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109-739: The march roughly comprised the historic Friuli and Veneto regions from the border with Lombardy and the Chiese River in the west to the Tagliamento and the Isonzo (Soča) in the east, the upper Soča valley within the Julian Alps is today part of the Slovenian Goriška region. Initially it also included present-day Trentino uphill to the Adige river in the northwest. Except for

218-653: A commune had been chartered in the capital city, when Otto II ceded to Verona the powers of the marquisate. From this time Verona and several other cities in the march gradually developed into independent city-states , and in turn the title Margrave of Verona became an essentially empty hereditary honour in the ducal houses of Bavaria and Carinthia. Henceforth the Holy Roman Emperors began to appoint vicars to represent them, instead of margraves , in Verona. From 1004 King Henry II of Germany , having conquered

327-543: A broad public. The aim of this festival is to put economic terminology across to everyone. The festival takes place every year at the end of May on the historic Palazzi of the old town in Trento. Well known economists explain and interpret current economic issues, both from an economic-scientific as well as from a social and entrepreneurial viewpoint. In the course of recent years, numerous economic scholars and managers such as Sir Anthony Atkinson , Fan Gang , Zygmunt Bauman and

436-524: A great deal during the course of the year. Minimum values in the southern part generally fall between 1,200 and 1,500 mm (47–59 in) (Gorizia over 1,350 mm (53 in) and Udine over 1,400 mm (55 in)), whereas the alpine area's maximum annual rainfall is approximately 3,000 mm (120 in). The Julian Prealps is one of Italy's rainiest regions: Musi receives about 3,300 mm (130 in) of annual precipitation, sometimes even 5000 mm, and can receive 400 mm (16 in) in

545-668: A member of the Giunta, in order to fill a vacancy in one of the 35 seats of the legislative assembly of the Trentino province, upon the resignation of member Paolo Ghezzi. Shortly after, mayor Ianeselli announced Ezio Facchin as Zanella's successor. In 1996, a joint session between the states, further cultural and economic integration between the Austrian province of Tyrol and the Italian autonomous provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino

654-779: A research and conference center thanks to a small but renowned university and internationally renowned research centers such as Fondazione Bruno Kessler , active in both fundamental and applied research, the Italian-German Historical Institute, the Centre for Computational and Systems Biology and ECT*, active in theoretical nuclear studies and part of FBK, and as logistics and transportation thoroughfare. Valued pink and white porphyry are still excavated from some surrounding areas (Pila). This stone can be seen in many of Trento's buildings, both new and old. The city has two long-running annual sporting events:

763-592: A series of shed feudal islands in the Western Friuli stayed with the Archduke of Austria (until 1543). Between 1615 and 1617 Venice and Austria again fought for the possession of the fort of Gradisca d'Isonzo . The so-called War of Gradisca ended with a return to the status quo . Beginning in 1516 the Habsburg Empire controlled eastern Friuli, while western and central Friuli was Venetian. In 1797,

872-519: A short distance from Udine, enjoys a particularly milder micro-climate with its approximate annual average of 4 °C (39 °F). In the warmest month, July, the temperatures range between 22.5 and 24 °C (72.5–75.2 °F) along the coast and plains and between 14 and 16 °C (57–61 °F) in Val Canale. Precipitation in Friuli is relatively abundant; the distribution of rainfall varies

981-501: A single month. In some areas of Friuli, excessive rainfall has caused erosion and the flooding of many rivers. Snow is sparse in the southern plains (3 or 4 snowy days each year in Udine and Pordenone) but falls more consistently further to the north (Val Canale 25 days, Sauris 23 days, and Passo di Monte Croce Carnico 28 days). The following weatherbox is from Udine , the main city of Friuli. Friuli, Mandament of Portogruaro included,

1090-461: A university for the region. Feelings of loyalty were focused on the 'father-figure' emperor, not for Austria. The nationalist cause led Italy into World War I . Damiano Chiesa and the deputy in the Austrian parliament Cesare Battisti were two well-known local irredentists who had joined the Italian Army to fight against Austria-Hungary with the aim of bringing the territory of Trento into

1199-1114: A wide range of altitude levels, going from just under 200 m above sea level at the city centre, to 400 m in Povo and Cognola, to 2000 m above sea level at Monte Bondone, boroughs at higher elevation, for instance Viote , have a colder alpine climate ( Dw ). Urban Trento has a humid subtropical - continental climate ( Cfa - Dfa ) according to the Köppen climate classification . Monthly average temperatures range between 1.6 °C (January) and 23.4 °C (July). Average annual precipitation exceeds 900 mm spread out on an average of 87 days, with peaks in late spring (May–June, 90 mm monthly average in 9–10 rain days) and autumn (October–November: 100–110 mm monthly average in 7–8 days), and lows in winter (January–February, 30–40 mm monthly average in 3–4 rain days). Winters are cold to freezing, with infrequent snowfall but usual frost from mid-November to mid-March. In winter, daytime highs may not exceed 5 °C and lows may rarely dip down to -10 °C, but

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1308-562: Is Udine , which was also the capital of the medieval Patria del Friuli . Other important towns are Pordenone , Gorizia / Nova Gorica , Sacile , Codroipo , Cervignano del Friuli , Cividale del Friuli , Gemona del Friuli , Monfalcone , and Tolmezzo . The climate of the Friulian plain is mainly humid subtropical . The climate in this area is suitable for growing white wine grapes, and 2.5% of wine produced in Italy comes from this part of

