97-414: Irreligion , Deism , Agnosticism and Atheism : (8.0%) Venezuelans ( Spanish : venezolanos ) are the citizens identified with the country of Venezuela . This connection may be through citizenship, descent or cultural. For most Venezuelans, many or all of these connections exist and are the source of their Venezuelan citizenship or their bond to Venezuela. In recent years, after mass emigrations,
194-528: A colonial empire . It was one of the first global empires and one of the world's major economic, political and military powers in the 15th and 16th centuries, with territories that became part numerous countries. Portugal helped to launch the spread of Western civilization to other geographies. During and after the period of the Portuguese Empire , the Portuguese diaspora spread across
291-439: A 9% decrease in identification as "religious" when compared to the 2005 average from 39 countries. Some researchers have advised caution with these figures since other surveys have consistently reached lower figures for the number of atheists worldwide. In 2013, Ariela Keysar and Juhem Navarro-Rivera estimated there were about 450 to 500 million nonbelievers, including both "positive" and "negative" atheists, or approximately 7% of
388-818: A church or other place of worship. Out of the global nonreligious population, 76% reside in Asia and the Pacific, while the remainder reside in Europe (12%), North America (5%), Latin America and the Caribbean (4%), sub-Saharan Africa (2%) and the Middle East and North Africa (less than 1%). The term " nones " is sometimes used to refer to those who are unaffiliated with any organized religion. This use derives from surveys of religious affiliation, in which "None" (or "None of
485-712: A cluster within the haplogroup R category, is more prevalent along the Atlantic façade, including the Cantabrian Coast and Portugal. Its highest frequency is in Galicia (northwestern corner of Iberia). The frequency of haplogroup H shows a decreasing trend from the Atlantic façade toward the Mediterranean. This finding adds strong evidence that Galicia and Northern Portugal was a cul-de-sac population,
582-532: A diverse population that reflects its colorful history and the peoples that have resided there throughout. The historic amalgam of the different main groups forms the basics of Venezuela's current demographics: European immigrants, Amerindian peoples , Africans , Asians (including the Arabs/West Asians ) and other recent immigrants. The autosomal DNA genetic composition of population in Venezuela,
679-549: A greater rate than those from Muslim, Hindu, or Buddhist faiths. Inglehart and Norris speculate that the decline in religiosity comes from a decline in the social need for traditional gender and sexual norms, ("virtually all world religions instilled" pro-fertility norms such as "producing as many children as possible and discouraged divorce, abortion, homosexuality, contraception, and any sexual behavior not linked to reproduction" in their adherents for centuries) as life expectancy rose and infant mortality dropped. They also argue that
776-486: A high degree of cultural sensitivity, especially in regions outside of the Western world in which the concepts of "religion" or " the secular " may be foreign concepts to local culture . Those who do not affiliate with a religion are diverse. Pew Research Center noted that, in 2010, many individuals who scored high on measures of irreligiosity reported engaging in explicitly religious activities. The term irreligion
873-657: A high number of other Europeans brought in were from Portuguese , Italian , and German immigrants to the region in the middle 20th century by the Petroleum Growth , and in much smaller numbers of French , English , Portuguese , Polish , Russian , Greek , Scandinavian , Romanian , Ukrainian and Hungarian communities who immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War . 300,000 Italians and an equal numbers of Spaniards and immigrated in
970-516: A kind of European edge for a major ancient central European migration. An interesting pattern of genetic continuity exists along the Cantabria coast and Portugal, a pattern observed previously when minor sub-clades of the mtDNA phylogeny were examined. Given the Paleolithic and Neolithic origins, as well as Bronze Age and Iron Age Indo-European migrations, the Portuguese ethnic origin
1067-497: A lower admixture with Mediterraneans . The Portuguese have one unique characteristic: a high frequency of HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13, which may reflect a founder effect from ancient Portuguese, i.e., Oestriminis and Cynetes . According to an early genetic study, the Portuguese are a relatively distinct population according to HLA data, as they have a high frequency of the HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13 genes,
SECTION 10
#17327652693101164-575: A major wave of 2.1 million European immigrants, being the third country in Latin America to have received Europeans, behind Argentina and Brazil. Writing was not used in pre-Columbian times, a historical stage where various groups began to move throughout the Americas, thus making it difficult to find evidence of the people who began to populate this land. However, archaeological excavations show evidence of certain periods that were taking place on
