" Viy " ( Russian : Вий , IPA: [ˈvʲij] ; pronounced / ˈ v iː / in English ), also translated as " The Viy ", is a horror novella by the writer Nikolai Gogol , first published in volume 2 of his collection of tales entitled Mirgorod (1835).
75-514: Viy or VIY may refer to: Вий or "Viy" (story) , Russian horror novella by Nikolai Gogol published 1835 Numerous derivative works, among those listed at Viy (story)#Film adaptations being: Viy (1909 film) , a 1909 Russian lost film Viy (1967 film) , based on the Nikolai Gogol story Viy (2014 film) , a dark fantasy film inspired by Gogol story Viy 2: Journey to China ,
150-453: A Rektor is elected by the Senate from among the professors of the university (which is the traditional method of choosing the head of a German university), while a Präsident need be neither a professor nor a member of the university (or of any university) prior to appointment. The Rektor is traditionally addressed as Magnifizenz . The rector forms a collegiate leadership body together with
225-540: A rettore is now six years, in accordance with the new national regulation and the statuto (constitution of the university). The Rettore is styled and formally greeted as Magnifico Rettore (Magnificent Rector). In the Netherlands, the rector is the principal of a high school. The rector is supported by conrectors (deputy rectors who can take his place). In Dutch universities, the Rector Magnificus
300-403: A beautiful girl with "long, pointy eyelashes". Later, rumour circulates that a Cossack chief ( sotnik )'s daughter was found crawling home, beaten near death, her last wish being for Khoma the seminary student to come pray for her at her deathbed, and for three successive nights after she dies. Khoma learns of this from the seminary's rector who orders him to go. Khoma wants to flee, but
375-626: A broader comparative analysis which references non-Slavic traditions as well. Hans-Jörg Uther classified the story of "Viy", by Gogol, as Aarne–Thompson–Uther tale type ATU 307, "The Princess in the Coffin". The witch ( Russian : ведьма , ved'ma or панночка , pannochka ) who attempts to ride her would-be husband is echoed in Ukrainian (or Russian) folktale. The Malorussian folktale translated as "The Soldier's Midnight Watch", set in Kiev ,
450-506: A considerable number of scholars delving in psychology-based interpretation, Freudian and Jungian. Among scholars delving into the folkloric aspects of the novella, Viktor P. Petrov tries to match individual motifs in the plot with folktales from Afanasyev's collection or elsewhere. Viacheslav V. Ivanov 's studies concentrate on the Viy creature named in the title, and the themes of death and vision associated around it; Ivanov also undertakes
525-538: A date, So the story was probably something Smirnova had heard or read from Gogol, but reshuffled as a remote past memory. The witch's husband in the Russian folk-tale "Ivan Bykovich" (Ivan the Bull's Son), needed to have his eyebrows and eyelashes lifted with a "pitchfork" ( Russian : вилы ). The aforementioned Viacheslav V. Ivanov (1971) is credited, in modern times, with drawing the parallel between Gogol's viy and
600-444: A dog. Inexhaustible episodes about the witch-daughter follow. The first night, Khoma is escorted to the gloomy church to hold vigil alone with the girl's body. Just as he wonders if it may come alive, the girl is reanimated and walks towards him. Frightened, Khoma draws a magic circle of protection around himself, and she is unable to cross the line. She turns cadaverously blue, and reenters her coffin making it fly around wildly, but
675-481: A few universities have used rector as the title of their head: Prior to their conversion to universities, polytechnics often had the rector as the head of the establishment; following their transition to universities, the rector became the vice-chancellor. In Scotland, the position of rector exists in the four ancient universities ( St Andrews , Glasgow , Aberdeen and Edinburgh ) as well as at Dundee , which took its governance systems from its early connections to
750-725: A few universities the Rector is chosen indirectly; the members of the modern Claustro (a sort of electoral college or parliament in which all the above-mentioned groups are represented) is chosen first, and then the Claustro selects the Rector. Rectors hold their office for four years before another election is held, and there is no limit to the number of re-election terms. However, only the most charismatic and respected rectors have been able to hold their office for more than two or three terms. Of those, some have been notable Spanish scholars, such as Basque writer Miguel de Unamuno , Rector of