1417-683: Is a city on the Adige River in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol in Italy. It is the capital of the autonomous province of Trento . In the 16th century, the city was the location of the Council of Trent . Formerly part of Austria and Austria-Hungary , it was annexed by Italy in 1919. With 118,142 inhabitants, Trento is the third largest Italian city in the Alps and second largest in the historical region of Tyrol . Trento

1526-635: Is an educational, scientific, financial and political centre in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , in Tyrol and Northern Italy in general. The city contains a picturesque Medieval and Renaissance historic centre, with ancient buildings such as Trento Cathedral and the Castello del Buonconsiglio . Together with other Alpine towns Trento engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for

1635-601: Is considered a landmark building of Italian railways architecture and combines many varieties of local stone with the most advanced building materials of the time: glass, reinforced concrete, metal. The post office was once decorated with colored windows by Fortunato Depero , but these were destroyed during bombings in World War II. Other buildings of that time include the Grand Hotel by Giovanni Lorenzi with some guest rooms furnished with futurist furniture by Depero, and

1744-885: Is inhabited by over 1,000,000 people. One of the most important demographic phenomena in Friuli was emigration. It began in the final decades of the 19th century and ended in the 1970s. It is estimated that more than a million Friulian people emigrated away over a period of approximately one hundred years. According to the most recent census by AIRE (2005), Friulian émigrés living abroad number 134,936. Of these, 56.0% reside in Europe, 24.0% in South America, 10.3% in North America and 4.7% in Oceania . This data only reflects those Friulians and their descendants who have Italian citizenship. The descendants of Friulians are excluded from

1853-504: Is sparsely used in public life. There are some movements and political parties that advocate a more autonomous, or even an independent Friuli in line with historical borders, such as the Friuli Movement , Front Furlan , Patrie Furlane and Republiche dal Friûl – Parlament furlan . While standard Italian is the primary official language of the region, several other regional languages and dialects are spoken in Friuli. Friulian

1962-543: Is spoken in the provinces of Udine, Gorizia, and Pordenone. Venetian and its dialects are usually spoken (for historical reasons) on the western border regions (i.e. Pordenone ), sparingly in a few internal towns (i.e. Gorizia , etc.), and historically in some places along the Adriatic coast. In the southeastern part of Friuli, a Venetian transitional dialect is spoken, called Bisiaco , that has influences of both Slovene and Friulian. Slovene dialects are spoken in

2071-611: The Reichstag meeting at Augsburg in the next year, Berengar II retained Italy, but had to renounce the Veronese march, which was attached to the stem duchy of Bavaria under Otto's brother Duke Henry I . At that time the March of Istria was attached to Verona as a county. From 952 to 975, both Carinthia and Verona were under the control of the dukes of Bavaria, forming a massive Italian, German, and Slavic fief ruled by relatives of

2180-928: The Adige valley , just south of the Dolomite Mountains , where the Fersina River and Avisio rivers join the Adige River (the second longest river in Italy). River Adige is one of the three primary south-flowing Alpine rivers; its broadly curving course alongside Trento was straightened in 1850. The valley is surrounded by mountains, including Vigolana (2,150 m (7,050 ft)), Monte Bondone (2,181 m (7,156 ft)), Paganella (2,124 m (6,969 ft)), Marzola (1,747 m (5,732 ft)) and Monte Calisio (1,096 m (3,596 ft)). Nearby lakes include Lake Caldonazzo , Lake Levico, Lake Garda and Lake Toblino. Frazioni , or subdivisions of Trento: The municipality of Trento stretches across

2289-572: The Americas : 0.85%. The city owes much of its unique economy to its position along the main communication route between Italy and Northern Europe and to the Adige river which, prior to its diversion in the mid-19th century, ran through the center of the city. The Adige river was formerly a navigable river and one of the main commercial routes in the Alps. The original course of the river is now covered by

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2398-622: The European route E45 ) highway connects Trento to Verona and to Bolzano , Innsbruck and Munich . Trento railway station , opened in 1859, forms part of the Brenner railway (Verona–Innsbruck) , which is the main rail connection between Italy and Germany. The station is also a junction with the Valsugana railway , which connects Trento to Venice . Trento has several other railway stations, including Trento FTM railway station, terminus of

2507-513: The Friulians , who speak the Friulian language. It comprises the major part of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia , i.e. the administrative provinces of Udine , Pordenone , and Gorizia , excluding Trieste . The name originates from the ancient Roman town of Forum Iulii (" Julius ' Forum "), now Cividale del Friuli . Friuli is bordered on the west by the Veneto region with

2616-480: The Giro al Sas (a 10 km (6 mi) professional road running competition) was first held in the city in 1907 and continues to the present, while the Giro del Trentino is an annual road cycling race which the city has hosted every year since 1963. The Festival dell’Economia di Trento (Economy Festival of Trento) was brought into being in 2006 in order to enable and facilitate discussions between economists and

2725-562: The Holy Roman Emperors to maintain the rule over Italy. The Marca Veronensis et Aquileiensis was created by King Berengar I of Friuli about 890 as part of a general restructuring of his realm, when it replaced the former Carolingian March of Friuli last held by Berengar's liensman Walfred . It was separated from the Italian kingdom after the German king Otto I had campaigned against King Berengar II of Italy in 951. At