1261-488: A modern and friendly twist to Venezuelan identity, being introduced by local communities in english speaking countries as they welcome newcomers from Venezuela. Venezuela is a diverse and multilingual country, home to a melting pot of people of distinct origins, as a result, many Venezuelans do not regard their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship or allegiance. Venezuela as Argentina and Brazil, received most immigrants, during 1820s to 1930s Venezuela received
1358-411: A process of "fusion" between the different racial groups: The "brown" were descendants of the unions between Whites, Indians and Blacks and by the 18th century were the largest racial and social group being more than 60% of the population. This process is currently responsible for the majority of Venezuelans who are of mixed race. This number, however, would continue to decrease after the economic boom in
1455-425: A religious person, 9% others responded "convinced atheists", and 5% others "do not know/no response". In 2010, the religiously unaffiliated was estimated to be 1.1 billion, about 16% of the world population , according to Pew Research Center . The population of the religiously unaffiliated, who are sometimes referred to as "nones", has grown significantly in recent years. Measurement of irreligiosity requires
1552-582: A reminder of the Gallaeci (also known as Callaeci), a Celtic tribe that lived in part of Northern Portugal . Alternatively the name may have come from the early settlement of Cale (today's Gaia ), situated on the mouth of the Douro River on the Atlantic coast ( Portus Cale ). The name Cale seems to come from the Celts – perhaps from one of their specifications, Cailleach – but which, in everyday life,
1649-444: A society that determines religiosity. They claim that increased poverty and chaos make religious values more important to a society, while wealth and security diminish its role. As need for religious support diminishes, there is less willingness to "accept its constraints, including keeping women in the kitchen and gay people in the closet". Rates of people identifying as non-religious began rising in most societies at least as early as
1746-411: A study of religious trends in 49 countries from 1981 to 2019, Inglehart and Norris found an overall increase in religiosity from 1981 to 2007. Respondents in 33 of 49 countries rated themselves higher on a scale from one to ten when asked how important God was in their lives. This increase occurred in most former communist and developing countries, but also in some high-income countries. A sharp reversal of
1843-714: A tribal Celtic group, related to the Lusones . The first area settled by the Lusitanians was probably the Douro Valley and the region of Beira Alta ; they subsequently moved south, and expanded on both sides of the Tagus river , before the Roman conquest. The Lusitanians originated from either Proto-Celtic or Proto-Italic populations who spread from Central Europe into western Europe after Yamnaya migrations into
1940-600: Is 60.60% of European contribution, 23% of Amerindian contribution, and 16.30% of African contribution. Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed into the Moreno population, because of the heavy mixture of European and African people. They represent over half of the country's population (about 51.6%). This proportion is beginning to decrease, though, as mixed lower income Venezuelans are more likely to flee to other South American countries. Early European settlers and post-independence immigrants were mostly Spanish colonists, but
2037-564: Is Article 36 of the Constitution of China (as adopted in 1982), which states that "No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion." Article 46 of China's 1978 Constitution was even more explicit, stating that "Citizens enjoy freedom to believe in religion and freedom not to believe in religion and to propagate atheism." In 2020,
SECTION 20
#17327652693102134-583: Is a Romance -speaking ethnic group and nation indigenous to Portugal , a country that occupies the west side of the Iberian Peninsula in south-west Europe , who share culture , ancestry and language . The Portuguese state began with the founding of the County of Portugal in 868 . Following the Battle of São Mamede (1128), Portugal gained international recognition as a kingdom through
2231-516: Is a combination of the noun religion and the ir- form of the prefix in- , signifying "not" (similar to irrelevant ). It was first attested in French as irréligion in 1527, then in English as irreligion in 1598. It was borrowed into Dutch as irreligie in the 17th century, though it is not certain from which language. Irreligion is defined as a rejection of religion , but whether it
2328-655: Is around 60,000 Syrian-Venezuelans living in Syria. More than 200,000 people from the Sweida area carry Venezuelan citizenship and most are members of Syria's Druze sect, who immigrated to Venezuela in the past century. According to a 2011 poll, 88.3 percent of the population is Christian, primarily Roman Catholic (71%), 17 percent Protestant , and the remaining 0.03 percent Mormons ( LDS Church ). The Venezuelans without religion are 9% ( atheist 2%, agnostic or indifferent 6% and doesn't know/doesn't respond 1% ), almost 3% of
2425-780: Is distinct from lack of religion is disputed. The Encyclopedia of Religion and Society defines it as the "rejection of religion in general or any of its more specific organized forms, as distinct from absence of religion"; while the Oxford English Dictionary defines it as want of religion; hostility to or disregard of religious principles; irreligious conduct; and the Merriam Webster Dictionary defines it as "the quality or state of being irreligious", and defines "irreligious" as "neglectful of religion: lacking religious emotions, doctrines, or practices". In 1993,