825-475: A rector to have been a doctor for at least six years before his election, and to have achieved professor status, holding it in the same university for which he is running. Usually, when running for election, the rector will need to have chosen the vice-rectors ( vicerrectores in Spanish), who will occupy several sub-offices in the university. Rectors are elected directly by free and secret universal suffrage of all
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#1732782729447900-506: A sequel to the 2014 film Viy (band) , a Ukrainian band Viy, Azerbaijan , a village in Lankaran Rayon Vélizy-Villacoublay Air Base (IATA: VIY), Villacoublay, France Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Viy . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
975-688: A university (called faculties ) are headed by deans . As in most Commonwealth and British-influenced countries, the term "rector" is not commonly used in English in Canada outside Quebec. Quebec's francophone universities (e.g., Université de Montréal ) use the term ( recteur or rectrice in French) to designate the head of the institution. In addition, the historically French-Catholic, and now bilingual, Saint Paul University in Ottawa , Ontario uses
1050-652: Is Leyla Hussein the political activist and first Black female to hold the position. Some Scottish high school/ secondary school have a head teacher whose official title is Rector , an example being Bell Baxter High School in Cupar , Fife . The rector is the head of most universities and other higher educational institutions in at least parts of Central and Eastern Europe, such as Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Hungary and Ukraine. The rector's deputies are known as "pro-rectors". Individual departments of
1125-437: Is a noted example of a psychological study of this novella; he identifies the running motif of sexual fulfillment resulting in punishment in this Gogol collection, so that when the student Khoma engages in the ride of the witch, "an obviously sexual act", death is meted out as punishment. A supplementary understanding of this schema using Lacanian analysis is undertaken by Romanchuk (2009), where Khoma's resistance using prayer
1200-800: Is also used in Brunei , Macau , Turkey , Russia , Pakistan , the Philippines , Indonesia , Israel and the Middle East . In the ancient universities of Scotland the office is sometimes referred to as Lord Rector, is the third most senior official, and is usually responsible for chairing the University Court . In a few "Crown lands" of the Austrian Empire, one seat in the Landtag (regional legislature of semi-feudal type)
1275-428: Is an enactment of his perversion , defined as Perversion is "a wish for a father's Law that reveals its absence ". McLean's analysis was poorly received by Soviet scholars at the time. Due to the psychosexual nature of the central plot, namely Khoma's killing of the witch and her subsequent transformation into a beautiful girl, the novella has become open to various psychoanalytical (Freudian) interpretations, thus
1350-662: Is nominated by the University Academic Senate and appointed by the President of the Czech Republic . The nomination must be agreed by a simple majority of all senators, while a dismissal must be agreed by at least three fifths of all senators. The vote to elect or repeal a rector is secret. The term of office is four years and a person may hold it for at most two consecutive terms. The rector appoints vice-rectors ( pro-rektor ), who act as deputies to
1425-425: Is responsible for the scientific vision and quality of the university. The rector magnificus is one of the members of the executive board of a university. The rector magnificus is a full professor . The ceremonial responsibilities of the rector magnificus are to open the academic year , and to preside over the ceremonial PhD defenses and inaugural lectures of newly appointed (full) professors. During PhD defenses
1500-401: Is still characterized as "psychosexual" in some quarters. The close relationship between the witch and the Viy has been suggested, based on the similarity of her long eyelashes with the Viy's long eyelids. The Ukrainian word viy glossed as 'eyelid' incorrectly, has been connected with a hypothetical viya or viia meaning 'eyelash'. Further proposed etymology entwines connection with
1575-589: Is the Chancellor , who appoints a Vice-Chancellor to deputise in the awarding of degrees . The Principal of each university is, by convention , appointed as Vice-Chancellor, however the position of Vice-Chancellor does not confer any other powers or responsibility on the Principal. The authority to serve as chief executive of each university is vested in the office of Principal, who holds both offices referred to as Principal and Vice-Chancellor . The role of
