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68-462: Venetian red is a light and warm (somewhat unsaturated) pigment that is a darker shade of red . The composition of Venetian red changed over time. Originally it consisted of natural ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 , partially hydrated ) obtained from the red hematite . Modern versions are frequently made with synthetic red iron oxide produced via calcination of green vitriol (a.k.a. copperas ) mixed with white chalk . The pigment contains up to 50% of

136-518: A "calm and powerful architecture" built of reinforced concrete and steel, without any ornament or frills. Almost all the buildings of contemporary architect Richard Meier , such as his museum in Rome to house the ancient Roman Ara Pacis , or Altar of Peace, are stark white, in the tradition of Le Corbusier. Light is perceived by the human visual system as white when the incoming light to the eye stimulates all three types of color sensitive cone cells in

204-429: A "white" light bulb, one might buy one labeled 2700K, 6000K, etc., which produce light having very different spectral distributions, and yet this will not prevent the user from identifying the color of objects that those light bulbs illuminate. Color vision allows us to distinguish different objects by their color . In order to do so, color constancy can keep the perceived color of an object relatively unchanged when

272-463: A color name in English was in 1923. The color old rose , also known as ashes of rose , was a popular Victorian color, it is a dullish red. The first recorded use of old rose as a color name in English was in 1892. Bittersweet shimmer is one of the colors in the special set of metallic Crayola crayons called Metallic FX , the colors of which were formulated by Crayola in 2001. Although this

340-464: A computer or television set, at a reasonable expense of power . Portable devices such as mobile phones might have an even narrower gamut due to this purity –power tradeoff and their "red" may be less colorful and more orangish than the standard red of sRGB . This color is also the color called red in the X11 web colors, which were originally formulated in 1987. It is also called color wheel red . It

408-422: A high quantity of white calcium carbonate from tiny bits of seashells ground to fine sand by the action of the waves. The White Cliffs of Dover take their white color from the large amount of chalk , made of limestone , which they contain, which reflects the sunlight. Snow is a mixture of air and tiny ice crystals. When white sunlight enters snow, very little of the spectrum is absorbed; almost all of

476-528: A long and laborious process. A plain white toga , known as a toga virilis , was worn for ceremonial occasions by all Roman citizens over the age of 14–18. Magistrates and certain priests wore a toga praetexta , with a broad purple stripe. In the time of the Emperor Augustus , no Roman man was allowed to appear in the Roman forum without a toga. The ancient Romans had two words for white; albus ,

544-408: A mirror rather than a white surface. Reflection of 100% of incident light at all wavelengths is a form of uniform reflectance, so white is an achromatic color, meaning a color without hue . The color stimulus produced by the perfect diffuser is usually considered to be an achromatic stimulus for all illuminants, except for those whose light sources appear to be highly chromatic. Color constancy

612-475: A plain white, (the source of the word albino ); and candidus, a brighter white. A man who wanted public office in Rome wore a white toga brightened with chalk, called a toga candida , the origin of the word candidate . The Latin word candere meant to shine, to be bright. It was the origin of the words candle and candid . In ancient Rome , the priestesses of the goddess Vesta dressed in white linen robes,

680-471: A powder pressed into sticks. Bianco di San Giovanni is a pigment used in the Renaissance, which was described by the painter Cennino Cennini in the 15th century. It is similar to chalk, made of calcium carbonate with calcium hydroxide . It was made of dried lime which was made into a powder, then soaked in water for eight days, with the water changed each day. It was then made into cakes and dried in

748-427: A red and cyan laser or yellow and blue lasers. This light will however have very few practical applications since color rendering of objects will be greatly distorted. The fact that light sources with vastly different spectral power distributions can result in a similar sensory experience is due to the way the light is processed by the visual system. One color that arises from two different spectral power distributions

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816-612: A series of paintings with musical titles where he used color to create moods, the way composers used music. His painting Symphony in White No. 1 – The White Girl , which used his mistress Joanna Hiffernan as a model, used delicate colors to portray innocence and fragility, and a moment of uncertainty. The White movement was the opposition that formed against the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War , which followed

