The Judiciary of Vermont is the state court system of Vermont , charged with Vermont law .
73-720: The Vermont courts are established in the Vermont Constitution in sections 28-41 (Judiciary Department). The justices of the Vermont Supreme Court and judges of all lower courts except assistant judges and probate judges serve for six-year terms, which are renewable following a majority retention vote in the Vermont General Assembly . All Vermont Constitution provides for a mandatory retirement of Supreme Court justices and lower court judges at 90 years of age, as prescribed by law by
146-411: A parking violation , with the ticket also being referred to as a parking citation , or parking ticket . In some jurisdictions, a traffic ticket constitutes a notice that a penalty, such as a fine or accumulation of “ points ”, has been or will be assessed against the driver or owner of a vehicle; failure to pay generally leads to prosecution or to civil recovery proceedings for the fine. In others,
219-423: A plea bargain that may reduce the impact from that which would be incurred from pleading guilty without attending court. If no agreement is reached, and the prosecutor feels it is worth his time to charge the motorist, both motorist and officer, or their respective representatives, formally attempt to prove their case before the judge, who then decides the matter. In some states and for criminal traffic violations,
292-581: A 50 km/h (31 mph) zone on his motorcycle. Estonia (across the Baltic from Scandinavia) is experimenting with a "time out" in lieu of fines: the motorist waits at the side of the road for 45 minutes or an hour. In the United States , most traffic laws are codified in a variety of state, county and municipal laws or ordinances, with most minor violations classified as infractions , civil charges or criminal charges . The classification of
365-571: A constitutional amendment authorizing the justices of the Vermont Supreme Court to revise the Constitution in "gender-inclusive" language, replacing gender-specific terms. (Examples: "men" and "women" were replaced by "persons", and the "Freeman's Oath," required of all newly registered voters in the state, was renamed the " Voters' Oath "). The revision was ratified by the voters in the general election of November 8, 1994. Vermont
438-620: A copy of the Part A, to be made available for perusal if required. In New South Wales, all Traffic infringement notices (TIN's) and Parking Infringement Notices (PIN's) are part of the Self-Enforcing Infringement Notice Scheme (SEINS). This scheme aims to minimize Court time for people who wish to plead guilty. The accused person can either elect to pay/part pay the infringement by way of a number of online means or through Australia Post , this can be found on
511-543: A database of all registered holders of a driver's licence in NSW, including the driver's traffic history and registered motor vehicles. Transport for NSW maintain a number of fixed, and mobile, speed cameras and red light cameras across the State. The State Debt Recovery Office (SDRO) manages the processing and issuing of traffic tickets detected and issued by these devices. These tickets are deemed to be 'owner onus' tickets with
584-405: A database of motorists, including their convicted traffic violations. Upon being ticketed, a motorist has a chance to plead guilty or not guilty with an explanation. The motorist or their representative must attend the court for the town or city in which the violation took place to do so. If the motorist pleads not guilty, a trial date is set and both the motorist, or a lawyer/paralegal representing
657-404: A defendant to retain a lawyer to discuss legal options, identify important defenses, and determine a defense strategy without hiring the lawyer to provide in-court representation. The motorist may be given the opportunity to schedule a hearing for a time at which the subpoenaed ticketing officer is unable to attend. If the officer or representative fails to attend the trial for a civil infraction,
730-462: A driver begins with zero demerit points and accumulates demerit points for convictions. Demerit points stay on a driver's record for two years from the original offence date. If a driver accumulates enough points, a suspension/loss of licence can occur. For a fully licensed driver in Ontario, the accumulation of six demerit points results in a "warning" letter. At nine points, the driver is scheduled
803-409: A fine, demerit points or suspension of a driver license or fish & wildlife license, and community service. Merits hearings and motion hearings are conducted throughout the State by various judicial officers, including a statewide Chief Hearing Officer, a statewide Hearing Officer, and several county Assistant Judges. Contempt hearings are conducted by Hearing Officers. Hearing Officers also sit in
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#1732798637073876-472: A mandatory interview to discuss their record and give specific reasonings as to why the licence should not be suspended. If a driver fails to attend this meeting, their licence may be automatically suspended. At 15 or more points, a driver's licence will be suspended for 30 days. Surrendering a licence to the Ministry of Transportation is mandatory at this stage; failure to surrender the licence may result in
