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69-562: The dam became a popular bungee jumping venue after a James Bond stuntman jumped off it in the opening scene of the 1995 film GoldenEye ; a stunt voted as the best movie stunt of all time in a 2002 Sky Movies poll. On May 6, 1960, Verzasca SA was formed to construct the dam as the center-piece of the Verzasca Hydroelectric Complex. Construction of the dam began in 1961. The dam was designed and its construction supervised by Lombardi & Gellaro Ltd. Because

138-477: A body harness , if only as a backup for an ankle attachment. Body harnesses generally derive from climbing equipment rather than parachute equipment. Milad tower bungee jumping with a height of 280 meters is the highest jumping platform in the world In August 2005, AJ Hackett added a SkyJump to the Macau Tower , making it the world's highest jump at 233 metres (764 ft). The SkyJump did not qualify as

207-481: A dam or levee , typically into the riverbed of the dammed river itself. In the United Kingdom, they may be known as overflow channels . Spillways ensure that water does not damage parts of the structure not designed to convey water. Spillways can include floodgates and fuse plugs to regulate water flow and reservoir level. Such features enable a spillway to regulate downstream flow—by releasing water in

276-525: A "Guide cable" system that limits swing (the jump is very close to the structure of the tower itself) but does not have any effect on the speed of descent, so this still qualifies the jump for the World Record. Kushma Bungee Jump is the world's second-highest bungee jump with a height of 228 metres (748 ft). It is located in the gorge of Kaligandaki River and world-first natural canyon bungee jump. Another commercial bungee jump currently in operation

345-443: A baffle of concrete blocks but usually have a "flip lip" and/or dissipator basin, which creates a hydraulic jump , protecting the toe of the dam from erosion. Stepped channels and spillways have been used for over 3,000 years. Despite being superseded by more modern engineering techniques such as hydraulic jumps in the mid twentieth century, since around 1985 interest in stepped spillways and chutes has been renewed, partly due to

414-488: A controlled manner before the reservoir is full, operators can prevent an unacceptably large release later. Other uses of the term "spillway" include bypasses of dams and outlets of channels used during high water, and outlet channels carved through natural dams such as moraines . Water normally flows over a spillway only during flood periods, when the reservoir has reached its capacity and water continues entering faster than it can be released. In contrast, an intake tower

483-436: A harness. Those bungee cords are linked to steel cables along which they can slide due to stainless pulleys. The participants bicycle, sled or ski before jumping. SCAD diving (Suspended Catch Air Device) is similar to bungee jumping in that the participant is dropped from a height, but in this variation there is no cord; instead the participant free-falls into a net. Untrained SCAD divers use a special free fall harness to ensure

552-401: A large tree at the top of the 210 m (700 ft) wall, above a severely overhanging climb appropriately named "Diving Board", and tied one end of the rope into the tree. With a piece of flat seat belt webbing around his waist and some homemade leg loops, Mike tied into the other end of the rope and, after no small amount of trepidation, he jumped. He then ascended the rope mechanically to

621-565: A plunge pool, or two ski jumps can direct their water discharges to collide with one another. Third, a stilling basin at the terminus of a spillway serves to further dissipate energy and prevent erosion. They are usually filled with a relatively shallow depth of water and sometimes lined with concrete. A number of velocity-reducing components can be incorporated into their design to include chute blocks, baffle blocks, wing walls, surface boils, or end sills. Spillway gates may operate suddenly without warning, under remote control. Trespassers within

690-591: A system to drop a "car" suspended by a cable of "best rubber" was proposed for the Chicago World Fair, 1892–1893. The car, seating two hundred people, would have been shoved from a platform on the tower and then would have bounced to a stop. The designer engineer suggested that for safety the ground below "be covered with eight feet of feather bedding". The proposal was declined by the Fair's organizers. The word "bungee" originates from West Country dialect of

759-488: A test of their courage and passage into manhood. Unlike in modern bungee-jumping, land-divers intentionally hit the ground, but the vines absorb sufficient force to make the impact non-lethal. The land-diving ritual on Pentecost has been claimed as an inspiration by A. J. Hackett , prompting calls from the islanders' representatives for compensation for what they view as the unauthorised appropriation of their cultural property . A tower 1,200 metres (4,000 ft) high with