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#17327827294471650-472: Is the CEO of the university. The head of Belgian universities is called a president , recteur (French-speaking universities), rector (Dutch-speaking universities), previously rector magnificus (men) or rectrix magnifica (women). The heads of Czech universities are called the rektor . The rector acts in the name of the university and decides the university's affairs unless prohibited by law. The rector
1725-523: Is the head of the university and Rappresentante Legale (Legal representative) of the university. The rector is elected by an electoral body composed of all Professori ordinari ed associati (full and associate professors), the two highest ranks of the Italian university faculty, all the Ricercatori (lowest rank of departments) and representatives of the staff, students and PhD students. The term of
1800-454: Is the highest administrative and educational office in a university, equivalent to that of president or chancellor of an English-speaking university but holding all the powers of a vice-chancellor; they are thus the head of the academy at universities. Formally styled as Excelentísimo e Ilustrísimo Señor Profesor Doctor Don N, Rector Magnífico de la Universidad de X ("Most Excellent and Illustrious Lord Professor Doctor Don N, Rector Magnificus of
1875-421: Is the title used in referring to the heads of universities, gymnasiums , schools of commerce and construction, etc. Generally rektor may be used for the head of any educational institution above the primary school level, where the head is commonly referred to as a 'skoleinspektør' (Headmaster; Inspector of the school). In universities, the second-ranked official of governance is known as prorektor . In Finland,
1950-467: Is usually styled according to academic protocol as Excelentísimo e Ilustrísimo Señor Profesor Doctor Don (Rector's name), Rector Magnífico de la Universidad de Salamanca ("The Most Excellent and Most Illustrious Lord Professor Doctor Don (Rector's name), Rector Magnificus of the University of Salamanca"). In Spain , Rector or Rector Magnífico (magnific rector, from Latin Rector Magnificus )
2025-755: The English-speaking world , the rector is often the most senior official in a university, while in the United States, the equivalent is often referred to as the president , and in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations , the equivalent is the vice-chancellor . The term and office of a rector can be referred to as a rectorate. The title is used widely in universities in Europe and is very common in Latin American countries. It
2100-547: The University of Salamanca from 1901 until 1936. Rektor is the title for the highest-ranked administrative and educational leader for an academic institution, such as a primary school, secondary school, private school, high school, college or university. The rektors of state-run colleges and universities are formally appointed by the government, i.e. the cabinet, but upon the advice of the concerned institution's board, and usually following some sort of democratic process at
2175-417: The brambles fails. The third and most terrifying night, the winged "unclean powers" ( нечистая сила , nechistaya sila ) are all audibly darting around him, and the witch-corpse calls on these spirits to bring the Viy, the one who can see everything. The squat Viy is hairy with an iron face, bespattered all over with black earth, its limbs like fibrous roots. The Viy orders its long-dangling eyelids reaching
2250-594: The rector of the University of Aberdeen is Maggie Chapman , a Member of the Scottish Parliament for the Scottish Greens . The rector of the University of Dundee is the long-distance cyclist Mark Beaumont . The rector of Edinburgh is Debora Kayembe . The rector of the University of Glasgow is Ghassan Abu-Sittah . Elected in November 2020, the rector of the University of St Andrews
2325-550: The rektor is titled rector magnificus (men), or rectrix magnifica (women). Younger universities have in more recent years started using the Latin honorary title in formal situations, such as in honorary speeches or graduation ceremonies. The University Chancellor of Sweden was until 2017 the title of the head of the government accrediting agency, the National Agency for Higher Education . From 2017, this position carries
Viy - Misplaced Pages Continue
2400-403: The " Little Russians " (Ukrainians). However, given that the gnome is not a part of native Ukrainian folklore , or of Eastern Slavonic lore in general, the viy has come to be considered a product of Gogol's own imagination rather than a figure of folklore. The fact that the word viy itself shows little sign of existing in the region's folklore record is an additional plain reason for