2834-765: The Italia province (the Augustan region Venetia et Histria ). The city was the most important river port on the Natissa river, dominating trade between the Adriatic Sea and northern Europe (carried over the Via Iulia Augusta road). Aquileia owed its importance to the strategic position it has on the Adriatic sea and its proximity to the Alps. This location allowing Rome to intercept barbarian invasions from

2943-605: The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia , the others (49.552) in the Friulian parts of the Austrian Küstenland . Friulians were registered as their own category separate from Italians. During World War I, Friuli was a theater of battle that had serious consequences for the civilian population, specifically the Battle of Caporetto . After World War II, the pro-devolution movement gained momentum in 1945. Friuli got entangled in

3052-616: The Lombard League ; this constituted the de facto end of the march, confirmed by the Lombard victory at the 1176 Battle of Legnano . The Emperors continued to name vicars, though by then the office was purely nominal, as from the 13th century onwards the actual lords of Verona were the podestàs from the Scaliger ( della Scala ) dynasty. In 1405 the Veronese citizens submitted to Venice, which until about 1420 conquered most of

3161-667: The Roman road that led from Verona to Innsbruck . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the independent bishopric of Trento was conquered by Ostrogoths , Byzantines , Lombards and Franks , finally becoming part of the Holy Roman Empire . In 1027, Emperor Conrad II created the Prince-Bishops of Trento , who wielded both temporal and religious powers. In the following centuries, however,

3270-563: The Third Italian War of Independence , while eastern Friuli ( County of Gorizia and Gradisca ) remained under Austria until the end of World War I. The Ethnographic map of Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen, issued by the k. u. k. Administration of Statistics in 1855, recorded a total of 401,357 Friulians living in the Austrian Empire . The majority of Friulians (351,805) lived in that part of Friuli that belonged to

3379-477: The Trento-Malè-Marilleva railway (FTM). Bus or train services operate to the main surrounding valleys: Fassa, Fiemme, Gudicarie, Non, Primiero, Rendena, Sole, Tesino, Valsugana . The public transport network within the city consists of 20 bus lines operated by Trentino Trasporti and a cable car service to Sardagna . The various railway stations within Trento's city limits are integrated into

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3488-704: The lagoons controlled by Venice , it stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the crest of the Dolomites and the Carnic Alps in the north, where the mountainous Carnia region borders with Carinthia. The western lands around Verona comprised the Po Valley , the Euganean and Berici Hills , the Venetian Prealps and Lake Garda . Beside the capital Verona near the southwestern border with Tuscany ,

3597-605: The "R. Sanzio" Primary School built in 1931–34 and designed by Adalberto Libera . The University of Trento was founded in 1962 and has its headquarters in the city of Trento. The other university location is in Rovereto . In total, over 16,000 students study in Trento. Through the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino , the university also works closely together with the universities of Innsbruck and Bolzano . The Autostrada A22 (part of

3706-548: The "towns of the Carni" in the "country of the Carni". The Carni worshiped the deity Belenus which is attested by the most numerous votive inscriptions found in and around Aquileia . A northern mountainous area of Friuli still retains the ancient name Carnia . Beginning from the 2nd century BC, Friuli was colonized by the Romans : Aquileia was the fourth largest city of Italy during Roman imperial times, capital of Regio X of

3815-616: The 1630s, the Venetian Republic entered a relative decline, due to the enlarging horizon of European markets (reaching now from Asia to Africa to the Americas). Venice's richest families often directed financial resources into unproductive investments (specifically real estate), while there was a loss of competitiveness in industries and services. Friuli was subject to increasing fiscal pressure, and its industries and commercial activities were affected. According to some historians,

3924-697: The Allies over targets from Verona to the Brenner Pass , with 10,267 tons of bombs dropped. Parts of the city were hit by the Allied bombings, including the church of S. Maria Maggiore, the Church of the Annunciation and several bridges over the Adige river. In spite of the bombings, most of the medieval and renaissance city center was spared. It was finally liberated on 3 May 1945. In 1947, Trento became

4033-639: The Counts of Tyrol —until its secularisation in 1803. In 1061 Empress Agnes enfeoffed the Swabian count Berthold from the House of Zähringen with Carinthia and Verona. Though he could not prevail, neither as Carinthian duke nor as Veronese margrave, he bequested the title to his descendants from the House of Baden , who went on to rule their Swabian territories as a " Margraviate ". At that time in 1070, Istria

4142-659: The Deacon was born in Friuli (730/5), he went on to write the Historia Langobardorum and taught Latin grammar at Charlemagne 's court. Another teacher and a trusted advisor Charlemagne's court, Paulinus , was born at Cividale and eventually became patriarch of Aquileia. After the Kingdom of Italy fell to the Franks , the duchy of Friuli was reorganized into counties according to the Frankish model. The region

4251-411: The East. Julius Caesar quartered his legions in Aquileia during winter. The development of other centers, such as Forum Iulii ( Cividale del Friuli ) and Iulium Carnicum ( Zuglio ), contributed to the increase in economic and cultural wealth of Friuli until the first barbarian incursions, at the beginning of the 5th century. In the final decades of the 3rd century, Aquileia became the center of one of

4360-427: The Friulian plain, crossroads of all the great barbarian invasions, drove many people to seek shelter on the islands of the lagoons or in fortified hill-villages, causing a generalized depopulation of the more fertile part of the region and its consequent colonization by barbarian gentes . After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire , Friuli belonged to the kingdom of Odoacer and subsequently to that of Theodoric