884-477: A white palla or shawl, and a white veil. They protected the sacred fire and the penates of Rome. White symbolized their purity, loyalty, and chastity. The early Christian church adopted the Roman symbolism of white as the color of purity, sacrifice and virtue. It became the color worn by priests during Mass, the color worn by monks of the Cistercian Order , and, under Pope Pius V , a former monk of

952-399: A white unicorn symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity. It was the royal color of the kings of France as well as the flag of monachist France from 1815 to 1830 , and of the monarchist movement that opposed the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War (1917–1922). Greek temples and Roman temples were faced with white marble, and beginning in the 18th century, with

1020-446: A wide variety of terms for white. The Inuit language has seven different words for seven different nuances of white. Sanskrit has specific words for bright white, the white of teeth, the white of sandalwood , the white of the autumn moon, the white of silver, the white of cow's milk, the white of pearls, the white of a ray of sunlight, and the white of stars. Japanese has six different words, depending upon brilliance or dullness, or if

1088-590: Is a color system based on the four unique hues or psychological primary colors red, yellow, green, and blue. The NCS is based on the opponent process theory of vision. The Natural Color System is widely used in Scandinavia. The color is defined as red in Pantone . The source of this color is the Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX) color list, color No. 032M—Red. The color madder

1156-629: Is achieved by chromatic adaptation . The International Commission on Illumination defines white (adapted) as "a color stimulus that an observer who is [chromatically] adapted to the viewing environment would judge to be perfectly achromatic and to have a luminance factor of unity. The color stimulus that is considered to be the adapted white may be different at different locations within a scene. Beaches with sand containing high amounts of quartz or eroded limestone also appear white, since quartz and limestone reflect or scatter sunlight, rather than absorbing it. Tropical white sand beaches may also have

1224-549: Is also the color of mourning. The word white continues Old English hwīt , ultimately from a Common Germanic * χ ītaz also reflected in OHG (h)wîz , ON hvítr , Goth. ƕeits . The root is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European language *k id- , surviving also in Sanskrit śveta "to be white or bright" and Slavonic světŭ "light". The Icelandic word for white, hvítur ,

1292-568: Is at precisely zero (360) degrees on the HSV color wheel , also known as the RGB color wheel ( Image of RGB color wheel ). Its complementary color is cyan . Pigment red is the color red that is achieved by mixing process (printer's) magenta and process (printer's) yellow in equal proportions. This is the color red that is shown in the diagram located at the bottom of the following website offering tintbooks for CMYK printing: [1] . The purpose of

1360-700: Is both a brilliant red or scarlet pigment, originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar ( see § Cinnabar ). It was widely used in the art and decoration of Ancient Rome, in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, in the paintings of the Renaissance , as sindoor , an Indian cosmetic powder, and in the art and lacquerware of China . The web color misty rose is written as mistyrose in HTML code for computer display. The color name misty rose first came into use in 1987, when this color

1428-469: Is called a metamerism . Many of the light sources that emit white light emit light at almost all visible wavelengths (sun light, incandescent lamps of various Color temperatures ). This has led to the notion that white light can be defined as a mixture of "all colors" or "all visible wavelengths". A range of spectral distributions of light sources can be perceived as white—there is no single, unique specification of "white light". For example, when buying

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1496-569: Is defined as red in Crayola crayons. Red was one of the original colors formulated by Crayola in 1903. The color is defined as red in the Munsell color system (Munsell 5R). The Munsell color system is a color space that specifies colors based on three color dimensions: hue , value ( lightness ), and chroma (color purity), spaced uniformly in three dimensions in the elongated oval at an angle shaped Munsell color solid according to

1564-478: Is directly derived from the Old Norse form of the word hvítr . Common Germanic also had the word * blankaz ("white, bright, blinding"), borrowed into Late Latin as * blancus , which provided the source for Romance words for "white" (Catalan, Occitan and French blanc , Spanish blanco , Italian bianco , Galician-Portuguese branco , etc.). The antonym of white is black. Some non-European languages have