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828-422: A tower crane at the same time, something that he has done hundreds of times since 2017. The elastic rope first used in bungee jumping, and still used by many commercial operators, is factory-produced braided shock cord. This special bungee cord consists of many latex strands enclosed in a tough outer cover. The outer cover may be applied when the latex is pre-stressed, so that the cord's resistance to extension

897-420: A world's record for the longest bungee jump from a fixed structure. In "Catapult" (Reverse Bungee or Bungee Rocket), the jumper starts on the ground. The jumper is secured and the cord is stretched, then released and shooting the jumper up into the air. This is often achieved using either a crane or a hoist attached to a (semi-)perma structure. This simplifies the action of stretching the cord and later lowering

966-424: Is Verzasca SA; which has an 80-year concession on the power station which will expire in 2046. The opening scene of the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye featured Bond jumping off the dam. The stunt was performed by British stuntman Wayne Michaels . The jump was voted as best movie stunt of all time in a 2002 Sky Movies poll. The dam doubled as the fictional Arkhangelsk Chemical Weapons Facility located in

1035-507: Is a structure used to control water release on a routine basis for purposes such as water supply and hydroelectricity generation. A spillway is located at the top of the reservoir pool. Dams may also have bottom outlets with valves or gates which may be operated to release flood flow, and a few dams lack overflow spillways and rely entirely on bottom outlets. The two main types of spillways are controlled and uncontrolled. A controlled spillway has mechanical structures or gates to regulate

1104-432: Is already significant at the cord's natural length. This gives a harder, sharper bounce. The braided cover also provides significant durability benefits. Other operators, including A. J. Hackett and most southern-hemisphere operators, use unbraided cords with exposed latex strands. These give a softer, longer bounce and can be home-produced. Accidents where participants became detached led many commercial operators to use

1173-450: Is an activity that involves a person jumping from a great height while connected to a large elastic cord . The launching pad is usually erected on a tall structure such as a building or crane, a bridge across a deep ravine , or on a natural geographic feature such as a cliff. It is also possible to jump from a type of aircraft that has the ability to hover above the ground, such as a hot-air-balloon or helicopter . The thrill comes from

1242-746: Is at the Royal Gorge Bridge in Colorado. The height of the platform is 321 metres (1,053 ft). However, this jump is rarely available, as part of the Royal Gorge Go Fast Games—first in 2005, then again in 2007. Previous to this the record was held in West Virginia, USA, by New Zealander Chris Allum, who bungee jumped 251 metres (823 ft) from the New River Gorge Bridge on "Bridge Day" 1992 to set

1311-460: Is designed like an inverted bell , where water can enter around the entire perimeter. These uncontrolled spillways are also called morning glory (after the flower ), or glory hole spillways. In areas where the surface of the reservoir may freeze, this type of spillway is normally fitted with ice-breaking arrangements to prevent the spillway from becoming ice-bound. Some bell-mouth spillways are gate-controlled. The highest morning glory spillway in

1380-635: Is just 13 metres (43 ft) smaller, at 220 metres (720 ft). This jump, made without guide ropes, is from the top of the Verzasca Dam near Locarno, Switzerland. It appears in the opening scene of the James Bond film GoldenEye . The 216-metre (709 ft) Bloukrans Bridge Bungy in South Africa and the Verzasca Dam jumps are pure freefall swinging bungee from a single cord. Guinness only records jumps from fixed objects to guarantee

1449-443: Is set by dam safety guidelines, based on the size of the structure and the potential loss of human life or property downstream. The United States Army Corps of Engineers bases their requirements on the probable maximum flood (PMF) and the probable maximum precipitation (PMP). The PMP is the largest precipitation thought to be physically possible in the upstream watershed. Dams of lower hazard may be allowed to have an IDF less than

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1518-534: Is the highest commercial bridge bungy in the world. In 2008, Carl Dionisio of Durban performed a 30 meter bungy jump attached to a cord made of 18,500 condoms. He currently runs the only Ocean Touch bungy jump in the World at Calheta Beach in Madeira, Portugal, and claims to be the only person operating in the bungy industry single-handed. He holds the world record for being the only person to bungy jump while driving

1587-426: Is the most frequently reported complication. Impaired eyesight secondary to retinal haemorrhage may be transient or take several weeks to resolve. In one case, a 26-year-old woman's eyesight was still impaired after 7 months. Whiplash injuries may occur as the jumper is jolted on the bungee cord and in at least one case, this has led to quadriplegia secondary to a broken neck. Very serious injury can also occur if