949-404: A motorist is given the option to mail into the local court or the court for the jurisdiction in which the violation is alleged—a plea of guilty, not guilty or nolo contendere within a certain time frame (usually ten to fifteen days, although courts generally provide leniency in this regard). Additionally, the motorist can request a mitigation hearing, which acknowledges that the driver is guilty of
1022-400: A moving violation, but is requesting a hearing with a judge to reduce the fines associated with the ticket. If the motorist pleads guilty, the outcome is equivalent to a conviction after the hearing. Upon conviction, the motorist is generally fined a monetary amount and, for moving violations, is additionally assessed a penalty under each state's point system . If a motorist is convicted of
1095-406: A presiding judge and two assistant judges sit on each Superior Court. The assistant judges (or side judges ) are elected county officials, who sit with the judge in certain cases and are responsible for non-judicial county affairs as well, an unusual system unique to Vermont. Each Superior Court also has a court clerk and deputy court clerk, appointed by the court. The Superior Court clerk is also
1168-543: A similar element of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 . In 1786, the constitution was amended with language proposed by the 1785 Council of Censors, their first meeting, and adopted by the 1786 Constitutional Convention. The section on the Council of Censors remained generally unchanged, with only an added clarification of scope. In 1793, the constitution was amended with language proposed by
1241-525: A suspension/loss for up to two years. In the Republic of Ireland , a traffic ticket (which is mailed out to the driver) is in the form of a notice alleging that some crime – traffic offences are all criminal offences – has been committed, but stating that if a payment of a certain amount is made to the Garda Síochána within 28 days, or the amount increased by 50% is paid within 56 days,
1314-414: A traffic infraction through a written statement instead of appearing in court. For example, California's Vehicle Code Section 40902 permits individuals to obtain a trial by written declaration instead of making an in-court appearance. Each state's Department of Motor Vehicles or Bureau of Motor Vehicles maintains a database of motorists, including their convicted traffic violations. Upon being ticketed,
1387-589: A two-thirds vote. It must then receive a majority vote in the House. Then, after a newly elected legislature is seated, the amendment must receive a majority vote in each chamber, first in the Senate, then in the House. The proposed amendment must then be presented to the voters as a referendum and receive a majority of the votes cast. In 1991 and again in 1993, the Vermont General Assembly approved
1460-403: A vehicle then, when a matter is defended in court and the prosecution provide a brief of evidence with anything up to 4-5 extra photographs this can lead to some of the photographs being excluded as evidence because there is no indication to show on the Part A that they were taken at the time of the offence. Upon being issued a traffic infringement, or parking infringement notice, (in person or to
1533-458: A vehicle) an accused person will generally receive a penalty reminder notice in the mail approximately 28 days later, if the fine remains unpaid. Under the Fines Act of 1996 (NSW) Time for service of penalty reminder notices by post, is (7) days unless it is established that it was not served within (7) days. A due date for payment of Penalty Reminder notices under this Act is (21) days after it
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#17327986370731606-556: A violation in a state other than the state in which the motorist is registered, information about the ticket is relayed in accord with state policy and agreements between the two states, including the Non-Resident Violator Compact . If the ticket information is not abstracted to the state in which the motorist is licensed, then the record of the conviction remains local to the state where the violation took place. The practice of ticket fixing by police officers
1679-480: Is a fine , and this is ordinarily a fixed amount of money, instead of being an amount of money determined based on the facts of each individual case. If the motorist wishes to contest a traffic infraction, a hearing can be set by the court upon proper request. The hearings are before a magistrate or judge depending on the state or city. Hearing dates may potentially be adjourned, and witnesses or police officers may be subpoenaed to appear in court. At any point after
1752-480: Is a recurring source of controversy in the United States. Police officers in many jurisdictions surreptitiously cancel tickets as a "professional courtesy" to the friends and family of other police officers. This practice is not legal in most jurisdictions, but enforcement is often lax, leading to periodic scandals. There are many competing claims as to the first speeding ticket ever issued depending whether
1825-455: Is believed to be the one given to Jussi Salonoja in Helsinki , Finland , in 2003. Salonoja, the 27-year-old heir to a company in the meat-industry, was fined 170,000 euros for driving 80 km/h in a 40 km/h zone. The uncommonly large fine was due to Finnish speeding tickets (when excess speed is considerable) being relative to the offender's last known income. Salonoja's speeding ticket