2475-471: The Pope, as e.g. the rector of the University of Coimbra , the oldest Portuguese university, is referred to as Magnífico Reitor (Rector's name) ("Rector Magnificus (Rector's Name)"). The others are referred to as Excelentíssimo Senhor Reitor . The rector of a university is helped by vice-rectors and by pro-rectors, with different responsibilities. Until 1974, the director of each lyceum (high school) also had
2550-690: The University of St Andrews. The current office of Rector, sometimes termed Lord Rector , was instituted by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858 , passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom . With the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889 requiring an election for the Rector every 3 years in the ancient universities . The rector is the third-ranking official of university governance and is elected every three years by matriculated students at Aberdeen, Dundee, Glasgow and St Andrews, and by both
2625-471: The University of X"), it is an office of high dignity within Spanish society, usually being highly respected. It is not strange to see them appear in the media, especially when some academic-related subject is being discussed and their opinion is requested. Spanish rectors are chosen from within the body of university full professors ( Catedráticos in Spanish); it is compulsory for anyone aspiring to become
2700-460: The Unmerciful ( Russian : Касьян Немилостливый ), who was said in some tales to have eyebrows that descended to his knees and which were raised only on Leap Year. Some scholars believe that the concept of Viy may have been at least partially based on Saint Cassian, as it is likely that Gogol had heard about the character and designed Viy on the basis of his various forms. Hugh McLean (1958)
2775-402: The attempt by some, to interpret Khoma's strife with the witch in terms of Oedipal desires and carnal relations with the mother. Viy was proclaimed "the image of an inexorable father who comes to avenge his son's incest", in a comment near the end given without underlying reasoning, by Driessen (1965). This was modified to "a condensation of the [witch] who was ravished by [Khoma] Brut and
2850-468: The barrier holds until the rooster crows. The next night, he draws the magic circle again and recites prayer, which render him invisible, and she is seen clawing at empty space. The witch summons unseen, winged demons and monsters, that bang and rattle and screech at the windows and door from the outside, trying to enter. He endures until the rooster's crow. He is brought back, and the people notice half his hair had turned gray. Khoma's attempted escape into
2925-464: The bribed rector is in league with the Cossack henchmen, who are already waiting with the kibitka wagon to transport him. The Cossack chief Yavtukh (nicknamed Kovtun) explains that his daughter expired before she finished revealing how she knew Khoma; at any rate he swears horrible vengeance upon her killer. Khoma turns sympathetic, and swears to discharge his duty (hoping for a handsome reward), but
3000-465: The case of private universities the rule is regulated by university statute. In Portugal , the Rector ( Portuguese : Reitor male or Reitora female), frequently addressed as Magnificent Rector ( Magnífico Reitor in Portuguese), is the elected highest official of each university , governing and representing the university. Those universities whose foundation has been historically approved by
3075-426: The chief's dead daughter turns out to be the witch he had fatally beaten. The Cossacks start relating stories about comrades, revealing all sorts of terrible exploits by the chief's daughter, who they know is a witch. One comrade was charmed by her, ridden like a horse, and did not survive long; another had his infant child's blood sucked out at the throat, and his wife killed by the blue necrotic witch who growled like
Viy - Misplaced Pages Continue
3150-414: The concerned institution. The adjunct of a rektor at a university is called a prorektor and is appointed by the institution's board. Some institutions also have vicerektorer (vice rectors), who are appointed by the rektor to carry out a sub-set of the rektor's tasks. A vicerektor is subordinate to the rektor and prorektor . In the older universities, Uppsala university and Lund university ,
3225-415: The critical skepticism. Thus the consensus opinion of modern commentators is that Gogol invented the viy, and they regard the viy as a literary device , and so forth. In the past, people have assumed that the viy had been a part of genuine Malorussian (Ukrainian) lore. For instance, Scottish folklorist Charlotte Dempster , writing in 1888, mentions the "vie" of Little Russia in passing, and floats