2522-580: Is further emphasized by research by the Max Planck Institute on the origins of Indo-European languages. One study identified one common Celtic branch of peoples and languages spanning most of Atlantic Europe, including Lusitania, at around 7,000 BC. This work contradicts previous theories that excluded Lusitanian from the Celtic linguistic family. In Roman times, the Roman province of Lusitania
2619-518: Is less social/economic need for the high birthrates that religion encourages and less emotional need for the comfort of religious belief. Change in acceptance of "divorce, abortion, and homosexuality" has been measured by the World Values Survey and shown to have grown throughout the world outside of Muslim-majority countries. Portuguese people The Portuguese people ( Portuguese : Portugueses – masculine – or Portuguesas )
2716-492: Is mainly motivated by cultural and nationalist considerations, without much concrete belief. A Pew 2015 global projection study for religion and nonreligion, projects that between 2010 and 2050, there will be some initial increases of the unaffiliated followed by a decline by 2050 due to lower global fertility rates among this demographic. Sociologist Phil Zuckerman 's global studies on atheism have indicated that global atheism may be in decline due to irreligious countries having
2813-631: Is not necessarily equivalent to being an atheist or agnostic. Pew Research Center's global study from 2012 noted that many of the nonreligious have some religious beliefs. For example, they observed that "belief in God or a higher power is shared by 7% of Chinese unaffiliated adults, 30% of French unaffiliated adults and 68% of unaffiliated U.S. adults." Being unaffiliated with a religion on polls does not automatically mean objectively nonreligious since there are, for example, unaffiliated people who fall under religious measures, just as some unbelievers may still attend
2910-561: Is the fact that virtually there are no pure blacks nor indigenous people in Venezuela. With the exception of direct descendants of immigrants or specific indigenous tribes. In addition, according to a genetic autosomal DNA study conducted in 2008 by the University of Brasilia (UNB), the composition of the population of Venezuela is: 60.60% European, 23% of Native American contribution and 16% of Africa's contribution. The population of approximately 28 million people (in 2011) made Venezuela
3007-726: Is the most common haplogroup in the Iberian peninsula and western Europe. One of the best-characterized of Iberian haplotypes is the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH). This haplotype reaches the highest frequencies there and in the British Isles. In Portugal it reckons generally 65% in the South, ranging from 87-96% northwards. The Neolithic colonization of Europe from Western Asia and the Middle East, beginning around 10,000 years ago, reached Iberia after reaching
Venezuelans - Misplaced Pages Continue
3104-659: The Anas ( Guadiana ) river. As the Lusitanians fought the Romans, the name Lusitania was adopted by the Gallaeci , tribes living north of the Douro, and other surrounding tribes, eventually spreading as a label to the nearby peoples fighting Roman rule in western Iberia. This led the Romans to name their original province in the area, which initially covered the entire western side of the Iberian peninsula, Lusitania. Rome conquered
3201-755: The Aroa Valley , Litoral varguense , Eastern Falcon state ; Gibraltar , Bobures and Palmarito in the Sur del Lago Region; and in areas where slaves would run away during Colonial Venezuela and formed cumbes, communities in mountainous and isolated areas, such as, the Sierra de Falcón , Barlovento Region ( Acevedo , Andrés Bello , Brión , Buroz and Páez municipalities), Ocumare de La Costa , Choroní ; El Callao and Paria Peninsula (where Afro-Trinidadian also migrated); and through Los Llanos , well dispersed in small to decent percents. They represent 3.6% of
3298-596: The Conquest of Faro , religious and ethnic minorities such as the so-called "new Christians" or the " Ciganos " ( Roma gypsies ) later suffered persecution from the state and the Inquisition . As a consequence, many were expelled, condemned, and subjected to auto-da-fé , or fled the country, creating a Jewish diaspora in the Netherlands , England, US, Brazil, Balkans , and beyond. The political origin of
3395-827: The Danube Valley , while Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic may have developed east of the Carpathian Mountains , in present-day Ukraine , moving north and spreading with the Corded Ware culture in Middle Europe (third millennium BCE). One theory claimed that a European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European" and associated with the Bell Beaker culture , may have been ancestral to Celtic, Italic, Germanic, and Balto-Slavic lanaguages. The Lusitanians' Celtic root,
3492-638: The Pontic–Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe during the Bronze Age , along with carriers of Indo-European languages like proto-Celtic and proto-Italic . Unlike older studies on uniparental markers, large amounts of autosomal DNA were analyzed in addition to paternal Y-DNA . An autosomal component was detected in modern Europeans that was not present in the Neolithic or Mesolithic, and which entered Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as