1632-439: Is indeed a unique specification of "white object", or, more specifically, "white surface". A perfectly white surface diffusely reflects ( scatters ) all visible light that strikes it, without absorbing any, irrespective of the light's wavelength or spectral distribution. Since it does not absorb any of the incident light, white is the lightest possible color. If the reflection is not diffuse but rather specular , this describes

1700-420: Is made out of titanium dioxide , from the minerals brookite , anatase , rutile , or ilmenite , currently the major source. Because of its brilliant whiteness, it is used as a colorant for most toothpaste and sunscreen . Zinc white is made from zinc oxide . It is similar to but not as opaque as titanium white. It is added to some foods to enrich them with zinc, an important nutrient . Chinese white

1768-466: Is named for a dye produced from plants of the genus Rubia . The color brink pink was formulated by Crayola in 1990. Crimson is a strong, bright, deep red color combined with some blue or violet , resulting in a small degree of purple . It is also the color between rose and red on the RGB color wheel and magenta and red on the RYB color wheel. The web color pink is a light tint of red , but

1836-467: Is often considered to be a basic color term on its own. This color which represents the pinkish tone of salmon is called salmon in Crayola crayons. This color was introduced by Crayola in 1949. See the List of Crayola crayon colors . Cardinal red , also called cardinal , is a vivid red, which gets its name from the cassocks worn by cardinals . The bird takes its name from the color. Apple red

1904-456: Is supposed to be a metallic color, there is no mechanism for displaying metallic colors on a computer. The color light red , though very similar to pink , is a shade of red that is roughly 50% lighter than red . The web color light coral is a pinkish-light orange color. It is also a HTML/CSS color name and a X11 color name . The color garnet can be considered a dark tone of red, with some slight purple tints. This color represents

1972-481: Is the brightest possible red that can be reproduced on a computer monitor . This color is an approximation of an orangish red spectral color . It is one of the three primary colors of light in the RGB color model , along with green and blue . The three additive primaries in the RGB color system are the three colors of light chosen such as to provide the maximum gamut of colors that are capable of being represented on

2040-404: Is the color of Cosmos atrosanguineus species. The color is described as dark red, deep crimson , deeper burgundy , deep red chocolate, as dark hazelnut and velvety maroon . The color rosewood is named after rosewood . The first recorded use of rosewood as a color name in English was in 1892. Actual rosewood exhibits a wide range of colors. Imperial red is a representation of

2108-480: Is the color of the peel of an apple . The color poppy red is named after the poppy flower. Poppy red is a shade of pink-red. Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae , a Canadian officer and surgeon in World War I , wrote possibly history's most famous wartime poem, called " In Flanders Fields ", written in 1915. It helped the poppy ( Papaver rhoeas ) become a symbol of remembrance for soldiers who have died during

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2176-594: Is the color that is called rojo (the Spanish word for "red") in the Guía de coloraciones ( Guide to colorations ) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm. Rusty red is a color formulated by Crayola in 1990 as one of the colors in its Silver Swirls specialty crayon box of metallic colors . Chocolate cosmos , or red cosmos

2244-582: The Dominican Order , it became the official color worn by the pope himself. Monks of the Order of Saint Benedict dressed in the white or gray of natural undyed wool, but later changed to black, the color of humility and penitence. Postclassical history art, the white lamb became the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ on behalf of mankind. John the Baptist described Christ as the lamb of God , who took

2312-477: The French Revolution , a more austere white ( blanc cassé ) became the most fashionable color in women's costumes which were modeled after the outfits of Ancient Greece and Republican Rome. Because of the rather revealing design of these dresses, the women wearing them were called les merveilleuses (the marvellous) by French men of that era. The Empire style under Emperor Napoléon I was modeled after