1656-573: Is the usual spelling in New Zealand and other countries. In 1963, Jim Tyson, a Sydney, Australia commando , slid down a catenary rope, from a cliff, across a Sydney-area river, braking with carpet, releasing mid-river, and swimming to an accessible river bank. The first modern bungee jumps were made on 1 April 1979 from the 76-metre (250 ft) Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol , England, by David Kirke and Simon Keeling, members of

1725-401: Is to use a cord that is too long. The cord should be substantially shorter than the height of the jumping platform to allow it room to stretch. When the cord becomes taut and then is stretched, the tension in the cord progressively increases, building up its potential energy . Initially the tension is less than the jumper's weight and the jumper continues to accelerate downwards. At some point,

1794-522: The 14th season of The Amazing Race and the fifth episode of the 33rd season . The climax scene of the Indian Bollywood movie Dhoom 3 was shot at this dam. In October 2022, an artificial climbing wall built on the dam hosted an event called Red Bull Dual Ascent, the first competition climbing event in a multi-pitch format . Bungee jumping Bungee jumping ( / ˈ b ʌ n dʒ i / ), also spelled bungy jumping ,

1863-620: The Oxford University Dangerous Sports Club , and Geoff Tabin, a professional climber who tied the ropes for the jump. The students had come up with the idea after discussing the " vine jumping " ritual of Vanuatu . The jumpers were arrested shortly after, but continued with jumps in the US from the Golden Gate Bridge and the Royal Gorge Bridge . The last jump was sponsored by and televised on

1932-456: The free-falling and the rebound. When the person jumps, the cord stretches and the jumper flies upwards again as the cord recoils, and continues to oscillate up and down until all the kinetic energy is dissipated. The land diving ( Sa : Gol ) of Pentecost Island in Vanuatu is an ancient ritual in which young men jump from tall wooden platforms with vines tied to their ankles as

2001-648: The American programme That's Incredible , spreading the concept worldwide. By 1982, Kirk and Keelling were jumping from mobile cranes and hot air balloons. Colorado climbers Mike Munger and Charlie Fowler may have bungee-jumped earlier in Eldorado Springs, CO in 1977. Both were cutting-edge alpinists, preparing for a trip to Monte Fitzroy in Patagonia by simulating long falls onto a springy, 46-metre (150 ft) nylon climbing rope. They scrambled up to

2070-475: The Contra Dam is at a lower elevation compared to other Swiss dams, warmer weather allowed construction to be carried out year-round. To divert the river and prepare a dry work-site for the dam, cofferdams were constructed, one of which redirected the river through a diversion tunnel with a 200 m/s (7,100 cu ft/s) capacity. As the river can have flows much higher than the tunnel's capacity, this

2139-626: The English language, meaning "Anything thick and squat", as defined by James Jennings in his book "Observations of Some of the Dialects in The West of England" published 1825. In 1928, the word started to be used for a rubber eraser . The Oxford English Dictionary records early use of the phrase in 1938 relating to launching of gliders using an elasticated cord, and also as "A long nylon-cased rubber band used for securing luggage". "Bungy"

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2208-463: The PMF. As water passes over a spillway and down the chute, potential energy converts into increasing kinetic energy . Failure to dissipate the water's energy can lead to scouring and erosion at the dam's toe (base). This can cause spillway damage and undermine the dam's stability. To put this energy in perspective, the spillways at Tarbela Dam could, at full capacity, produce 40,000 MW; about 10 times

2277-499: The accuracy of the measurement. John Kockleman however recorded a 670-metre (2,200 ft) bungee jump from a hot air balloon in California in 1989. In 1991 Andrew Salisbury jumped from 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) from a helicopter over Cancun for a television program and with Reebok sponsorship. The full stretch was recorded at 962 metres (3,157 ft). He landed safely under parachute. One commercial jump higher than all others

2346-570: The biggest shocks had occurred later in October and November after the reservoir was full. The epicenters were located at two faults near the dam. As many as 25 shocks occurred a day. The shocks stopped once the reservoir was emptied and no damage was found. After refilling, the shocks decreased and an "equilibrium" was believed to have been reached, one that did not respond to variations in water load. Another large shock occurred several years after filling. By 1971, there were no more seismic shocks around