3589-688: The Portuguese throne . The Portuguese share some DNA with the Basques . The results of the present HLA study in Portuguese populations show that they have features in common with Basques and some Madrid -area Spaniards : a high frequency of the HLA- haplotypes A29-B44-DR7 (ancient Western Europeans) and A1-B8-DR3 are common characteristics. Many Portuguese and Basques do not show the Mediterranean A33-B14-DR1 haplotype , confirming
3686-400: The Roman province of Lusitania (modern Portugal , Extremadura and part of Salamanca ). They spoke Lusitanian , of which only a few short written fragments survive. Most Portuguese consider Lusitanians as their ancestors, although the northern regions ( Minho , Douro , Trás-os-Montes ) identify more with Gallaecians . Linguists such as Ellis Evans claimed that Gallaecian -Lusitanian
3783-752: The Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches . There are few Muslims . Israel has been chosen by many Venezuelan Jews , along with the United States and other countries. According to the Venezuelan Institute of Statistics, about one million Venezuelans have Syrian origins and more than 20,000 Venezuelans are registered in the Venezuelan Embassy in Damascus. Other sources stated that there
3880-678: The Suebi , the Buri , and the Visigoths (an estimated 2–3% of the population), ruled the peninsula for centuries and assimilated into the local population. Some of the Vandals ( Silingi and Hasdingi ) and Alans lingered. The Suebians were the most numerous Germanic tribes. Portugal and Galicia, (along with Catalonia which was part of the Frankish Kingdom ), are the regions with
3977-523: The Treaty of Zamora and the papal bull Manifestis Probatum . This Portuguese state paved the way for the Portuguese people to unite as a nation. The Portuguese explored distant lands previously unknown to Europeans—in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania (southwest Pacific Ocean). In 1415, with the conquest of Ceuta , the Portuguese took a significant role in the Age of Discovery , which culminated in
Venezuelans - Misplaced Pages Continue
4074-578: The United Nations Human Rights Committee declared that article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights "protects theistic, non-theistic and atheistic beliefs, as well as the right not to profess any religion or belief." The committee further stated that "the freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief necessarily entails the freedom to choose a religion or belief, including
4171-484: The United States , Canada and Peru . Arab immigration to Venezuela started as early as the 19th and 20th centuries. They came mostly from Western Asia, particularly Lebanon , Syria , and Palestine . They are mostly located in the most important urban areas and Margarita Island , representing around 5% of the population in Venezuela. In religion, the majority of Arab-Venezuelans are Christians who belong to
4268-574: The 1940s and 1950s, and earlier who were fleeing from the Spanish Civil War (1930s). Up to 95% of Venezuelans live principally in important urban areas like Greater Caracas , Maracaibo , Maracay , Valencia , Lecheria , Barquisimeto / Cabudare , Colonia Tovar , Punto Fijo ; the Andean States , Margarita Island and Araya Peninsula . They represent almost half of the population with 43.6% self-identifying as ‘blanco’ (white) in
4365-481: The 2011 census. African people were brought as slaves , mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century, and continuing into the mid 19th century. Although they are located in almost the entire country, the Black and African population are concentrated in places where they used to be enslaved and worked as farm hands on subsistence farms of plantains , cocoa , tobacco , sugar cane and cotton in
4462-461: The 9th and 11th centuries , made by Norsemen who raided coastal areas mainly in the northern regions of Douro and Minho . Low-incidence, pre-Roman influence came from Phoenicians and Greeks in southern coastal areas. The name Portugal is a portmanteau that comes from the Latin word Portus (meaning port) and a second word Cale , whose meaning and origin are unclear. Cale is probably
4559-437: The 9th century. The term denoted the area between the Douro and Minho rivers. Portuguese origins are predominantly from Southern and Western Europe. The earliest modern humans inhabiting Portugal are believed to have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggest that modern Portuguese trace a proportion of these lineages to the paleolithic peoples who began settling
4656-463: The Azores and Madeira belonged to 78–83% of the "Western European" haplogroup R1b , and Mediterranean J and E3b . The comparative table shows statistics by haplogroups of Portuguese men with men of European countries , and communities. Culturally and linguistically, the Portuguese are close to Galicians . The similarities among the two groups are pronounced. Galician and Portuguese may be
4753-598: The Cold War. Black Africans were brought as slaves, mostly coastal lowlands, beginning early in the sixteenth century and continuing into the nineteenth century. Other immigrant populations are Asian and Middle East, particularly Lebanon, Syria and the Arab world, some Jews from southern Spain, Israel and Central European nations, Dominicans, Trinidadians and Tobagonians, Haitians, Cubans, Peruvians, Argentines, Uruguayans, Chileans, Ecuadorians, Guyaneses and Colombians, this being
4850-535: The European continent at the end of the last glaciation around 45,000 years ago. Northern Iberia is believed to have been a major Ice age refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe. Migrations from northern Iberia during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic link modern Iberians to much of Western Europe, particularly the British Isles and Atlantic Europe . Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b