2380-650: The Russian Revolution in 1917. It was finally defeated by the Bolsheviks in 1921–22, and many of its members emigrated to Europe. At the end of the 19th century, lead white was still the most popular pigment; but between 1916 and 1918, chemical companies in Norway and the United States began to produce titanium white , made from titanium oxide . It had first been identified in the 18th century by

2448-485: The logarithmic scale which governs human perception . In order for all the colors to be spaced uniformly, it was found necessary to use a color wheel with five primary colors—red, yellow, green, blue, and purple. The Munsell colors displayed are only approximate as they have been adjusted to fit into the sRGB gamut . The color is defined as red in the NCS or Natural Color System (NCS 1080-R). The Natural Color System

2516-400: The visible wavelengths of light . White on television and computer screens is created by a mixture of red , blue , and green light. The color white can be given with white pigments , especially titanium dioxide . In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as a symbol of purity, and Romans wore white togas as symbols of citizenship. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance

2584-455: The 18th and 19th centuries. It was unthinkable to have sheets or underwear of any other color. The reason was simple; the manner of washing linen in boiling water caused colors to fade. When linen was worn out, it was collected and turned into high-quality paper. The 19th-century American painter James McNeill Whistler (1834–1903), working at the same time as the French impressionists, created

2652-501: The 18th and 19th centuries. Venetian red was replaced as the main colour of British Army battledress by khaki , during the 1890s. The first recorded use of Venetian red as a color name in English was in 1753. There are many other names for the iron oxide red pigments of different shades, with Spanish red being very similar. Shades of red Red (RGB) , RGB red , or electric red (as opposed to pigment red , shown below)

2720-452: The 18th century. Church interiors were designed to show the power, glory and wealth of the church. They seemed to be alive, filled with curves, asymmetry, mirrors, gilding, statuary and reliefs, unified by white. White was also a fashionable color for both men and women in the 18th century. Men in the aristocracy and upper classes wore powdered white wigs and white stockings , and women wore elaborate embroidered white and pastel gowns. After

2788-485: The CMYK color system is to provide the maximum possible gamut of colors capable of being reproduced in printing. Psychedelic art made people used to brighter colors of red, and pigment colors or colored pencils called "true red" are produced by mixing pigment red with a tiny amount of white . The result approximates (with much less brightness than is possible on a computer screen) the electric red shown above. The color

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2856-579: The German chemist Martin Klaproth , who also discovered uranium . It had twice the covering power of lead white, and was the brightest white pigment known. By 1945, 80 percent of the white pigments sold were titanium white. The absoluteness of white appealed to modernist painters. It was used in its simplest form by the Russian suprematist painter Kazimir Malevich in his 1917 painting 'the white square,'

2924-541: The Virgin Mary. During the Postclassical history, painters rarely ever mixed colors; but in the Renaissance, the influential humanist and scholar Leon Battista Alberti encouraged artists to add white to their colors to make them lighter, brighter, and to add hilaritas , or gaiety. Many painters followed his advice, and the palette of the Renaissance was considerably brighter. Until the 16th century, white

2992-471: The advent of neoclassical architecture , white became the most common color of new churches, capitols, and other government buildings, especially in the United States. It was also widely used in 20th century modern architecture as a symbol of modernity and simplicity. According to surveys in Europe and the United States, white is the color most often associated with perfection, the good, honesty, cleanliness,

3060-632: The beginning, the new, neutrality, and exactitude. White is an important color for almost all world religions. The pope , the head of the Roman Catholic Church , has worn white since 1566, as a symbol of purity and sacrifice. In Islam , and in the Shinto religion of Japan, it is worn by pilgrims. In Western cultures and in Japan, white is the most common color for wedding dresses , symbolizing purity and virginity. In many Asian cultures, white

3128-405: The border between China and Korea. Chalk is a type of limestone , made of the mineral calcite , or calcium carbonate . It was originally deposited under the sea as the scales or plates of tiny micro-organisms called Coccolithophore . It was the first white pigment used by prehistoric artists in cave paintings. The chalk used on blackboards today is usually made of gypsum or calcium sulphate,

