, Clive and the chief and council at Visakhapatnam obtained the Northern Circars from Mughal emperor Shah Alam . The British achieved supremacy when they defeated Maharaja Vijaya Rama Gajapati Raju of Vizianagaram in 1792. Andhra's modern foundation
1400-567: The entire Deccan plateau and even distant areas of western and central India. They established trade relations with the Roman Empire and their capital city, Amaravati was the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE. Inscriptions in Old Telugu script (Vengi script) were found as far away as Indonesia and Myanmar . In the 13th century, Kakatiyas unified various Telugu-speaking areas under one realm. Later, Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached its zenith during
1450-492: The entire Indian subcontinent . They had 30 fortified towns along the Godavari River and an army of 1,00,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants. They are mentioned at the time of the death of the great Mauryan King Ashoka in 232 BCE. The first major Andhra polity was the Satavahana dynasty (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire Deccan plateau and established trade relations with
1500-453: The epic Mahabharata . It was a southern kingdom, currently identified as Indian state of Andhra Pradesh where it got its name from. Andhra communities are also mentioned in the Vayu and Matsya Purana. In the Mahabharata the infantry of Satyaki was composed by a tribe called Andhras , known for their long hair, tall stature, sweet language, and mighty prowess. They lived along the banks of
1550-449: The existing modes. Most notable examples are the Thousand Pillar Temple in Hanamkonda , Ramappa Temple in Palampet, Warangal Fort , Golconda Fort and Kota Gullu in Ghanpur . During this period, the Telugu language emerged as a literary medium with the writings of Nannaya, Tikkana , Eranna , Pothana etc. are the translators and poets of the great Hindu epics like Ramayana , Mahabharatha , Bhagavatha etc. Telingana,
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1600-716: The first Indian state formed primarily on a linguistic basis, was carved from the Madras Presidency in 1953. Although the Muslim Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to retain independence from India, he was forced to cede his kingdom to the Dominion of India in 1948 to form Hyderabad State . In 1956, Andhra State was merged with the Telugu-speaking portion of Hyderabad State (the Telangana region) to create
1650-510: The late Vijayanagara Empire . After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, various Telugu rulers called Nayakas established independent kingdoms across South India serving the same function as Rajput warriors clans of northern India. Kandyan Nayaks , the last dynasty to rule Sri Lanka were of Telugu descent. In this era, Telugu became the language of high culture throughout South India . Vijaya Ramaswamy compared it to
1700-405: The later Sanskritisation of it. If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because Triglyphum , Trilingum and Modogalingam are attested in ancient Greek sources, the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of " Trilinga ". Andhra is an ethnonym used for Telugu people since antiquity. As per Iravatham Mahadevan , non-Aryan people living beyond the borders of
1750-1088: The liberal use of spices in Andhra cuisine. Rice is the staple in Telugu culture along with Ragi (రాగి) which is popular in Rayalaseema and Palnadu regions. Telugu is a South-Central Dravidian language primarily spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language. The oldest inscriptions with Telugu words date to 400 BCE found at Bhattiprolu in Guntur district . Other early inscriptions with more refined language were found in Kantamanenivarigudem, Guntupalli in West Godavari district and Gummadidurru and Ghantasala in Krishna district . The earliest inscription completely written in Telugu dates to 575 CE were found at Kalamalla village in Kadapa district. Telugu has an unbroken and diverse literary tradition of over
1800-623: The name include Teluṅgu and Tenuṅgu . Tenugu is derived from the Proto-Dravidian word *ten ("south") to mean "the people who lived in the south/southern direction". The name Telugu , then, is a result of an "n" to "l" alternation established in Telugu. P. Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao note that Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, calling it the Trilinga Shabdānushāsana (or Trilinga Grammar) . However, most scholars note that Atharvana's grammar
1850-537: The north and west, they lost control of some regions. Many warriors were slain in the Battle of Palanadu between the Haihayas, relatives, and vassals of the Velanati Chodas. The kingdom lost land from Srisailam to Tripurantakam to the Kakatiya king Rudradeva . The last significant king of the dynasty was Pruthviswara , who ruled from Pithapuram. He made several attempts to regain lost territories and prestige. During
1900-490: The north to Srisailam in the south. Prola II of the Kakatiyas attacked his kingdom in 1158 AD, but Chodayaraja, chief of Gonaka II, killed Prola II and annexed the lost territories. Gonaka II assumed several titles, including Chalukyarajya MulaStambha . The glory of the Velanati Chodas persisted during the reigns of their subsequent rulers, Rajendra Choda II and Gonka III . Although they triumphed over rebellions from