4947-658: The Indo-European languages. The first immigrations of Indo-European language speakers were followed by waves of Celts . The Celts arrived in Portugal about 3,000 years ago. Migration was particularly intense from the 7th to the 5th centuries BC. These two processes defined Iberia's cultural landscape "Continental in the northwest and Mediterranean towards the southeast", as historian José Mattoso described. The northwest–southeast cultural shift also shows in genetic differences: based on 2016 findings, haplogroup H,
SECTION 50
#17327652693105044-438: The Portuguese state is in the founding of County of Portugal in 868 ( Portuguese : Condado Portucalense ; in period documents the name used was Portugalia ). It was the first time that a cohesive nationalism emerged there, as even during the Roman Era, the indigenous populations were from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Although the country began as a county, after the Battle of São Mamede on 24 June 1128 Portugal
5141-524: The Roman period, starting in 409 . These included the Suebi , Buri , Hasdingi Vandals and Visigoths . The pastoral North Caucasus ' Alans left traces in a few central-southern areas (e.g. Alenquer , from " Alen Kerke " or "Temple of the Alans"). The Umayyad conquest of Iberia , between the early 8th century until the 12th century , also left small Moorish , Jewish and Saqaliba genetic contributions. Other minor – as well as later – influences include small Viking settlements between
5238-647: The Roman provinces in Gaul (modern France). Three years later (147 B.C.), Viriathus became the leader of the Lusitanians and attacked Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. He commanded a confederation of Celtic tribes and prevented Roman expansion with guerrilla warfare. In 139 B.C. Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by his companions (emissaries to the Romans ), Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus , bribed by Marcus Popillius Laenas . However, when Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus returned to receive their reward, Consul Quintus Servilius Caepio ordered their execution, declaring, " Rome does not pay traitors " . Viriathus
5335-469: The Venezuelans live in urban areas – a figure significantly higher than the world average. The literacy rate (98 percent) in Venezuela is also well above the world average, and the rate of population growth slightly exceeds the world average. A large proportion of Venezuelans are young, largely because of recent decreases in the infant mortality rate. While 30 percent of the people are 14 years old or younger, just 4 percent are aged 65 or older. The country has
5432-529: The World Religion Database estimated that the countries with the highest percentage of atheists were North Korea and Sweden . Although 11 countries listed below have nonreligious majorities, it does not necessarily correlate with non-identification. For example, 58% of the Swedish population identify with the Lutheran Church . Also, though Scandinavian countries have among the highest measures of nonreligiosity and even atheism in Europe , 47% of atheists who live in those countries are still formally members of
5529-562: The above") is typically the last choice. Since this status refers to lack of organizational affiliation rather than lack of personal belief, it is a more specific concept than irreligion. A 2015 Gallup poll concluded that in the United States "nones" were the only "religious" group that was growing as a percentage of the population. The Pew Research Centre in the table below reflects "religiously unaffiliated" in 2010 which "include atheists, agnostics, and people who do not identify with any particular religion in surveys". The Zuckerman data on
5626-477: The coast and spread to some nearby islands, trying to find new feeding alternatives. On August 2, 1498 (516 years), Christopher Columbus , and the Spanish colonizers' ships, first landed on the American mainland in what is currently Venezuelan territory. Colonization was rapid despite small local indigenous rebellions, and the Spaniards manage to conquer the territory. During this period, the most significant crossbreeding process took place. One that will later define
5723-413: The continent were probably from East Asia to 15,000 years. C. These early migrants (called forth by the generic name "Indians") came at first to be located in North America, later moving to the territory of present Venezuela. During this period, various mammals were disappearing by climatic changes already beginning to take place from 5000 years ago, so the population in the mainland, starts to move towards
5820-422: The continent. Venezuela was probably first settled by humans 16,000 years ago, due to migration flows from other indigenous cultures of America, from the south to the Amazon, from the west through Los Andes and north by the Caribbean Sea . There are four periods of diversity that develop in the current Venezuela, which also entering a new period, it did not mean the end of the previous. The first migrations to
5917-464: The crown, representing only 15% of the population. Another group of whites who were born in Venezuela were originally called "Creole", representing 20% of the population: they were mostly from the Canary Islands and they worked mainly in petty trade. The other two smaller groups were the original inhabitants and indigenous blacks brought from Africa: they were about 5% of the population. Soon the original groups started to have interbreedings and this created