1898-544: Is done, a Court date is set for hearing before a Magistrate and the officer is notified. The officer creates a brief of evidence and provides this to the Court and the accused person, this contains a copy of Part A, which includes the facts of the matter i.e. observations and contemporaneous notes, including description of vehicle, and whether or not any photographs of an offending vehicle have been taken. Quite often, an officer will indicate that they have taken only (1) photograph of
1971-504: Is generally fined a monetary amount and, for moving violations, is additionally given demerit points, under each province's point system . Jail time is sometimes sought in more serious cases such as racing or stunt driving. In the province of Ontario, drivers who are convicted of certain driving related offences result in demerit points recorded onto their driving records. It is commonly misconceived that drivers actually "lose" points due to convictions for certain traffic offences. In fact,
2044-418: Is on the State or municipality to prove the alleged violation by clear and convincing evidence, meaning the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable. This burden is higher than the ordinary civil burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence, but lower than the criminal burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. If the State or municipality meets its burden of proof, the assessed penalties may include
2117-413: Is one of six states whose constitutions are written in gender-neutral language. Traffic ticket A traffic ticket is a notice issued by a law enforcement official to a motorist or other road user, indicating that the user has violated traffic laws . Traffic tickets generally come in two forms, citing a moving violation , such as exceeding the speed limit , or a non-moving violation, such as
2190-444: Is served. Generally from the date of an offence approximately (28) days is given, after which time of the due date they will then have approximately an additional 21 days in which to take action, and finalise the matter. This includes (7) to allow for service, and (14) days for action to be taken. If the fine is not actioned by the due date on the penalty reminder notice, an enforcement order will be issued and additional costs apply. If
2263-490: Is the original and is sent to the State Debt Recovery Office (SDRO) by the issuing officer when they return to the station, Part B stays in the infringement book for accountability and Part C is given to the accused person at the scene or via post. Infringement notices issued by Councils or Commercial Clients by way of electronic handheld devices still have as associated application for details provided on
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2336-553: The Old Constitution House and amended in 1786. At 8,295 words, it is the shortest U.S. state constitution . Largely unchanged since 1777, Vermont's Constitution is the only active constitutional document to have been drafted and ratified outside of the United States. From 1777 to 1791, Vermont was an independent country, often referred to in the present day as the Vermont Republic . During that time it
2409-579: The Vermont State Hospital , the state psychiatric hospital . District Court judges, Superior Court judges, Family Court magistrates and assistant judges sit in Family Court. All Family Court matters except for child support are mainly decided by the presiding judge; child support orders are the responsibility of Family Court magistrates . No jury trials take place in Family Court. If one or both are available, side judges may sit with
2482-739: The county clerk and the clerk of the county court. District Courts hear almost all criminal cases and a few civil cases, including civil suspension of driver's licenses and fish and wildlife, traffic ticket , and municipal ordinance violations. There are 17 District Court judges: one in each county except for Chittenden County (the most populous in the state), which has six. A district judge may earn $ 122,865 annually. Family courts hear family law matters, including marriage ( divorce , annulment , desertion , and separation ); child support ; parentage ; domestic violence and orders of protection for domestic abuse victims; juveniles ( delinquency , abuse and neglect ) and commitments to
2555-767: The 10 miles per hour speed limit. The fastest convicted speeder in the UK was Daniel Nicks, convicted of 175 mph (282 km/h) on a Honda Fireblade motorcycle in 2000. He received six weeks in jail and was banned from driving for two full years. The fastest UK speeder in a car was Timothy Brady, caught driving a 3.6-litre Porsche 911 Turbo at 172 mph (277 km/h) on the A420 in Oxfordshire in January 2007 and jailed for 10 weeks and banned from driving for 3 years. The most expensive speeding ticket ever given
2628-807: The 14 Vermont counties . The courts are based in shire towns (County seats), where the courthouses are located. The state's attorney may earn $ 89,003.20 annually. The county sheriff may earn $ 65,790.40 annually. In 2010 the court system was integrated. The criminal, civil, family and environmental courts became part of a new Superior Court. The Probate Court was merged with the family court in February 2011 and all applicable county employees became state employees. Superior Courts exercise exclusive jurisdiction over most civil cases , including torts and lawsuits over small claims of $ 5000 or less. Superior courts also reviews decisions of lower courts and appeals to administrative agency decisions . Three judges,