1950-956: The overseas Telugu diaspora are spread across countries like United States , Australia , Canada , United Kingdom , New Zealand in the Anglosphere ; Malaysia , Myanmar , Mauritius , Fiji , South Africa ; UAE , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait in the Arabian Gulf . Telugu speakers number more than 1,000,000 in the United States , with the highest concentration in Central New Jersey, Texas, and California. There are around 300,000 Telugu people in Malaysia , and 200,000 in Myanmar . Keyura-bahu-charitramu Keyura-bahu-charitramu ( IAST : Keyūra-bāhu-caritramu )
2000-507: The overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Telugu also predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music , one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music . The architecture developed by Andhras in Krishna river valley in early first centuries CE , called the Amaravati School of Art , is regarded as one of the three major styles of ancient Indian art and had
2050-465: The prototype of images in different Buddhist countries was standardised here. The Amaravati style of Buddha image retained its popularity in Sri Lanka till the 12th century. Kakatiya era also saw the development of a distinct style of architecture which improved and innovated upon the existing modes. It is a fusion of Dravidian architecture and Nagara Bhumija styles in which sandbox technology
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2100-467: The region inhabited by the Indo-Aryan speakers were known as the Andhras. Mahadevan notes that since most Dravidian -speaking men had names ending with the suffIx -(a)nṟ , the Dravidian etymon -(a)nṟ was borrowed as a loanword into Indo-Aryan as andha and later as āndhra to denote the name of the neighbouring Dravidian-speaking people. Andhra ( Telugu : ఆంధ్ర ) was a kingdom mentioned in
2150-523: The same year, and Gonka II succeeded him. He was regarded as the greatest among all Chodas and served as a general in earlier battles during his father's reign. He accompanied Kulothunga Chola II in numerous campaigns, including the famous Godavari battle, which resulted in the recovery of all territories from the Kalyani Chalukyas. He defeated several rebellious chieftains, such as the Chodas of Nellore and Konidena. His kingdom extended from Mahendragiri in
2200-445: The second largest language groups in those neighbouring states. In Karnataka, Telugu people are predominantly found in the border districts with majority in Bengaluru and Bellary city. In Maharashtra , the Telugu population is over 1.4 million, followed by 0.7 million in Orissa . Other states with significant populations include West Bengal , Chhattisgarh and Gujarat with 200,000, 150,000 and 100,000 respectively. Members of
2250-475: The state of Andhra Pradesh . The Lok Sabha approved the formation of Telangana from ten northwestern districts of Andhra Pradesh on 18 February 2014. Different regions of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana all produce distinctive variations of Telugu cuisine. Telugu cuisine is generally known for its tangy, hot, and spicy taste. Andhra Pradesh is the leading producer of red chili and rice in India. The concentration of red chili production in Andhra Pradesh has led to
2300-456: The west. Rajendra Choda I succeeded his father as chieftain, maintaining allegiance to the Later Cholas . He was defeated by Anantapalaya, a general of Vikramaditya VI of the Kalyani Chalukyas in 1115 AD and was forced to accept their suzerainty. Someswara III succeeded his father Vikramaditya VI in Kalyani in 1126 AD, while Rajendra Choda I continued his allegiance to the Kalyani Chalukyas. Malla Bhupati of Vengi recovered some regions along
2350-442: The years. Important festivals celebrated by Telugu people include: The Telugu people are subdivided into several castes and communities such as the Yadav , Telugu Brahmin , Komati , Reddy , Raju , Kamma , Kapu , Telaga , Balija , Velama , Boya , Devanga , Padmasali , Bhatraju , Goud , Mala , Madiga , Jangam , Kuruba , Relli , and Vaddera . Telugu is the third most common language in India, after Bengali. Telugu
2400-453: Was for some time "the greatest monument in Buddhist Asia", and "the jewel in the crown of early Indian art". Apart from Amaravati, the style is also found in Nagarjunakonda and Chandavaram Buddhist site . Largely because of the maritime trading links of the East Indian coast, the Amaravati school of sculpture had great influence on art in South India , Sri Lanka , and South-East Asia . Buddha image in sculptures which later on became
2450-424: Was laid in the struggle for Indian independence. India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. Potti Sreeramulu 's campaign for a state independent of the Madras Presidency and Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu and Kandukuri Veeresalingam 's social-reform movements led to the formation of Andhra State , with Kurnool as its capital and freedom-fighter Prakasam Pantulu as its first chief minister. Andhra,
2500-419: Was titled Atharvana Karikavali. Appa Kavi in the 17th century explicitly wrote that Telugu was derived from Trilinga . Scholar Charles P. Brown made a comment that it was a "strange notion" since the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation. George Abraham Grierson and other linguists doubt this derivation, holding rather that Telugu was the older term and Trilinga must be
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