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22-511: The Venus In Situ Explorer ( VISE ) has been a lander mission concept proposed since 2003 by the Planetary Science Decadal Survey as a space probe designed to answer fundamental scientific questions by landing and performing experiments on Venus . The VISE concept has been identified as a desired theme for mission proposals over several rounds of NASA 's competitive mission selections, including those to select

44-534: A core sample of the surface to study pristine rock samples not weathered by the very harsh surface conditions of the planet. Also, the VISE would determine the composition and mineralogy of the surface. The lander would also release a short-lived balloon to measure cloud-level winds. The science payload would include cameras, spectrometers , a neutral mass spectrometer, a meteorology package, and other instruments to determine mineralogy and surface texture. It may use

66-472: A 3rd party contractor. The report highlighted a new Mars rover, a mission to Jupiter's moon Europa , and a mission to Uranus and its moons as proposed Flagship Missions . The Mars mission was given highest priority, followed by the Europa mission. The Mars rover proposal was called MAX-C and it would store samples for eventual return to Earth, but the method of return was left open. It only recommended

88-496: A new atmospheric entry mechanism, a mechanically deployed aerodynamic decelerator, known as the Adaptive Deployable Entry and Placement Technology (ADEPT). The VISE concept was identified in 2003 as one of four eligible themes for candidate missions for NASA 's New Frontiers program Mission 2. No VISE-themed proposals reached the finalist stage. VISE was again an eligible theme, this time one of eight, in

110-663: The Juno Jupiter orbiter, and the OSIRIS-REx near-Earth orbit sample return mission. Origins, Worlds, and Life: A Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032 (2022) was published on April 19, 2022. The report recommended the Uranus Orbiter and Probe as the highest priority new Flagship Mission, and the Enceladus Orbilander as the second-highest. It recommended continuing

132-679: The Mars Exploration Rovers , established the New Frontiers program including New Horizons mission to study Pluto and established programs in power and propulsion to lay a technological basis for programs in later decades including crewed missions beyond Earth orbit. The paper suggested that NASA should prioritize the following missions: Primitive bodies: Inner planets: Mars: Giant planets: Large satellites: Primitive bodies: Mars: Outer planets: Large satellites: Visions and Voyages for Planetary Science in

154-712: The National Academy of Medicine , and the National Research Council . It publishes nearly 200 books a year on a wide range of topics in the sciences. The NAP's stated mission is seemingly self-contradictory: to disseminate as widely as possible the works of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, and to be financially self-sustaining through sales. This mission has led to great experimentation in openness regarding online publishing. The National Academy Press, as it

176-480: The Venus Origins Explorer (VOX), an orbiter whose proponents claimed would achieve similar scientific outcomes. None of the three advanced to the final shortlist. Planetary Science Decadal Survey As of 2022 there have been three "Decadals", one published in 2002 for the decade from 2003 to 2013, one in 2011 for 2013 to 2022, and one in 2022 for 2023 to 2032. The survey for 2023 to 2032

198-513: The 2009 competition to select New Frontiers Mission 3. One VISE-themed proposal, Surface and Atmosphere Geochemical Explorer or SAGE, was an unsuccessful finalist. VISE was one of six eligible themes for candidate missions for New Frontiers Mission 4 to be launched in 2024. Of the 12 proposals submitted and reviewed by NASA, three were associated with this theme: two lander proposals, Venus In situ Composition Investigations (VICI) and Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer (VISAGE); and

220-504: The 2nd, 3rd and 4th New Frontiers missions. However, all VISE-themed proposals have thus far been unsuccessful. The study of Venus is essential to understanding the evolution of terrestrial planets , understanding how Venus and Earth diverged, and comprehending when and if planets develop habitable environments. While on the surface, the Venus In Situ Explorer would function for several hours to acquire and characterize

242-619: The Decade 2013 – 2022 (2011) was published in prepublication form on March 7, 2011, and in final form later that year. Draft versions of the document were presented at town hall meetings around the country, at lunar and planetary conferences, and made available publicly on the NASA website and via the National Academies Press . The report differed from previous reports in that it included a "brutally honest" budgetary review from