2701-428: The 1777 constitution established a Council of Censors . This body consisted of thirteen elected members, chosen every seven years, but not from the Council or General Assembly. They were to check that "the legislative and executive branches of government have performed their duty as guardians of the people". They also had the power to call a convention, if needed, to amend the constitution. This council had been based on
2774-479: The 1792 Council of Censors and adopted by the 1793 Constitutional Convention. The Council now had the "power to send for persons, papers, and records". In 1870, the constitution was amended with language proposed by the 1869 Council of Censors, their last meeting, and adopted by the 1870 Constitutional Convention. The Council of Censors was abolished and replaced by a new procedure to amend the constitution. The Vermont Constitution, Chapter 2, Section 72 establishes
2847-476: The General Assembly, or if the General Assembly has not so provided by law at the age of 70 or at the end of the term of election during which they attain the age of 70. The constitution also provides that justices and judges be given a pension as provided by law and that the chief justice "may from time to time appoint retired justices and judges to special assignments as permitted under the rules of
2920-580: The Inhabitants of the State of Vermont anticipated the United States Bill of Rights by a dozen years. The first chapter, a "Declaration of Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont", is followed by a "Plan or Frame of Government" outlining the structure of governance. It provided that the governor would be elected by the freemen of the state, who could vote regardless of whether they owned property, that each town would be represented in
2993-475: The State of New York . In 1790, New York's legislature finally renounced its claims that Vermont was a part of New York, the cessation of those claims being effective if and when Congress decided to admit Vermont to the Union. Vermont held constitutional conventions in 1777, 1786, 1793, 1814, 1822, 1828, 1836, 1843, 1850, 1857, and 1870. "In order that the freedom of this Commonwealth may be preserved inviolate"
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3066-492: The Supreme Court." The Vermont Supreme Court is the state supreme court , based in the state capital of Montpelier . Because Vermont has no intermediate appellate courts , it is the sole state appellate court, mainly hearing appeals on questions of law from lower courts, although there are a few instances in which the Court has original jurisdiction . The Supreme Court also is responsible for administration of
3139-784: The Vermont Superior Court by special assignment. Hearing Officers are members of the Vermont Bar appointed by the Chief Superior Court Judge. Assistant Judges are citizens elected in their respective county of residence. The Judicial Bureau has one Clerk. The Clerk supervises the Court Operations Manager and a statewide administrative staff at the courthouse in White River Junction. The judiciary system budget
3212-533: The Vermont court system; it makes state court procedural rules . The Supreme Court is established in the Vermont Constitution which provides in section 29 that the court shall consist of a chief justice and four associate justices and in section 30 that: As of 2023, the chief justice was paid $ 201,150 and the associate justices were paid $ 191,977 annually. The state constitution provides for
3285-459: The charge depends on the violation itself as well as the jurisdiction, with infractions, civil charges and criminal charges relating to different standards of proof, trial rules and punishments. What constitutes a "minor violation" or infraction varies, examples include non-moving violations, defective or improper vehicle equipment, seat belt and child-restraint safety violations, and insufficient proof of license, insurance or registration. A trend in
3358-418: The claim goes by the first traffic violation or the first paper ticket ever issued. Great Britain may have the earliest claim with the first person to be convicted of speeding, Walter Arnold of East Peckham , Kent, who on 28 January 1896 was fined for speeding at 8 mph (13 km/h) in a 2 mph (3.2 km/h) zone. He was fined 1 shilling plus costs. A New York City cab driver named Jacob German
3431-593: The court, which is based in Barre . The Vermont Judicial Bureau is a specialized court with subject matter jurisdiction over civil violations of Vermont law and municipal ordinances. The Judicial Bureau operates under the supervision of the Vermont Supreme Court. Appeals from the Judicial Bureau are heard by the Criminal Division of the Vermont Superior Court. Appeals filed by the State are heard on
3504-441: The creation of lower courts that may have original and appellate jurisdiction and be divided into geographical and functional divisions, "as provided by law or by judicial rules adopted by the Supreme Court not inconsistent with law." The state constitution also provides that state courts may act as both courts of law and courts of equity . Vermont Statutes have established a number of courts, each exercising jurisdiction in one of