3300-573: The extent determined by the Rector. Rectors' salaries are determined directly by the Minister of Education. Among the most important rectors of Czech universities were reformer Jan Hus , physician Jan Jesenius , theologian Rodrigo de Arriaga and representative of Enlightenment Josef Vratislav Monse . Jiřina Popelová ( Palacký University of Olomouc ) became the first female Rector in 1950. The rectors are addressed "Your Magnificence Rector" ( "Vaše Magnificence pane rektore" ). In Danish, rektor
3375-471: The floor to be lifted so it can see. Khoma, despite his warning instinct, cannot resist the temptation to watch. The Viy is able to see Khoma's whereabouts, the spirits all attack, and Khoma falls dead. The cock crows, but this is already its second morning call, and the "gnomes" who are unable to flee get trapped forever in the church, which eventually becomes overgrown by weeds and trees. The story ends with Khoma's two friends commenting on his death and how it
3450-429: The fur). Rectors of military universities wear only an officer's uniform and a necklace with symbols of the university. As of 2008, the term of office of the rector of public universities lasts for four years (previously three years), beginning on 1 September in an election year and ending on 31 August of the year in which the term ends. A person may not be elected to serve as rector for more than two consecutive terms. In
3525-410: The head of a primary school or secondary schools is called a rector ( rehtori ) provided the school is of sufficient size in terms of faculty and students, otherwise the title is headmaster ( koulunjohtaja ). The head of some Finnish universities is called chancellor ( kansleri ). The head of a German university is called either Rektor (rector) or Präsident (president). The difference is usually that
3600-442: The high road at the sight of a farmstead, hoping its cottagers would provide them. A group of three, the kleptomaniac theologian Khalyava, the merry-making philosopher Khoma Brut, and the younger-aged rhetorician Tiberiy Gorobets, attracted by a false target of wheat fields suggesting a nearby village, must walk extra distance before finally reaching a farm with two cottages, as night drew near. An old woman begrudgingly lodges
3675-587: The idea of a phonetic similarity to the vough or vaugh of the Scottish Highlands. Ralston suggested that Viy was known to the Serbians, but clarification as to any attestation is wanting. There is a tantalizing claim that an acquaintance of Gogol, Aleksandra Osipovna Rosset (later Smirnova) wrote c. 1830 that she heard a Viy-tale from a nurse, but this informant's reliability has been questioned, as well as her actual authorship at such
3750-613: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viy&oldid=1170618013 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Viy (story) Despite an author's note alluding to folklore, the title character is generally conceded to be wholly Gogol's invention. Students at Bratsky Monastery in Kiev break for summer vacation. The impoverished students must find food and lodging along their journey home. They stray from
3825-404: The main place of work. Rector is referred to as Jego/Jej Magnificencja (en. His/Her Magnificence) (abbreviation: JM). The outfit of rector is red or purple coat (robe) with ermine fur, often with a scepter and a decorative string of symbols of the university. Deputy rectors ( Polish : prorektor ) at official ceremonies are dressed in the same gown , but with fewer decorations (usually without
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#17327827294473900-493: The members of the university, including students, lecturers, readers, researchers, and civil servants. However, the weight of the vote in each academic sector is different: the total student vote usually represents 20% of the whole, no matter how many students there are; the votes of the entire group made up of professors and readers (members of what used to be known as the Claustro ( cloister )) usually count for about 40-50% of
3975-408: The principal/headmaster of an elementary school; the deputies are called Konrektor . In earlier times, the title Rektor was also used for the head of a Gymnasium . Today, these teachers usually hold the title of Oberstudiendirektor ("Senior Director of Studies"). The rektor is term used for the headmaster or headmistress of Icelandic universities and of some gymnasia . In Italy the rector