4469-469: The Great . The Byzantine reconquest under Justinian I was brief in the region, in 568 it was one of the first provinces conquered by the Lombards , who invaded from Pannonia , and with that, ended the Greek-Byzantine era of the region. The Lombard king Alboin established the Duchy of Friuli , the first Lombard duchy, and granted it to his relative Gisulf I . The capital of the duchy was established at Forum Iulii ( Cividale del Friuli ), which became

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4578-414: The Julian Alps, the Jôf Fuârt 2,666 metres (8,747 ft), the Jôf di Montasio 2,754 metres (9,035 ft), Mangart 2,677 metres (8,783 ft), and Canin 2,587 metres (8,488 ft), which dominates the plain. Rivers flowing southwards from the mountains are numerous. The Friulian mountains surround the course of the Tagliamento river, which, at the latitude of Gemona del Friuli first crosses

4687-410: The Kingdom of Italy, allotted several Veronese territories in the Adige Valley around Trento (Trient) to the Bishops of Trent . His Salian successor, Emperor Conrad II , upon his coronation in 1027 separated these lands from the Italian kingdom and gave the Trent bishops immediate authority, elevating them to the rank of Imperial Prince-Bishops . Trentino remained under episcopal rule—contested by

4796-435: The Napoleonic era, when it changed hands among various states. Under the reorganization of the Holy Roman Empire in 1802, the Bishopric was secularized and annexed to the Habsburg territories. The Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 ceded Trento to Bavaria , and the Treaty of Schönbrunn four years later gave it to Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy . The population staged armed resistance to French domination. The resistance leader

4905-441: The Nobel Prize winner Gary Becker took an active part. Trento is governed by the City Council of Trento. Voters elect directly 40 councilors and the mayor of Trento every five years. The current mayor of Trento is Franco Ianeselli , elected for the first time on 21 September 2020. Ianeselli, a former trade unionist, was elected as a left-leaning independent with the support of a wide coalition of parties. These parties ranged from

5014-431: The Saxon Ottonian dynasty . After several revolts led by his Bavarian cousins, Emperor Otto II in 976 deposed Duke Henry II of Bavaria and established the Duchy of Carinthia under the loyal Luitpolding vassal Henry the Younger on the southeastern territories. He also received Verona as a Carinthian march and from that time on, it was under the control of the Carinthian dukes and at other times not. Already in 975,

5123-415: The Smart City Index. The township of Trento encompasses the city centre as well as many suburbs of extremely varied geographical and population conditions (from the industrial suburb of Gardolo, just north of the city, to tiny mountain hamlets on Monte Bondone). Various distinctive suburbs still retain their traditional identity of rural or mountain villages. Trento lies in a wide glacial valley known as

5232-403: The University of Trento is a member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs ( Apsia ), a selected group of institutions for higher education in the field of international relations. It is the first, and currently unique, Italian institute and one of the few Europeans present in the club of the best international study schools in the world that form policy makers. In

5341-738: The Val Canale, most of the inhabitants still speak an archaic dialect of Slovene, known as Resian . According to the official estimates of the Italian government, between 45,000 and 51,000 Slovene speakers live in Friuli: around 11,000 in the Province of Gorizia, and the rest in the Province of Udine. Due to emigration, most Slovene speakers in the Province of Udine live outside their traditional compact zone of settlement. German-related dialects (like Rogasaxon) are spoken in several ancient enclaves like Timau, Zahre ( Sauris ) and Plodn ( Sappada ). Only Friulian, Slovenian and German are allowed to be local secondary official languages in their historic areas, but not their related dialects. Asteroid 212705 Friûl

5450-442: The Via Torre Vanga, Via Torre Verde and the Via Alessandro Manzoni. As late as World War II, Trento depended on wine-making and silk. Sparkling wine made in the Trentino province is part of the Trento DOC classification. The manufacturing industry installed in the post-war period has been mostly dismantled. Today, Trento thrives on commerce, services, tourism, high-quality agriculture and food industry (including wine and fruit), as

5559-517: The area. South of the plains lie the lagoons of Marano and Grado , which are nature reserves. Other important rivers include the Torre , Natisone , Stella, Isonzo / Soča , and Ausa . Friuli covers an area of 8,240 square kilometres (3,180 sq mi), subdivided among the provinces of Udine 4,905 square kilometres (1,894 sq mi), Pordenone 2,178 square kilometres (841 sq mi) and Gorizia 466 square kilometres (180 sq mi). The historical capital and most important city

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5668-654: The average temperature is approximately 10.6 °C (51.1 °F). The lowest values are recorded in the Alps: 4 °C (39 °F) at Passo di Monte Croce Carnico (at 1,300 metres / 4,300 ft) and between 5.5 and 7 °C (41.9–44.6 °F) in Val Canale, which is situated 850 metres (2,790 ft) above sea level . In the coldest month, January, temperatures vary between approximately 4.5 °C (40.1 °F) in Monfalcone and nearly −5 °C (23 °F) in Passo di Monte Croce Carnico , with intermediate temperatures of 3 °C (37 °F) in Udine and −2 or −3 °C (28 or 27 °F) in Valcanale. Gorizia,

5777-502: The border running along the Livenza river, on the north by the crest of the Carnic Alps between Carnia and Austrian Carinthia , on the east by the Julian Alps , the border with Slovenia and the Timavo river, and on the south by the Adriatic Sea . The adjacent Slovene parts of the Soča / Isonzo valley from Gorizia / Nova Gorica up to Triglav and the Vipava Valley , forming the Goriška region, may also be considered part of historic Friuli. The mountainous northern part of