3577-436: The driver will not be prosecuted for the alleged offence. Some tickets carry penalty points as well as the fine. Most of Scandinavia determines some traffic fines based on income. For example, Finland's system for calculating fines starts with an estimate of the amount of spending money a Finn has for one day, and then divides that by two. The resulting number is considered a "reasonable" amount of spending money to deprive
3650-455: The enforcement order remains unpaid further enforcement action can follow, which may include suspension of the persons driver licence and/or vehicle registration, restrictions on conducting business with Transport for NSW, garnisheeing of wages, property seizure order or a community service order and additional fees. In Canada , most traffic laws are made at the provincial level. However, some serious violations are criminal offences, contrary to
3723-506: The federal Criminal Code . Both levels of government may deal with different aspects of the same misconduct. For example, drinking and driving may be a criminal offence of driving while impaired, or driving with a blood alcohol level greater than .08. At the same time, most provinces have laws specifying administrative penalties for driving with a blood alcohol level which does not exceed the criminal blood alcohol level of .08, in particular for newly licensed drivers. Each province maintains
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#17327986370733796-405: The governor's council, the governor, and the surveyor-general. It also provided that the legislature could no longer function as a court of appeals nor otherwise intervene in cases before the courts, as it had often done. The 1786 Constitution continued in effect when, in 1791, Vermont made the transition from independence to the status of one of the states of the Union. In particular, the governor,
3869-429: The issuance of a ticket, a motorist may retain an attorney to represent them in a traffic infraction. Retaining or consulting an attorney may be beneficial to the motorist because an attorney would better understand how to contest an infraction in any given state or municipality. Attorneys may offer full representation in court, taking a case from inception to disposal and potentially appeals, although it may be possible for
3942-407: The judge may also order a jury trial , in which case a jury will hear arguments from both sides, and then consider the facts in the case and render a verdict . The motorist may, for example, put forward a reason their alleged violation was justified, such as to "get out of the way of an ambulance or avoid a collision with another motorist", and call into doubt the level to which the officer recalls
4015-463: The late 1970s and early 1980s also saw an increased tendency for jurisdictions to re-classify certain speeding violations as civil infractions. In contrast, for more "serious" violations, traffic violators may be held criminally liable, accused of a misdemeanor or even a felony . Serious violations tend to involve multiple prior offenses, willful disregard of public safety, death or serious bodily injury, or damage to property. A frequently used penalty
4088-471: The legislative assembly, that there would be a court of law in each county, and that the legislative assembly and the governor's council would jointly hold legislative power. In 1786, the Constitution was extensively revised to establish a far greater separation of powers than what had prevailed under the 1777 Constitution. In particular, it forbade anyone to simultaneously hold more than one of certain offices, including those of judges, legislators, members of
4161-540: The legislative body of a municipality, county state's attorneys, the state attorney general, and certain other state executive branch officials have authority to prosecute civil violations. Defendants typically conduct their own defense, but may hire attorney at their own expense. Pre-trial motions and discovery are not allowed, unless permission has been granted by a judicial officer. At the merits hearing, both parties may call witnesses and offer exhibits. Witnesses may be compelled to appear by subpoena. The burden of proof
4234-404: The members of the governor's council, and other officers of the state, including judges in all courts, simply continued their terms of office that were already underway. The 1793 Constitution was adopted two years after Vermont's admission to the Union and continues in effect, with various later amendments, to this day. It eliminated all mention of grievances against King George III and against
4307-410: The motorist, and the ticketing officer, are required to attend. If the officer fails to attend, the court judge will often find in favour of the motorist and dismiss the charge, although sometimes the trial date is moved to give the officer another chance to attend. In some provinces, officers are now paid time and a half to attend traffic proceedings. The court will also make provisions for the officer or
4380-436: The offender of. Then, based on the severity of the crime, the system has rules for how many days the offender must go without that money. For example, driving about 15 mph over the speed limit results in a multiplier of 12 days. Most reckless drivers pay between $ 30 and $ 50 per day, for a total of about $ 400 or $ 500. In 2002, a Nokia executive was fined the equivalent of $ 103,000 for driving at 75 km/h (47 mph) in
4453-488: The presiding judge. In some jurisdictions, the Superior Court judge may be the presiding judge of the Family Court as well. Probate Courts deal with probate , wills and testamentary trusts , adoptions , guardianship , emancipation of minors , uniform gifts to minors , and name changes . There are 18 Probate Court judges, elected for four-year terms; Probate Court judges need not be attorneys . The clerk of