3196-483: The color is inert or dynamic. White was one of the first colors used in art. The Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. Paleolithic artists used calcite or chalk , sometimes as a background, sometimes as a highlight, along with charcoal and red and yellow ochre in their vivid cave paintings. In ancient Egypt , white

3264-412: The color of the flesh of an average salmon . However, actual salmon flesh can range in hue from a light pinkish-orange to a bright red (as is the case with sockeye salmon ). White White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue ). It is the color of objects such as snow , chalk , and milk , and is the opposite of black . White objects fully reflect and scatter all

3332-457: The companion to his earlier 'black square.' It was also used by the Dutch modernist painter Piet Mondrian . His most famous paintings consisted of a pure white canvas with grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and rectangles of primary colors. Black and white also appealed to modernist architects, such as Le Corbusier (1887–1965). He said a house was "a machine for living in" and called for

3400-407: The conflict and later conflicts. The color carmine is a vivid crimson . In its pigment form it mostly contains the red light with wavelengths longer than 600 nm, i.e. it is close to the extreme spectral red. This places it far beyond standard gamuts (both RGB and CMYK), and its given RGB value is a poor approximation only. Spanish red , an iron oxide red also known as torch red ,

3468-428: The eye in roughly equal amounts. Materials that do not emit light themselves appear white if their surfaces reflect back most of the light that strikes them in a diffuse way . In 1666, Isaac Newton demonstrated that white light was composed of multiple colors by passing it through a prism to break it up into components then using a second prism to reassemble them. Before Newton, most scientists believed that white

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3536-589: The ferric oxide. Historically, Venetian red was a red earth color often used in Italian Renaissance paintings . It was also called sinopia because the best-quality pigment came from the port of Sinop in northern Turkey. It was the major ingredient in the pigment called cinabrese , described by the 15th-century Italian painter and writer Cennino Cennini in his handbook on painting, Il libro dell'arte . Cennini recommended mixing Venetian red with lime white, in proportions of two to one, to paint

3604-427: The hue of an average garnet gemstone, though garnets can range in color from orange to (very rarely) green. The first recorded use of rose ebony as a color name in English was in 1924. Chili red is the color of red chili peppers . It is the shade of red used in the flags of Chile and South Africa . On the flag of South Africa, it is defined as Pantone 179. [2] Vermilion (sometimes spelled vermillion )

3672-427: The illumination changes among various broad (whitish) spectral distributions of light. The same principle is used in photography and cinematography where the choice of white point determines a transformation of all other color stimuli. Changes in or manipulation of the white point can be used to explain some optical illusions such as The dress . While there is no single, unique specification of "white light", there

3740-410: The light is reflected or scattered by the air and water molecules, so the snow appears to be the color of sunlight, white. Sometimes the light bounces around inside the ice crystals before being scattered, making the snow seem to sparkle. In the case of glaciers , the ice is more tightly pressed together and contains little air. As sunlight enters the ice, more light of the red spectrum is absorbed, so

3808-698: The light scattered will be bluish. Clouds are white for the same reason as ice. They are composed of water droplets or ice crystals mixed with air, very little light that strikes them is absorbed, and most of the light is scattered, appearing to the eye as white. Shadows of other clouds above can make clouds look gray, and some clouds have their own shadow on the bottom of the cloud. Many mountains with winter or year-round snow cover are named accordingly: Mauna Kea means white mountain in Hawaiian , Mont Blanc means white mountain in French. Changbai Mountains literally meaning perpetually white mountains , marks

3876-427: The more conservative outfits of Ancient Imperial Rome. The dresses were high in fashion but low in warmth considering the more severe weather conditions of northern France; in 1814 the former wife of Napoleon, Joséphine de Beauharnais , caught pneumonia and died after taking a walk in the cold night air with Tsar Alexander I of Russia . White was the universal color of both men and women's underwear and of sheets in