2415-407: The capacity of its power plant. The energy can be dissipated by addressing one or more parts of a spillway's design. First, on the spillway surface itself by a series of steps along the spillway (see stepped spillway ). Second, at the base of a spillway, a flip bucket can create a hydraulic jump and deflect water upwards. A ski jump can direct water horizontally and eventually down into

2484-437: The correct falling position. Free-style SCAD divers do not use harnesses. The landing into the huge airtube framed net is extremely soft and forgiving. The SCAD was invented by MONTIC Hamburg, Germany in 1997. Bungee jumping injuries may be divided into those that occur after jumping secondary to equipment mishap or tragic accident, and those that occur regardless of safety measures. In the first instance, injury can happen if

2553-437: The dam down a smooth decline into the river below. These are usually designed following an ogee curve . Most often, they are lined on the bottom and sides with concrete to protect the dam and topography. They may have a controlling device and some are thinner and multiply-lined if space and funding are tight. In addition, they are not always intended to dissipate energy like stepped spillways. Chute spillways can be ingrained with

2622-530: The dam is received by its abutments; here it is thicker to reduce pressure on the rock, which can accept pressure of 70 kg/cm (1,000 psi). Vertically, the thickness of the dam increases from the crest down to the foundation and has a slight curve from the center towards the crest. This helps alleviate tensile stress for when the reservoir is not only full but empty. The dam's outlet works consist of two discharge pipes, capable of releasing up to 170 m/s (6,000 cu ft/s) each. One discharges into

2691-585: The dam later makes an appearance as a Roadblock task in the 14th season of the reality competition series The Amazing Race . A fictional proto-bungee jump is a plot point in the Michael Chabon novel The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay . In the film Selena , in which Jennifer Lopez plays Selena Quintanilla-Perez, her character is shown bungee jumping at a carnival. This actual event took place shortly before Selena's murder on 31 March 1995. In Valiant (comics) #171 (January 8, 1966),

2760-483: The dam or reservoir. No known detailed geological studies were conducted prior to construction of the dam and several faults are known to exist in the area. The Contra Dam is a concrete slender arch dam with a height of 220 m (720 ft) and crest length of 380 m (1,250 ft). The dam is 25 m (82 ft) wide at its base and 7 m (23 ft) wide at its crest. The dam structure contains 660,000 m (23,000,000 cu ft) of concrete and

2829-414: The difference in height between the intake and the outlet to create the pressure difference required to remove excess water. Siphons require priming to remove air in the bend for them to function, and most siphon spillways are designed to use water to automatically prime the siphon. One such design is the volute siphon, which employs volutes or fins on a funnel to form water into a vortex that draws air out of

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2898-423: The flood is sometimes expressed as a return period . A 100-year recurrence interval is the flood magnitude expected to be exceeded on the average of once in 100 years. This parameter may be expressed as an exceedance frequency with a 1% chance of being exceeded in any given year. The volume of water expected during the design flood is obtained by hydrologic calculations of the upstream watershed. The return period

2967-545: The jumper's neck or body gets entangled in the cord. More recently, carotid artery dissection leading to a type of stroke after bungee jumping has also been described. In the film GoldenEye and its associated videogame, James Bond makes a jump over the edge of a dam in Russia (in reality the dam is in Switzerland: Verzasca Dam , and the jump was genuine, not an animated special effect). The jump in

3036-399: The name suggests, running along a track (often inflatable) with a bungee cord attached. One often has a velcro-backed marker that marks how far the runner got before the bungee cord pulled back. This activity can often be found at fairs and carnivals and is often most popular with children. Bungee jumping off a ramp. Two rubber cords – the "bungees" – are tied around the participant's waist to

3105-458: The northern Soviet Union during the Cold War . It is spelled "Arkangel" in the film. The dam owners started to lease access to the dam, soon after GoldenEye was released, to a commercial bungee jump operator. According to the operator, over 10,000 people have jumped the 220 m (720 ft) from the dam. Contestants bungee jumped off the dam as a Roadblock task in the first episode of

3174-549: The original diversion tunnel and another is located at the base of the dam and discharges into the river valley below. The dam creates Lago di Vogorno which has a 105,000,000 m (3.7 × 10 cu ft) capacity and surface area of 160 ha (400 acres), collected from a catchment area of 230 km (89 sq mi). The Verzasca River has very irregular seasonal flows which can reach as high as 1,000 m/s (35,000 cu ft/s). Lombardi considers it one of his most aesthetically pleasing dams, primarily because of