5886-412: The census because they are not Italian citizens. Friulians in the world have supported cultural associations called Fogolârs furlans, of which there are 46 in Italy and 156 in the rest of the world. In the prehistoric era, Friuli was home to the Castellieri culture and the Raeti . These peoples were the dominant culture in the area from about the 15th century BC until the early historical period. During

5995-415: The city, but found it completely destroyed. The reconstruction of Aquileia was never completed and it never regained the old splendour of the capital of X Regio . The city remained important even after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, due to the creation of the Patriarchate of Aquileia . It ranked among the highest ecclesiastic authorities in Italy from the mid-6th century onward. The lack of security in

6104-545: The counts of Tyrol . A dark episode in the history of Trento was the Trento blood libel . When a 3-year-old Christian boy, Simonino, later known as Simon of Trent , disappeared in 1475 on the eve of Good Friday , the city's small Jewish community was accused of killing him and draining his blood for Jewish ritual purposes. Eight Jews were tortured and burned at the stake, and their families forced to convert to Christianity. The bishop of Trento, Johannes Hinderbach, sought (without success) to have Simonino canonized and published

6213-486: The course of the 4th century BC Friuli was also settled by the Carni (in ancient Greek Καρνίοι ), a tribe of unknown ethnicity which may have spoken a Celtic , a Venetic or a Rhaetic language , and which introduced advanced techniques of working iron and silver. According to Strabo [4.6] the Carni inhabited "the country about the Adriatic Gulf and Aquileia" and both Pliny [3.22(18)] and Ptolemy [3.1] ascribe Aquileia , Concordia and Forum Julii to belong to

6322-548: The first book printed in Trento, "Story of a Christian Child Murdered at Trento" , embellished with 12 woodcuts. In a governmental ceremony in the 1990s, Trento apologized to the Jewish community for this dark episode and unveiled a plaque commemorating the formal apology. In the 16th century, Trento became notable for the Council of Trent (1545–1563) which gave rise to the Counter-Reformation . The adjective Tridentine (as in "Tridentine Mass") literally means pertaining to Trento, but can also refer to that specific event. Among

6431-453: The forced surrender of all livestock to feed traveling troops. The harvesting of timber needed to build Venetian ships caused complete deforestation of the Bassa Friulana and central Friuli. Venice took possession of collective farms belonging to rural Friulian communities, seriously impoverishing them. These properties in turn would be sold by Venice during the 17th century to raise cash to alleviate its poor financial condition. Beginning in

6540-445: The former usually stand around 8°C, while the latter usually hover between -3 °C to 0 °C. Spring brings unpredictable weather with wind blowing north to south or vice-versa through the valley. Many spring days are pleasant, but the transition may be very quick, for example going from frosty mornings to 30 °C in two months. In May, it is possible to have either rainy days with daytime highs below 18 °C, or sunny days with

6649-417: The hills that occupy the center of the Friuli, then flows into a large flood plain. This plain is commonly divided into the High Friulian plain and the Low Friulian plain ( Bassa Friulana ), whose boundary is the Napoleonic road that connects the cities of Codroipo and Palmanova . To the south of this road is the risorgive zone, where water resurfaces from underground waterways in spring-fed pools throughout

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6758-412: The host of the Rally Stella Alpina . Since the 1950s, the region has enjoyed prosperous growth, thanks in part to its special autonomy from the central Italian government. On 4 August 2015, the cathedral tower caught fire by "spontaneous combustion". The clock stopped at 10:50 AM, a matter of minutes after the fire began. In 2020, Trento was listed as the most sustainable city in Italy, according to

6867-429: The implementation of the Alpine Convention to achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc. Trento was awarded the title of Alpine Town of the Year 2004. The city often ranks highly among Italian cities for quality of life , standard of living , and business and job opportunities , being ranked 3rd in 2023. Trento is also one of the nation's wealthiest and most prosperous cities, with its province being one of

6976-410: The largely rural border mountain region known as Venetian Slovenia . German (Bavarian dialect) is spoken in Val Canale (mostly in Tarvisio and Pontebba ); in some of Val Canale's municipalities (particularly in Malborghetto Valbruna ), Carinthian Slovenian dialects are spoken too. Slovene is also spoken in the Collio area north of Gorizia. In the Resia valley , between Venetian Slovenia and

7085-410: The last twenty years, thanks to the gradual creation of various research centers (FBK, FEM) and laboratories in the IT, engineering and sciences fields, Trento and its university have been nicknamed the "Silicon Valley of the Alps". The origins of this city on the river-route to Bolzano and the low Alpine passes of Brenner and the Reschen Pass over the Alps are disputed. Some scholars maintain it

7194-405: The late 19th century, Trento and Trieste , cities with ethnic Italian majorities still belonging to the Austrians, became icons of the Italian irredentist movement. Benito Mussolini briefly joined the staff of a local newspaper in 1909, but left Trento because they could not create an anti-Austrian group. There was dissatisfaction with the lack of provincial autonomy and the failure to establish

7303-423: The laws of Friuli and promulgated them as the Constitutiones Patriae Foriiulii ("Constitutions of the Country of Friuli"). Cividale del Friuli was seat of the Patriarchate until 1238, when the patriarch moved his seat to Udine , where he had a magnificent episcopal edifice constructed. Udine was so important that it in time became the institutional capital of Friuli. The Patriarchate ended in 1420: surrounded by