SECTION 60
#17327652693106014-518: The global trend occurred from 2007 to 2019, when 43 out of 49 countries studied became less religious. This reversal appeared across most of the world. The United States was a dramatic example of declining religiosity – with the mean rating of importance of religion dropping from 8.2 to 4.6 – while India was a major exception. Research in 1989 recorded disparities in religious adherence for different faith groups, with people from Christian and tribal traditions leaving religion at
6111-567: The greatest social impact due to a large number of displaced individuals who entered the Venezuelan territory during the armed conflict in that country; which generated a high supply of labor, personnel and domestic economy informal. As of 1981, according to the critic D'Ambrosio and other academics, about 51.6% of Venezuelans are mestizos or mulattos (called Criollos : the 40% of them are with mostly white features, 20% with mostly black features and 10% with mostly Indians features), 45% are white, 2% are black and 1% Indians. According to these scholars,
6208-559: The highest ratios of Germanic Y-DNA. Other influences include small Viking settlements between the 9th and 11th centuries , made by Norsemen who raided coastal areas mainly in Douro and Minho . The Moors occupied what is now Portugal from the 8th century until the Reconquista movement expelled them in 1249. Some 2.000 of their population, mainly Berbers and Christian Jews became New Christians ( Cristãos novos ); some descendants of these people are still identifiable by their new surnames . Several genetic studies, including
6305-453: The idea that religion was necessary to prevent a collapse of social cohesion and public morality was belied by lower levels of corruption and murder in less religious countries. They argue that both of these trends are based on the theory that as societies develop, survival becomes more secure: starvation, once pervasive, becomes uncommon; life expectancy increases; murder and other forms of violence diminish. As this level of security rises, there
6402-458: The latter is a unique Portuguese marker. In Europe, the A25-B18-DR15 gene is found only in Portugal; it also observed in some North Americans and in Brazilians (very likely of Portuguese ancestry). The pan-European haplotype A1-B8-DR3 and the western-European haplotype A29-B44-DR7 are shared by Portuguese, Basques, and Spaniards. The latter is also common in Irish, southern English, and western French populations. Men from mainland Portugal ,
6499-446: The lowest birth rates in the world and religious countries having higher birth rates in general. Since religion and fertility are positively related and vice versa, non-religious identity is expected to decline as a proportion of the global population throughout the 21st century. By 2060, according to projections, the number of unaffiliated will increase by over 35 million, but the overall population-percentage will decrease to 13% because
6596-404: The mid 20th century. The country has a diverse population that reflects its rich history and the people that have lived here since antiquity to the present. The historic amalgam of different principal groups form the basis of the current demographics of Venezuela: the European immigrants, the Amerindian peoples, African, and other recent immigrants. Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed by
6693-472: The mixed population, but the remaining 500,000 currently represent more than 85 different cultures. European immigrants were mainly Spanish colonists, but another large and growing number are descendants of Europeans ( Portuguese , Italians , Germans and Americans ) who migrated to the region in mid-twentieth century during the oil growth in the country. Small numbers are descendants of French , English and Polish , as they emigrated during World War II and
6790-407: The most comprehensive genome-wide studies published on historical and modern populations of the Iberian Peninsula , conclude that the Moorish occupation left few to no Jewish , Arab and Berber genetic influences throughout Iberia, with higher incidence in the south and west, and ower incidence in the northeast, and almost none in Basque Country . Following the end of the Reconquista and
6887-546: The national churches. Determining objective irreligion, as part of societal or individual levels of secularity and religiosity, requires cultural sensitivity from researchers . This is especially so outside the West , where the concepts of "religious" and "secular" are not necessarily rooted in local civilization . Many East Asians identify as "without religion" ( wú zōngjiào in Chinese, mu shūkyō in Japanese, mu jong-gyo in Korean ), but "religion" in that context refers only to Buddhism or Christianity. Most of
6984-553: The peninsula during the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. from Carthage during the Punic Wars . After 193 B.C., the Lusitanians fought Rome's expansion peninsula following the defeat and occupation of Carthage in North Africa. They fought for years, repeatedly defeating the Roman invaders. In the end they were punished by Praetor Servius Galba in 150 B.C. He killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves to