4050-465: The pro-rectors ( Prorektor ) and the university's chancellor ( Kanzler ) - collectively the rectorate ( Rektorat ). The rectorate is usually aided by several advisors ( Referent ) who provide advice on specific topics and take over responsibilities in the preparation of decisions, roughly comparable to an associate Pro-Vice-Chancellor in the British academic system. Rektor is also the official title of
4125-407: The rector and pro-rector. Traditionally, Norwegian universities and colleges had democratic elections for the rector and pro-rector positions. Since 2016, the institutions may choose to have an elected or an appointed rector. Universities and colleges usually have a university director or college director , who is the head of the administration (i.e., the non-academic employees) and subordinate to
4200-646: The rector is considered by many students to be integral to their ability to shape the universities' agenda, and one of the main functions of the rector is to represent the interests of the student body. To some extent the office of rector has evolved into more of a figurehead role, with a significant number of celebrities and personalities elected as rectors, such as Stephen Fry and Lorraine Kelly at Dundee , Clarissa Dickson Wright at Aberdeen , and John Cleese and Frank Muir at St. Andrews , and political figures, such as Mordechai Vanunu at Glasgow . In many cases, particularly with high-profile rectors, attendance at
4275-446: The rector is usually replaced by another full professor who is acting rector during the session. A rector ( Norwegian : rektor ), in the context of academia, is the democratically elected head of a university or university college. The rector is the highest official of the university, and is traditionally elected among the institution's professorship, originally by all the (full) professors and in modern times by all academic employees,
4350-412: The rectorate. In Poland , the rector ( Polish : rektor ) is the elected head of a university or university college, in military, military type upper educaction institutions name of rector like official is ( Polish : komendant ) (commander). The rector is the highest official of the university . Rector of the university can be a person with at least a doctoral degree, employed by the university as
4425-467: The rectorate. The heads of the universities in Switzerland , usually elected by the college of professors, are titled rector ( Rektor , recteur ). In England, most universities are headed by a chancellor (a ceremonial position) and a vice-chancellor (the academic head). The title of Rector is used at some collegiate universities to refer to the head of college of some colleges. In addition,
4500-449: The sotnik/father who has vowed to take revenge against the ravisher of his daughter" by Rancour-Laferriere (1978), though Rancour-Laferriere's approach has been characterized as "an interesting extreme" elsewhere. Leon Stilman has stayed clear of such psychoanalytic interpretations, and opted to take the eye motif as symbolic of Gogol's own quest for gaining visionary power (an "absolute vision" or "all-seeing eye"). However, his study
4575-486: The students and the non-academic employees. The rector is traditionally the head of the Collegium Academicum , which has been renamed the university board in the 2000s, and is also the university's chief executive and ceremonial head. The elected deputy of the rector is known as pro-rector ( Norwegian : prorektor ). Some institutions also have vice rectors, who are appointed by the rector and subordinate to
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#17327827294474650-603: The students and the staff at Edinburgh. Until the Higher Education Governance (Scotland) Act 2016 came into force the rector chaired meetings of the university court , the governing body of the university, but since 2016 the rector only opens and closes court meetings with the Senior Lay Member chairing the business of the meeting. The titular head of an ancient university in Scotland
4725-436: The surface of a glass-mirror like sea: he sees his own reflection in it, and the grass grows deep underneath; he bears witness to a sensually naked water-nymph ( rusalka ). By chanting prayers and exorcisms, he slows himself down, and his vision is back to seeing ordinary grass. He now throws off the witch, and rides on her back instead. He picks up a piece of log, and beats her. The older woman collapses, and transforms into
4800-563: The term to denote its head. St. Paul's College, the Roman Catholic College of the University of Manitoba, uses the term 'rector' to designate the head of the college. St. Boniface College, the French College of the University of Manitoba, uses 'recteur' or 'rectrice' to designate the head of the college. At the bilingual University of Ottawa , the term president has been used since 2008, but before that time rector