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264-655: The NAP published the results of an online experiment to determine the "cannibalization effect" that might occur if the NAP gave all reports away online in PDF format. Developed as a Mellon-funded grant, and working with the University of Maryland Business School , the experiment interrupted buyers just before finalizing an online order, with an opportunity to acquire the work in PDF for a randomly generated discount: 50%, 10%, 100%, 70% off

286-588: The New Frontiers program was a selection from one of Comet Surface Sample Return, Lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin Sample Return, Saturn Probe, Trojan Tour and Rendezvous, and Venus In Situ Explorer. Then another selection adding Io Observer, Lunar Geophysical Network (for NF 4 and 5). In the 2011 response from NASA to the review, NASA supported the New Frontiers recommendations. The first three New Frontiers missions include New Horizons to Pluto flyby,

308-656: The Openbook to first enable better external findability (making the HTML page for the first page image of every chapter include the first 10 and last 10 pages of OCRed ASCII text of the chapter, to produce a robustly indexable first chapter page), as well as exploring the boundaries of knowledge discovery and exploration, implementing "Related Titles" in 2001, the "Find More Like This Chapter" in 2002, "Chapter Skim" in 2003, "Search Builder" and "Reference Finder" in 2004, and "Active Skim" and enhanced "Search Builder" in 2005. In 2003,

330-455: The context of NAP's " long tail " experience when it gave away free access to PDFs (about 50% of the list) to low-sales content, which resulted in only 33% loss of sales, over 18 months (while enabling 100 times the dissemination). Through mid-2006, as reported at the AAUP annual meeting, the NAP remained financially self-sustaining as a publisher, even while progressively expanding the utility of

352-443: The final viewable object. From 1998 on, the NAP developed the "Openbook" online navigational envelope, producing stable page URLs , and enabling chapter-, page-, and in-book search navigation to images of the book pages, which were increasingly replaced by HTML chunks to enable the user to browse the book. This page-by-page navigation was produced long before Amazon's Look Inside, or Google's Book Search. The NAP gradually evolved

374-407: The list price, and if the answer was "no", the NAP would offer one more step off the price. The conclusion was that 42% of customers, when interrupted when buying a print book online, would take the free PDF of the book, meaning that 58% of the potential purchasers were willing to pay to have a printed book. Significant implications to publishing strategies are produced by these numbers, especially in

396-504: The ongoing Mars Sample Return program as the highest priority overall, subject to cost restraints. The report recommended several different possible mission concepts for the sixth New Frontiers mission: National Academies Press The US National Academies Press ( NAP ) was created to publish the reports issued by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine , the National Academy of Engineering ,

418-522: The online experience, and increasing its online traffic and dissemination. Multiple articles and presentations by Barbara Kline Pope, executive director of the NAP, and by Michael Jon Jensen, director of publishing technologies for the NAP from 1998 through 2008, provide background on the evolving business strategies for "free in an environment of content abundance" that the National Academies Press continues to pursue. On June 2, 2011,

440-678: The rover mission if it could be done cheaply enough (US$ 2.5 billion). The committee producing the survey was led by Steve Squyres of Cornell University and included 5 panels focusing on the inner planets ( Mercury , Venus , and the Moon ), Mars (not including Phobos and Deimos ), the gas giant planets, satellites ( Galilean satellites , Titan , and other satellites of the giant planets) and primitive bodies (asteroids, comets, Phobos , Deimos , Pluto / Charon and other Kuiper belt objects , meteorites , and interplanetary dust ). Mission & Technology Studies: The recommendation for

462-457: Was known in 1993, was the first self-sustaining publisher to make its material available on the Web, for free, in an open access model. By 1997, 1000 reports were available as sequential page images (starting with i, then ii, then iii, then iv...), with a minimal navigational envelope. Their experience up to 1998 was already indicating that open access led to increased sales, at least with page images as

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484-530: Was released on April 19, 2022. New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy , published in 2003, mapped out a plan for the decade from 2003 to 2013. The committee producing the survey was led by Michael J. Belton . Five panels focused on the inner planets , Mars , the giant planets , large satellites and astrobiology . The survey placed heavy emphasis on Mars exploration including

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