7412-493: The left (as in the case of Europa Verde) to the Catholic centre (including Partito Autonomista Trentino Tirolese, and Insieme per Trento). When determining the composition of his Giunta (the equivalent of a City Cabinet), Ianeselli selected seven members of the City Council: Monica Baggia, Elisabetta Bozzarelli, Mariachiara Franzoia, Chiara Maule, Salvatore Panetta, Roberto Stanchina, and Paolo Zanella. However, in late November 2020 Paolo Zanella announced he would leave his position as

7521-468: The march included the episcopal seat of Aquileia, the historic Friulian capital Udine with nearby Cividale and the port of Grado in the east, as well as the major cities of Vicenza , Treviso , and Padua , which played a vital role in forming the Lombard League. The March of Verona was a strategically important province, which governed the southern approaches to the Alpine passes leading to Germany , and significant in the—ultimately failed—attempts of

7630-422: The maze of opposing forces acting in the territory. Yugoslavian Titoists pursued an annexation of Friuli to the rising communist Yugoslavia. By contrast, in 1945, the traditionalist association Patrie tal Friul was founded by Tiziano Tessitori with a view to establishing an autonomous Friuli within Italy. The draft autonomic project was launched with the support of the Christian Democratic Party . In January 1947,

7739-420: The medieval city walls is still visible in Piazza Fiera, along with a circular tower. Once, these walls encircled the entire city and were connected to the Castello del Buonconsiglio. The main monuments of the city include: Trento also sports modernist architecture, including the train station and the central post office, both by rationalist architect Angiolo Mazzoni . In particular, the train station (1934–36)

7848-728: The most important city of the area and for where it derived its name. The duchy of Friuli was from the start one of the most important Lombard duchies. It served as a barrier against the threat of invasion by the Avars and Slavs from Pannonia . Among the duchies of the North, which were closely aligned with the crown (unlike Spoleto and Benevento to the South), it was the most powerful, probably due to its marcher status. Among later dukes, Ratchis became king in 744 and his ducal successor, Aistulf , succeeded him as king in 749. The historian Paul

7957-456: The most prestigious bishoprics of the empire, competing in Italy with Milan and, subsequently, Ravenna , for second place to Rome. A Hun invasion marked the start of Friuli's decline: Aquileia, protected by meager forces, was forced to surrender and was razed to the ground by Attila in 452. After the retreat of the Huns, the survivors, who had found shelter in the lagoon of Grado , returned to

8066-410: The new Kingdom of Italy . The two men were taken prisoners at the nearby southern front. They were put on trial for high treason and executed in the courtyard of Castello del Buonconsiglio . The region was greatly affected during the war, and some of its fiercest battles were fought on the surrounding mountains in the southernmost regions and the southeast. Of a population of just less than 400,000 in

8175-401: The notable prince-bishops of this time were Bernardo Clesio (who governed the city from 1514 to 1539 and managed to steer the council to Trento) and Cristoforo Madruzzo (who governed from 1539 to 1567), both able European politicians and Renaissance humanists , who greatly expanded and embellished the city. During this period, and as an expression of this Humanism, Trento was also known as

8284-725: The occupying German troops, who still considered Mussolini head of the Italian Social Republic and wanted to preserve good relations with the Italians. From November 1944 to April 1945, Trento was bombed as part of the so-called "Battle of the Brenner". War supplies from Germany to support the Gothic Line were for the most part routed via the rail line through the Brenner Pass. Over 6,849 sorties were flown by

8393-459: The ones experienced in the city centre ). Early fall is pleasant, with foliage starting around mid-October at higher elevations, late October in the uphill suburbs and in November downtown. Fall days can be humid, grey and dim, with temperatures rapidly declining through October and November. The first snowfall in the suburbs may occur as early as late November, with December and early January being

8502-477: The other side, it maintained also its feudal nobility, which was able to keep their feudal rights over the land and its inhabitants for some time. Friuli was the eastern border of the Stato da Tera , and suffered both from Ottoman raids and from the border wars with Austria. These wars led to poverty and instability of the rural population, with the inability to cultivate the land crossed by fighting armies and with

8611-645: The poet and filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini went on to found the party Movimiento Popolari Friulano, with the same purpose of devolution. Pasolini opposed a possible Yugoslavian annexation, but at the same time lashed out at those who aimed at using regionalism for their immobilist, "backwards Conservatism". Pasolini dropped membership in his party after the Christian Democrats came to pull its strings. The Communist Party of Italy opposed devolution, sticking to an Italian centralist agenda. Around 350,000 people claim Friulan as their native language, though it

8720-601: The political populism practiced by Venice looked for ways to limit the most oppressive and anachronistic effects of feudalism . Other researchers assert that the Venetian aristocratic government maintained a most oppressive feudal condition in Friuli. These policies were practiced by the Venetian government to ensure the support of the urban and rural population as a counterbalance to the independent tendencies and power of local oligarchies and aristocrats. An important jacquerie , known as Joibe Grasse 1511 ( Fat Thursday 1511 ),

8829-403: The population of Trento grew by 0.72 percent, while Italy as a whole declined by 1.51 percent. The current birth rate of Trento is 9.61 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. As of 2006 , 92.68% of the population was Italian . The largest immigrant group came from other European countries (mostly Albania , Romania ): 4.13%, North Africa : 1.08%, and