4875-419: The three travelers separately. At night, the woman calls on Khoma, and begins grabbing at him. This is no amorous embrace; the flashy-eyed woman leaps on his back and rides him like a horse. When she broom-whips him, his legs begin to motion beyond his control. He sees the black forest part before them, and realizes she is a witch ( Russian : ведьма , ved'ma ). He is strangely envisioning himself galloping over
4950-437: The title Director General which is the usual title of the head of a government agency. The people recruited to the position have in later times always been former rektors of a Swedish university. The position does not include leadership of a university. Universities and colleges usually have a Universitetsdirektör or Förvaltningschef , who is the head of the administration (i.e., the non-academic employees) and subordinate to
5025-475: The title of Rector. In Russia , the rector ( Russian : Ректор ) as a term for a university chancellor introduced in 1961. Before 1961 university chancellor had title "director" ( Russian : Директор ). In Spain, all Rectors must be addressed as Señor Rector Magnífico according to the law (Ley Orgánica 4/2007), but the Rector of the University of Salamanca , the oldest on the Iberian Peninsula,
5100-402: The total; lecturers, researchers (including Ph.D. students and others) and non-doctoral teachers, about 20% of the total; and the remainder (usually some 5-10%) is left for non-scholarly workers (people in administration, etc.) in the university. Spanish law allows those percentages to be changed according to the situation of each university, or even not to have a direct election system. Indeed, in
5175-587: The university court in person is rare; the Rector nominates an individual (normally a member of the student body) with the title of Rector's Assessor , who sits as a voting member of the University Court. The Rt. Hon. Gordon Brown , the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , was Rector of the University of Edinburgh while a student there, but since then most universities have amended their procedures to disqualify currently matriculated students from standing for election. As of January 2018 ,
5250-430: The witch's husband, called the "old, old man" or "Old Oldster" ( Russian : старый старик ; staryĭ starik ). However, this was perhaps anticipated by Ralston , who stated that the witch-husband ("Aged One") bore a physical resemblance to what, he claimed, the Serbians called a "Vy", though he did not address any resemblance with Gogol's viy directly. There also exists an old folk-tradition surrounding Saint Cassian
5325-428: The word vuy (Ukr. 'maternal uncle'), suggested by Semyon Karlinsky [ ru ] This establishes the blood relationship between the two for some commentators. Several other works draw on the short story: Rector (academia) A rector ( Latin for 'ruler') is a senior official in an educational institution , and can refer to an official in either a university or a secondary school . Outside
5400-508: Was edited by Drahomanov . A listing of a number of folktales exhibiting parallels on this, as well as other motifs, was given by Viktor Petrov (pen names V. Domontovych) and paraphrase of it can be found in Frederik C. Driessen's study (avail. in English translation). Gogol insisted in his author's note that Viy ( Russian : Вий ) was the name given to the "chief of the gnomes " ( Russian : нача́льник гно́мов , nachál'nik gnómov ) by
5475-407: Was his lot in life to die in such a way, agreeing that if his courage held he would have survived. Scholars attempting to identify elements from folklore tradition represent perhaps the largest group. Others seek to reconstruct how Gogol may have put together the pieces from (Russian translations of) European literary works. There is also a contingent of religious interpretation present, but also
5550-455: Was identified as a parallel in this respect by its translator, W. R. S. Ralston (1873); it was taken from Afanasyev 's collection and the Russian original bore no special title, except "Stories about Witches", variant c. The "Vid'ma ta vid'mak" ( Відьма та видьмак ), another tale or version from Ukraine, also features a "ride" of similar nature according to Vladimir Ivanovich Shenrok [ ru ] (1893)'s study of Gogol; this tale
5625-700: Was reserved for the rector of the capital's university, notably: Graz in Steiermark (Styria), Innsbruck in Tirol , Wien (Vienna) in Nieder-Österreich (Lower Austria); in Bohemia , two Rectors had seats in the equivalent Landesvertretung. Today, Austrian universities are headed by a Rectorate consisting of one Rector (elected by the Universitätsrat) and 3-5 additional Vizerectors. The Rector
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