3243-460: The participant to the ground. "Bungy Trampoline" uses elements from bungy and trampolining. The participant begins on a trampoline and is fitted into a body harness, which is attached via bungy cords to two high poles on either side of the trampoline. As they begin to jump, the bungy cords are tightened, allowing a higher jump than could normally be made from a trampoline alone. "Bungee Running" involves no jumping as such. It merely consists of, as

3312-424: The rate of flow. This design allows nearly the full height of the dam to be used for water storage year-round, and flood waters can be released as required by opening one or more gates. An uncontrolled spillway, in contrast, does not have gates; when the water rises above the lip or crest of the spillway, it begins to be released from the reservoir. The rate of discharge is controlled only by the height of water above

3381-419: The reservoir at 470 m (1,540 ft) above sea level is transferred to an underground power station downstream at 193 m (633 ft) above sea level, affording a maximum hydraulic head of 277 m (909 ft). The power plant can discharge up to 50 m/s (1,800 cu ft/s) of water which exits via a 1.9 km (1.2 mi) tailrace tunnel into Lago di Verbano . The builder and owner

3450-431: The reservoir's spillway. The fraction of storage volume in the reservoir above the spillway crest can only be used for the temporary storage of floodwater; it cannot be used as water supply storage because it sits higher than the dam can retain it. In an intermediate type, normal level regulation of the reservoir is controlled by the mechanical gates. In this case, the dam is not designed to function with water flowing over

3519-459: The river downstream. One parameter of spillway design is the largest flood it is designed to handle. The structures must safely withstand the appropriate spillway design flood (SDF), sometimes called the inflow design flood (IDF). The magnitude of the SDF may be set by dam safety guidelines, based on the size of the structure and the potential loss of human life or property downstream. The magnitude of

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3588-435: The safety harness fails, the cord length is miscalculated, or the cord is not properly connected to the jump platform. In 1986, a man died during rehearsals for a bungee jumping stunt on a BBC television programme , because the cord sprang loose from a carabiner clip. Injuries that occur despite safety measures generally relate to the abrupt rise in upper body intravascular pressure during bungee cord recoil. Eyesight damage

3657-461: The slenderness of the concrete arch and the "outstanding cleanness of the design." The design also reduced the amount of concrete needed, therefore reducing the cost as well. The dam has two spillways , each located on the structure, near its abutments on either side which have a maximum discharge capacity of 2,150 m/s (76,000 cu ft/s). Each spillway contains six fixed-crest weirs that are 12 m (39 ft) wide. From each opening,

3726-414: The spillway are at high risk of drowning. Spillways are usually fenced and equipped with locked gates to prevent casual trespassing within the structure. Warning signs, sirens, and other measures may be in place to warn users of the downstream area of sudden release of water. Operating protocols may require "cracking" a gate to release a small amount of water to warn persons downstream. The sudden closure of

3795-438: The spillway gates. Although many months may be needed for construction crews to restore the fuse plug and channel after such an operation, the total damage and cost to repair is less than if the main water-retaining structures had been overtopped. The fuse plug concept is used where building a spillway with the required capacity would be costly. A chute spillway is a common and basic design that transfers excess water from behind

3864-897: The sport, and opening the world's first permanent commercial bungee site, the Kawarau Bridge Bungy at the Kawarau Gorge Suspension Bridge near Queenstown in the South Island of New Zealand. Hackett remains one of the largest commercial operators, with concerns in several countries. Several million successful jumps have taken place since 1980. This safety record is attributable to bungee operators rigorously conforming to standards and guidelines governing jumps, such as double checking calculations and fittings for every jump. As with any sport, injuries can still occur (see below), and there have been fatalities. A relatively common mistake in fatality cases

3933-412: The structure itself has a surface area of 44,500 m (479,000 sq ft). The dam is slender in design and its horizontal arches are in an elliptical shape. The horizontal curvature of the dam decreases from the center of the dam towards its abutments and the curvature from the center of the arches increases from the crest down to the foundation. The thickness is constant with the exception of where