8938-532: The powerful states of the Austrian Empire , the Kingdom of Hungary and the Republic of Venice , it was the theatre of a war between Hungary and Venice , and was conquered by the latter. Friuli maintained some form of autonomy, by keeping its own Parliament ruling on the old territory of the Patriarchate, an autonomy not granted to the other cities and provinces submitted to Venice (even Venetian ones); on

9047-653: The province, 55,000 men served in the Imperial and Royal Army of whom 11,000 died. Most served on the Galician front; 700 served with the Italian Army. After World War I , Trento and its Italian-speaking province, along with Bolzano (Bozen) and the part of Tyrol that stretched south of the Alpine watershed (which was primarily German -speaking, as still is to this day), were annexed by Italy. In July 1943 Mussolini

9156-534: The rebellion. The chiefs of the revolt were executed, but the feudal powers of the Friulian noblemen were reduced. With the 1516 Noyon pacts the boundary between the Venetian Republic and the County of Gorizia and Gradisca , now in the hands of the House of Habsburg , were redefined. Venice lost the upper Isonzo valley (that is the Gastaldia of Tolmino with Plezzo and Idria), but it kept Monfalcone , Marano and

9265-687: The region belongs to the Southern Limestone Alps . From west to east, the region's highest peaks are, in the Carnic Prealps ( Dolomiti Friulane )—the Cima dei Preti , 2,703 metres (8,868 ft), Duranno 2,652 metres (8,701 ft), and Cridola 2,581 metres (8,468 ft); in the Carnic Alps— Peralba 2,694 metres (8,839 ft), Monte Bìvera 2,474 metres (8,117 ft) and Coglians 2,780 metres (9,120 ft); in

9374-478: The region. The hills, however, have a continental climate, and the mountainous regions have an alpine climate. On the coast the mean annual temperature is 14 °C (57 °F), while in the inner plains, the average is lowered to 13 to 13.5 °C (55.4 to 56.3 °F; Udine 13.1 °C (55.6 °F), Pordenone 13.3 °C (55.9 °F), Gorizia 13.4 °C (56.1 °F)). Further north, in Tolmezzo,

9483-481: The remaining Veronese march and enfeoffed Margrave Herman III of Baden . However, in 1164, the most important cities formed the Veronese League, a Städtebund association aimed at protecting their independence against the Italian policies of Conrad's nephew Emperor Frederick Barbarossa . The League was led by Venice; other members were Verona, Padua, Vicenza, and Treviso. In 1167, the Veronese cities joined

9592-594: The richest in Italy, with a GDP per capita of €46,100 and a nominal GDP of €25.5 billion in 2023. The University of Trento , founded in 1962 as a Higher University Institute of Social Sciences, is one of the most prestigious medium-small Italian universities, with a strong international vocation. It ranks 1st among 'medium-sized' Universities in the Censis ranking and 2nd in the Il Sole 24 Ore ranking of Italian universities. The School of International Studies of

9701-451: The site of a Jewish printing press. In 1558 Cardinal Madruzzo granted the privilege of printing Hebrew books to Joseph Ottolengo, a German rabbi . The actual printer was Jacob Marcaria , a local physician; after his death in 1562, the activity of the press of Riva di Trento ceased. Altogether, 34 works were published in the period from 1558 to 1562, most of them bearing the coat of arms of Madruzzo. Prince-bishops governed Trento until

9810-413: The snowiest period of the year. As of December 2023, there were 119.180 people residing in Trento, of whom 48% were male and 52% were female. Children (ages 14 and younger) totalled 12.6 percent of the population compared to the elderly (ages 65 and above) who numbered 24.4 percent. The average age of Trento residents is 45.5 compared to the Italian average of 46.8. In the five years between 2018 and 2023,

9919-662: The sovereignty was divided between the Bishopric of Trent and the County of Tyrol (from 1363 part of the Habsburg monarchy). Around 1200, Trento became a mining center of some significance: silver was mined from the Monte Calisio – Khalisperg, and Prince-Bishop Federico Wanga issued the first mining code of the alpine region. In the 14th century, the Habsburg Family that ruled as dukes of Austria were also

10028-404: The temperature soaring up to 30 °C. Summers are hot, sometimes sweltering, with highs getting to 35 °C at least for a week a year and more rarely to 38 °C. Summer nights can be hot as well, with overnight lows hovering around 22-24 °C (in the hilly suburbs east, north and west of Trento summer nights can be much cooler, with overnight temperature differing by up to 6 °C from

10137-488: The territory of the former march and incorporated it into the Domini di Terraferma . Friuli Friuli ( Italian: [friˈuːli] ; Friulian : Friûl [fɾiˈuːl] ; Venetian : Friul or Friułi ; Slovene : Furlanija ; Austrian German : Friaul ) is a historical region of northeast Italy . The region is marked by its separate regional and ethnic identity predominantly tied to

10246-439: The three hills that surround the city (known in Italian as Doss Trento , Doss di Sant'Agata and Doss di San Rocco ). The Latin name is the source of the adjective "tridentine". On the old city hall, a Latin inscription is still visible: " Montes argentum mihi dant nomenque Tridentum " ("Mountains give me silver and the name of Trento"), attributed to Fra' Bartolomeo da Trento (died in 1251). Tridentum became an important stop on

10355-687: The year of the Treaty of Campo Formio , this part of the Friuli was surrendered to Austria. For a brief period from 1805 until the Bourbon Restoration , Friuli belonged to the Italic Kingdom. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna confirmed the union of Veneto, which Central-West Friuli was part of, with Lombardy (previously divided between Austrian Empire and Venetian Republic), to constitute the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia . Eastern Friuli