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#17327986370734526-517: The probate court is appointed. A typical salary for the judge is $ 51,542.40. A typical salary for the clerk is $ 30,721.60. The Vermont Environmental Court is a specialized court dealing with environmental law . The Court hears appeals from municipal boards and commissions and appeals from Act 250 decisions as well as cases from the Agency of Natural Resources, Natural Resource Board, and municipal enforcement. There are two Environmental Court judges on
4599-415: The procedure for amending the constitution. The Vermont General Assembly , the state's bi-cameral legislature, has the sole power to propose amendments to the Constitution of Vermont. The process must be initiated by a Senate that has been elected in an "off-year", that is, an election that does not coincide with the election of the U.S. president. An amendment must originate in the Senate and be approved by
4672-403: The prosecutor to achieve a deal with the motorist, often in the form of a plea bargain . If no agreement is reached, both motorist and officer, or their respective representatives, formally attempt to prove their case before the judge or Justice of Peace, who then decides the matter. If the motorist pleads guilty, the outcome is equivalent to conviction after trial. Upon conviction, the motorist
4745-599: The record. Appeals filed by a defendant may be on the record, de novo by judge, or de novo by jury at the option of the defendant. The Judicial Bureau operates under the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure, in particular V.R.C.P. 80.6. Civil violations include an array of decriminalized conduct involving operation of motor vehicles (traffic), hunting/fishing/trapping, possession of alcohol/tobacco/marijuana, hazing, lead paint abatement, unreasonable noise, animal cruelty, etc. Police officers, municipal officials designated by
4818-406: The specific details of the situation among the many tickets they have issued. In Washington state, there is a local option for courts to permit a decision on written statements, without the officer's live appearance in court. California offers a procedure in which both the officer and the ticketed driver may appear in writing, through a Trial by Written Declaration. Some states permit challenging
4891-563: The ticket constitutes only a citation and summons to appear at traffic court , with a determination of guilt to be made only in court. In Australia , traffic laws are made at the state level, usually in their own consolidated Acts of Parliament which have been based upon the Australian Road Rules . Traffic tickets are known as Traffic infringement notices (TIN's) in New South Wales . Transport for NSW maintains
4964-465: The ticket. If the Accused person pays the infringement, they are deemed to have pleaded guilty and any demerit points will be deducted from their driver's licence. Matters only go to Court if the accused person elects to have the matter heard at Court. If the accused person wishes to plead not guilty, they fill the reverse side of Part C out and mail it to the State Debt Recovery Office (SDRO). Once this
5037-409: The trial court may adjourn the hearing to a date upon which the officer is able to appear or, particularly if good cause is not shown for the officer's absence, the court judge may dismiss the charge. Although each judge, state, county or municipality handle contested hearings a little differently, the court may make provisions for the prosecutor to achieve a deal with the motorist, often in the form of
5110-439: The vehicles registered owner deemed liable unless they nominate another driver via statutory declaration. These are generally issued 'on the spot' by a police officer although there are other authorised officers that can issue traffic infringements such as Transport for NSW heavy vehicle inspectors and Traffic Commanders. The infringement notice is written on three carbonised pieces of printed paper, known as Part A, B and C. Part A
5183-469: Was approximately $ 30 million in 2009. Vermont Constitution The Constitution of the State of Vermont is the fundamental body of law of the U.S. state of Vermont , describing and framing its government . It was adopted in 1793 following Vermont's admission to the Union in 1791 and is largely based upon the 1777 Constitution of the Vermont Republic which was drafted at Windsor in
5256-511: Was arrested for speeding on May 20, 1899 for driving 12 miles per hour on Lexington Avenue in Manhattan. In Dayton, Ohio , police issued a paper ticket to Harry Myers for going twelve miles per hour on West Third Street in 1904. Another early speeding ticket was issued in 1910 to Lady Laurier, the wife of Wilfrid Laurier , Prime Minister of Canada, in Ottawa, Ontario , Canada, for exceeding
5329-521: Was usually called the State of Vermont but sometimes called the Commonwealth of Vermont or the Republic of Vermont. Its first constitution, drafted in 1777, was among the most far-reaching in guaranteeing personal freedoms and individual rights. In particular, it banned adult slavery, saying male slaves become free at the age of 21 and females at 18. The 1777 constitution's Declaration of Rights of
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