4002-424: The system. The priming happens automatically when the water level rises above the inlets. The ogee crest over-tops a dam, a side channel wraps around the topography of a dam, and a labyrinth uses a zig-zag design to increase the sill length for a thinner design and increased discharge. A drop inlet resembles an intake for a hydroelectric power plant, and transfers water from behind the dam directly through tunnels to

4071-606: The tension equals the jumper's weight and the acceleration is temporarily zero. With further stretching, the jumper has an increasing upward acceleration and at some point has zero vertical velocity before recoiling upward. The Bloukrans River Bridge was the first bridge to be used as a bungee jump launch spot in Africa when Face Adrenalin introduced bungee jumping to the African continent in 1990. Bloukrans Bridge Bungy has been operated commercially by Face Adrenalin since 1997, and

4140-414: The top if it, either due to the materials used for its construction or conditions directly downstream. If inflow to the reservoir exceeds the gate's capacity, an artificial channel called an auxiliary or emergency spillway will convey water. Often, that is intentionally blocked by a fuse plug . If present, the fuse plug is designed to wash out in case of a large flood, greater than the discharge capacity of

4209-597: The tree and untied. Then Charlie tied in and jumped. The total fall was about 40 m (130 ft). Organised commercial bungee jumping began with the New Zealander, A. J. Hackett , who made his first jump from Auckland 's Greenhithe Bridge in 1986. During the following years, Hackett performed a number of jumps from bridges and other structures (including the Eiffel Tower ), building public interest in

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4278-500: The two boys from Worrag island in "The Wild Wonders" in a circus story, jump from high up and seem ready to crash to their deaths, but are stopped by elasticated ropes tied to an ankle of each one. In the video game Aero the Acro-Bat , Aero will perform bungee jumping to obtain items like keys to open gates in a level. Spillway A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of water downstream from

4347-474: The use of new construction materials (e.g. roller-compacted concrete , gabions ) and design techniques (e.g. embankment overtopping protection). The steps produce considerable energy dissipation along the chute and reduce the size of the required downstream energy dissipation basin. Research is still active on the topic, with newer developments on embankment dam overflow protection systems, converging spillways and small weir design. A bell-mouth spillway

4416-510: The water flows down a single chute to a flip bucket at the bottom of the spillway. The flip buckets dissipate and deflect the water towards the center axis of the valley 200 m (660 ft) below. The spillways were later modified to improve releases and function by increasing the size of the piers and adding additional lateral deflectors near the crest. The dam supports a 105 MW power station that contains 3 × 35 MW Francis turbines and generates an average of 234 GWh annually. Water from

4485-695: The world is at Hungry Horse Dam in Montana, U.S., and is controlled by a 64-by-12-foot (19.5 by 3.7 m) ring gate. The bell-mouth spillway in Covão dos Conchos reservoir in Portugal is constructed to look like a natural formation. The largest bell-mouth spillway is in Geehi Dam , in New South Wales, Australia, measuring 105 ft (32 m) in diameter at the lake's surface. A siphon uses

4554-544: The world's highest bungee as it is not strictly speaking a bungee jump, but instead what is referred to as a 'Decelerator-Descent' jump, using a steel cable and decelerator system, rather than an elastic rope. On 17 December 2006, the Macau Tower started operating a proper bungee jump, which became the "Highest Commercial Bungee Jump in the World" according to the Guinness Book of Records. The Macau Tower Bungy has

4623-398: Was accepted as a risk by engineers. Excavation of the right side of the dam had to be expanded due to unforeseen weathered rock and designs were altered within 15 days. Concrete pouring and placement occurred for 18 months, of which the maximum poured in a day was 3,100 m (110,000 cu ft) and in a month, 55,000 m (1,900,000 cu ft). The aggregate for the concrete

4692-405: Was obtained from a quarry near the construction site. The high-quality and strength gneiss -rock was ground in a rotary crusher and prepared in the concrete mixture. To facilitate the contraction and settling of the concrete in the dam, it was cooled with a series of steel pipes that ran throughout the mass of concrete, with the exception of the top 30 m (98 ft) of the dam. A grout curtain

4761-623: Was placed around and below the dam as well to prevent leakage, which consumed a large amount of cement. In August 1964, the reservoir began to fill and in September 1965, the reservoir was full and the dam completed. During what Dr. Giovanni Lombardi , the dam's designer, described as an "exceptionally rapid rise of water during the first filling" of the reservoir, beginning in August 1964, there were seismic shocks. The earthquakes began in May 1965 and

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