10464-628: Was Andreas Hofer . During his youth, he lived in Italian Tyrol, where he learned the Italian language . When Hofer recovered Trento for the Austrians (1809), he was welcomed with enthusiasm by the population of Trento. Approximately 4,000 Trentinian volunteers ( Sìzzeri or Schützen ) died in battle against the French and Bavarian troops. In 1810, Hofer was captured and brought to Mantua , and

10573-632: Was a Rhaetian settlement: the Adige area was however influenced by neighbouring populations, including the (Adriatic) Veneti , the Etruscans and the Gauls (a Celtic population). According to other theories, the latter instead founded the city during the 4th century BC. Trento was conquered by the Romans in the 1st century BC, after several clashes with the Rhaetian tribes. Before the Romans, Trento

10682-492: Was a Celtic village. Julius Caesar re-founded it as a Roman municipality when Rome extended citizenship to the part of Cisalpine Gaul north of the River Po. The Latin name given to the settlement was Tridentum, meaning "Three-teeth place" or "Trident-town" ( tri- "three" + dēns, dent- "tooth"). The reason for the name is uncertain: the new town may have been consecrated to the god Neptune , or possibly named after

10791-475: Was again reorganized into the March of Friuli in 846. The march was granted to the Unruoching dynasty . Friuli became the base of power of Berengar I during his struggles for the throne of Italy between 888 and 924. The march was transformed under his rule, its territory extended to Lake Garda , the capital moved to Verona , and a new March of Verona and Aquileia established in its place. The territory

10900-656: Was at risk of malaria, a factor that affected the entire Italian peninsula and this Alpine region was not spared. Even Tuscany was particularly hard hit; malaria existed far inland into the Veneto area, reaching the Italian Alps. From 1918 to 1940, government figures show Italy's malaria deaths decreased by 96%, due to the efforts of the Rockefeller Foundation and Italy's own malaria experts, who themselves were international leaders in malariology . During

11009-492: Was mutually agreed on. This activity was steadily extended, eventually followed by the creation of the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino in 2011. Although off the beaten path of mass tourism, Trento offers rather interesting monuments. Its architecture has a unique feel, with both Italian Renaissance and Roman influences. The city center is small, and most Late-Medieval and Renaissance buildings have been restored to their original pastel colours and wooden balconies. Part of

11118-603: Was named in honor of the region. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 ( M.P.C. 111803 ). Trento Trento ( Italian: [ˈtrento] or [ˈtrɛnto] ; Ladin and Lombard : Trent ; German : Trient [tʁiˈɛnt] ; Cimbrian : Tria ; Mócheno : Trea't ; Venetian : Trénto/Trènt ; Latin : Tridentum ), also known in English as Trent ,

11227-578: Was not included in the puppet state. In 1838, the District of Portogruaro was removed from the Province of the Friuli due to the Austrians' wishes and assigned to the Province of Venice. Portogruaro was for long time part of Friuli, even under Venetian Republic, and Friulian language was spoken in the area. In 1866, central Friuli (today's province of Udine ) and western Friuli (today's province of Pordenone ) were annexed by Italy together with Veneto after

11336-525: Was now subjected to the Duchy of Bavaria , then to the Duchy of Carinthia , for more than a century. On 3 April 1077, the Emperor Henry IV granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to Sigaerd , Patriarch of Aquileia . In the succeeding centuries, the patriarchate expanded its control over neighboring Trieste , Istria , Carinthia , Styria , and Cadore . The patriarchal state of Friuli

11445-534: Was one of the best organized polities of the Italian Middle Ages. From the 12th century it possessed a parliament representing the communes as well as the nobility and the clergy. This institution only survived six centuries, remaining alive yet weak even during Venetian domination. It convened for the last time in 1805, when it was abolished by Napoleon Bonaparte . The Patriarch Marquard of Randeck (1365–1381) had gathered together and codified all

11554-546: Was removed as Prime Minister when the allies invaded Sicily. Italy surrendered to the Allies, and declared war on Germany. German troops promptly invaded northern Italy and the provinces of Trento, Belluno and South Tyrol became part of the Operation Zone of the Alpine Foothills , annexed to Germany . Some German-speakers wanted revenge upon Italian-speakers living in the area, but were mostly prevented by

11663-662: Was resurrected into a march again and detached from Verona, while in the course of the Investiture Controversy in 1077 the territories of Friuli in the east, around the episcopal city of Aquileia were separated from the March to provide an ecclesiastical Patriarchate of Aquileia , like Trent an immediate vassal of King Henry IV of Germany . In 1151 the Hohenstaufen King Conrad III of Germany finally divested Duke Henry V of Carinthia of

11772-446: Was shot by French soldiers on the express order of Napoleon. With Napoleon's defeat in 1814, Trento was annexed by the Habsburg Empire . Church government was finally extinguished, and Trento was henceforth governed by the secular administration of Tyrol . In the following decades, Trento experienced a modernization of administration and economy with the first railroad in the Adige valley opening in 1859. The entire Mediterranean basin

11881-558: Was started in Udine on February 27 by starving Udinesi citizens. They were subsequently joined by the farmers and the revolt spread to the whole territory of Friûl, against the feudal rule of some noble families; some other noble family, like the pro-Venetian Savorgnan, initially supported the revolters. This insurrection was one of the largest in Renaissance Italy and it lasted from 27 February until 1 March, when it ended as Venice dispatched around one hundred cavalry to put down

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