7081-606: The people "without religion" practice Shinto and other folk religions . In the Muslim world , those who claim to be "not religious" mostly imply not strictly observing Islam, and in Israel , being " secular " means not strictly observing Orthodox Judaism . Vice versa, many American Jews share the worldviews of nonreligious people though affiliated with a Jewish denomination, and in Russia , growing identification with Eastern Orthodoxy
7178-668: The population follow other religions (1% of them are of santeria ). Irreligion Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices. It encompasses a wide range of viewpoints drawn from various philosophical and intellectual perspectives, including atheism , agnosticism , skepticism , rationalism , secularism , and spiritual but not religious . These perspectives can vary, with individuals who identify as irreligious holding diverse beliefs about religion and its role in their lives. A 2017 WIN/Gallup International survey done in 68 countries reported that less than 25% of respondents expressed they were not
7275-489: The population, both genetically and culturally; the Portuguese language derives mostly from Latin , mostly a later evolution of the Roman language after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . According to Mario Pei , the phonetic distance found between Portuguese and Latin stands at 31%. Roman domination lasted from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. After the Romans, Germanic peoples , namely
7372-521: The population. Before the Spanish colonization of the region that would become the country of Venezuela, the territory was the home to many different indigenous peoples . Today more than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups inhabit Venezuela. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Arawakan , Cariban , and Chibchan languages families. Pure indigenous Amerindians comprise around 2 percent of
7469-898: The population. There are 101 languages listed for Venezuela in the Ethnologue database, of which 80 are spoken today as living languages. Today, they're mostly located south of the Orinoco , in the Guayana Region , an area that covers half of the country but the population represents just 2.7% of Venezuelans; other important regions where they're located are on Zulia state, Apure state, the Eastern Region and Orinoco Delta . The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Mainland China, Philippines, India, Japan and Korea. The first wave of immigrants began in 1847 and consisted of mainly Cantonese immigrants; then
7566-481: The rest of the continent. According to the demic diffusion model its impact was greatest in the southern and eastern regions. In the 3rd millennium BC, during the Bronze Age , the first wave of migrations by Indo-European language speakers into Iberia occurred. The expansion of haplogroup R1b in Western Europe, most common in many areas of Atlantic Europe , was primarily due to massive migrations from
7663-552: The right to replace one's current religion or belief with another or to adopt atheistic views." Signatories to the convention are barred from "the use of threat of physical force or penal sanctions to compel believers or non-believers" to recant their beliefs or convert. Most democracies protect the freedom of religion or belief, and it is largely implied in respective legal systems that those who do not believe or observe any religion are allowed freedom of thought . A noted exception to ambiguity, explicitly allowing non-religion,
7760-407: The same language ( see also: Reintegrationism ). Around 9.15 million (87%) Portuguese-born people live in the country, out of a total population of 10.467 million. About 782,000 foreigners live legally in the country (7%), thus approximately 9.685 million people living in Portugal hold Portuguese citizenship or legal residency. The median age stood at 46.8 years (versus 44.4 in
7857-471: The second wave during beginning of the 1940s and 1950s, consisted of Chinese and Japanese immigrants; reaching a peak in the mid-1970s in connection with the oil boom , where Korean and Indian immigrants (mostly Indo-Caribbeans ) formed a new group to the country. Asian people represent around 1% of the Venezuelan population. The Chinese in Venezuela are the 4th largest diaspora in the Americas after
7954-629: The sixth-most populous country in Latin America (after Brazil , Mexico , Colombia , Argentina and Peru ). Approximately more than one million (4-6% of the total population) are living in other countries. Due to the worsening economic conditions in Venezuela, there are 100,000 Venezuelans living in neighbouring Guyana and larger numbers living in Peru, Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, the USA, Trinidad and Tobago, Chile and Panama. More than ninety percent of
8051-590: The social profile of the country. With the passage of time, and the introduction of the African continent, a third race, the Africans, started to integrate into the population, creating heterogeneity in the faces of the society of the time. During colonial centuries in Venezuela began to settle the "peninsular whites", coming directly from the Iberian Peninsula and which were those who held positions in
8148-430: The spread of scientific knowledge would dispel religion throughout the world", but religion continued to prosper in most places during the 19th and 20th centuries. Inglehart and Pippa Norris argue faith is "more emotional than cognitive", and both advance an alternative thesis termed "existential security." They postulate that rather than knowledge or ignorance of scientific learning, it is the weakness or vulnerability of