3944-617: The red color of the Imperial Standard of Napoleon I . The first recorded use of imperial red as a color name in English was in 1914. Note: the RGB values for Pantone red and imperial red are identical. Cordovan is a rich medium dark shade of red. The first recorded use of cordovan as a color name in English was in 1925. Fire engine red is an intense, bright red commonly used on emergency vehicles ; mostly on fire engines , other associated fire service vehicles, and ambulances . The first recorded use of rose vale as

4012-509: The rose. The ancient Greeks saw the world in terms of darkness and light, so white was considered a fundamental color. According to Pliny the Elder in his Natural History , Apelles (4th century BC) and the other famous painters of ancient Greece used only four colors in their paintings; white, red, yellow and black. For painting, the Greeks used the highly toxic pigment lead white , made by

4080-566: The sins of the world upon himself. The white lamb was the center of one of the most famous paintings of the Medieval period, the Ghent Altarpiece by Jan van Eyck . White was also the symbolic color of the transfiguration . The Gospel of Saint Mark describes Jesus' clothing in this event as "shining, exceeding white as snow." Artists such as Fra Angelico used their skill to capture the whiteness of his garments. In his painting of

4148-598: The skin tones of faces, hands and nudes. During the English Civil War (1642–1651), Venetian red was adopted as the primary uniform colour of the New Model Army , to ease mutual identification on the battlefield. In addition, Venetian red was cheaper than other dyes at the time. Following the war, this practice was continued by the British Army , giving its soldiers the nickname " Redcoats ", during

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4216-431: The sun. Lead white was being produced during the 4th century BC; the process is described is Pliny the Elder , Vitruvius and the ancient Greek author Theophrastus . Pieces of lead were put into clay pots which had a separate compartment filled with vinegar . The pots in turn were piled on shelves close to cow dung. The combined fumes of the vinegar and the cow dung caused the lead to corrode into lead carbonate . It

4284-518: The transfiguration at the Convent of Saint Mark in Florence , Fra Angelico emphasized the white garment by using a light gold background , placed in an almond-shaped halo. The white unicorn was a common subject of Postclassical history manuscripts, paintings and tapestries. It was a symbol of purity, chastity and grace, which could only be captured by a virgin. It was often portrayed in the lap of

4352-418: Was a slow process which could take a month or more. It made an excellent white and was used by artists for centuries, but it was also toxic. It was replaced in the 19th century by zinc white and titanium white . Titanium white is the most popular white for artists today; it is the brightest available white pigment, and has twice the coverage of lead white. It first became commercially available in 1921. It

4420-535: Was commonly worn by widows as a color of mourning. The widows of the kings of France wore white until Anne of Brittany in the 16th century. A white tunic was also worn by many knights, along with a red cloak, which showed the knights were willing to give their blood for the king or Church. White was the dominant color of architectural interiors in the Baroque period and especially the Rococo style that followed it in

4488-462: Was connected with the goddess Isis . The priests and priestesses of Isis dressed only in white linen, and it was used to wrap mummies . In Greece and other ancient civilizations, white was often associated with mother's milk. In Greek mythology , the chief god Zeus was nourished at the breast of the nymph Amalthea. In the Talmud , milk was one of four sacred substances, along with wine, honey, and

4556-551: Was formulated as one of the X11 colors , which in the early 1990s became known as the X11 web colors . Turkey red is a color that was widely used to dye cotton in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was made using the root of the Rubia plant, through a long and laborious process. It originated in India or Turkey, and was brought to Europe in the 1740s. In France, it was known as rouge d'Andrinople . The web color salmon represents

4624-496: Was the fundamental color of light . White light can be generated by the sun, by stars, or by earthbound sources such as fluorescent lamps, white LEDs and incandescent bulbs . On the screen of a color television or computer, white is produced by mixing the primary colors of light: red, green and blue ( RGB ) at full intensity, a process called additive mixing (see image above). White light can be fabricated using light with only two wavelengths, for instance by mixing light from

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