8245-438: The table below only reflect the number of people who have an absence of belief in a deity only (atheists, agnostics). These do not include the broader number of people who do not identify with a particular religion, such as deists, pantheists, and spiritual but not religious people. According to political/social scientist Ronald F. Inglehart , "influential thinkers from Karl Marx to Max Weber to Émile Durkheim predicted that
8342-445: The term " Venzies " has emerged as a playful and affectionate nickname for Venezuelan men, while " Venuzzies " is sometimes used to refer to Venezuelan women, drawing inspiration from the Roman goddess Venus to emphasize elegance and femininity. These terms parallel other friendly demonyms like “Aussies” for Australians or “Kiwis” for New Zealanders, reflecting a trend of using lighthearted names to show warmth and familiarity. They add
8439-437: The total population will grow faster. According to Pew Research Center's 2012 global study of 230 countries and territories, 16% of the world's population is not affiliated with a religion, while 84% are affiliated. A 2012 WIN/Gallup International report on a poll from 57 countries reported that 59% of the world's population identified as a religious person, 23% as not a religious person, 13% as "convinced atheists", and also
8536-403: The turn of the 20th century. In 1968, sociologist Glenn M. Vernon wrote that US census respondents who identified as "no religion" were insufficiently defined because they were defined in terms of a negative . He contrasted the label with the term "independent" for political affiliation, which still includes people who participate in civic activities . He suggested this difficulty in definition
8633-404: The world population. A 2015 WIN/Gallup International poll found that 63% of the globe identified as a religious person, 22% as not a religious person, and 11% as "convinced atheists". Their 2017 survey found that 62% of the globe identified as a religious person, less than 25% as not a religious person, 9% others as "convinced atheists" and 5% others "Do not know/no response". Being nonreligious
8730-540: The world. The Portuguese people's heritage largely derives from the Indo-European ( Lusitanians , Conii ), and Celtic peoples ( Gallaecians , Turduli and Celtici ). They were later Romanized after the Roman conquest . The Portuguese language –the native language of the overwhelming majority of Portuguese people–stems from Vulgar Latin . A number of male Portuguese lineages descend from Germanic tribes who arrived as ruling elites after
8827-561: Was extended north of the areas occupied by the Lusitanians to include the territories of Asturias and Gallaecia , but these were soon ceded to the jurisdiction of the Provincia Tarraconensis in the north, while the south remained the Provincia Lusitania et Vettones . After this, Lusitania's northern border was along the Douro river, while its eastern border passed through Salmantica and Caesarobriga to
8924-643: Was mainly a mixture of pre-Celts or para- Celts , such as the Lusitanians of Lusitania , and Celtic peoples such as Gallaeci of Gallaecia , the Celtici and the Cynetes of Alentejo and the Algarve . The Lusitanians (or Lusitānus – singular – Lusitani – plural – in Latin ) were an Indo-European people living in the Western Iberian Peninsula long before it became
9021-434: Was officially recognised as a kingdom via the Treaty of Zamora and the papal bull Manifestis Probatum of Pope Alexander III . The establishment of the Portuguese state in the 12th century led the Portuguese to group together as a nation. A subsequent turning point in Portuguese nationalism was the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, linked to Brites de Almeida , thereby putting an end to Castilian ambitions to take over
9118-599: Was one language (thus not separate languages) of the "p" Celtic variant. They were a large tribe who lived between Douro and Tagus rivers. The Lusitanians may have originated in the Alps and settled in the region in the 6th century BC. Sholars such as Dáithí Ó hÓgáin consider them to be indigenous . He claimed they were initially dominated by the Celts , before gaining full independence. Romanian archaeologist Scarlat Lambrino [ ro ] , active in Portugal for many years, proposed that they were originally
9215-436: Was partially due to the dilemma of defining religious activity beyond membership, attendance, or other identification with a formal religious group. During the 1970s, social scientists still tended to describe irreligion from a perspective that considered religion as normative for humans. Irreligion was described in terms of hostility, reactivity, or indifference toward religion, and or as developing from radical theologies. In
9312-611: Was synonymous with shelter, anchorage or door. Among other theories, some suggest that Cale may stem from the Greek word for kalós (beautiful). Another theory for Portugal postulates a French derivation, Portus Gallus "port of the Gauls". During the Middle Ages , the area around Cale became known through the Visigoths as Portucale . Portucale could have evolved in the 7th and 8th centuries, to become Portugale , or Portugal, from
9409-504: Was the first Portuguese ‘ national hero ’ . After Viriathus' rule, the celticized Lusitanians largely adopted romanized culture and the Latin language. Lusitanian inhabitants, following the rest of the Roman-Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of " Citizens of Rome ". Many saints emerged from the territory. These include Saint Engrácia , Saint Quitéria , and Saint Marina of Aguas Santas . The Romans impacted
#309690