37-811: Viard may refer to: Viard or Guido (12-13th century), the founder of the Valliscaulian Order Karin Viard (born 1966), French actress Philippe Viard (1809-1872) bishop, New Zealand Virginie Viard (born 1962), French fashion designer, creative director of Chanel Bishop Viard College or Viard College, a coeducational secondary school in New Zealand Anne-Laure Viard (born 1981), French Olympic canoer André Viard (1759-1834), French culinary writer, author of Le Cuisinier Impérial = Le Cuisinier Royal = Le Cuisinier National Viard (later Porirua Viard)
74-656: A copy of this bull was preserved in the Chartulary of Moray. The consequential legal charter, the Ordinale , provided the exact details of the liturgy, the obligations of office bearers and the conduct of the Order. The Ordinale contains rules that show close resemblances to Cistercian and, to a lesser degree, Carthusian practices. The most obvious difference in approach from the Cistercian practices would have been
111-463: A grant of fishings in 1586. After the priory ceased to have a monastic community, the estates were administered by lay priors. During the 17th century, the priory became ruinous and was used as a quarry for the rebuilding of St Giles Kirk, in Elgin. The payments made to hauliers imply that the pulling down of the building must have been on a large scale. The lands at Pluscarden came into the ownership of
148-656: A vow made while on the Fourth Crusade , immediately upon inheriting his estates built a church and monastery on the site of the hermitage . Viard became prior in 1193, and framed rules for the new foundation drawn partly from the Carthusian and partly from the Cistercian observance. In 1203, for the benefit of his soul, of his father's and his predecessors' the Duke Eudes gave all the surrounding forest to
185-519: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Valliscaulian Order The Valliscaulian Order was a religious order of the Catholic Church . It was named after Vallis Caulium or Val-des-Choux , its first monastery , located in Burgundy . The order was founded at the end of the twelfth century and lasted until its absorption by
222-473: Is unlikely given the word is loaned from Old French . From the suggestion that plaosc or *plusc is the first element arises the possibility that the second part of the name is derived from Gaelic árd , or the Pictish equivalent of Welsh ardd , both meaning "height". The Valliscaulian priory of Pluscarden was founded by King Alexander II . The now-defunct Valliscaulian Order was small compared to
259-540: The Augustinians , was centered on the personal salvation of the monks, not of the world at large. The monks were housed in very small cells , to which they could withdraw in order to be alone with God at times of prayer, study, and meditation. They surrendered all their possessions in order to avoid distractions from their spiritual exercises, which meant that they did not keep oxen or sheep or engage in cultivation of crops. They received small incomes, enough to supply
296-621: The Cistercians in the eighteenth century. The order was founded towards the end of the twelfth century by Viard (also styled Gui), a lay brother of the Carthusian priory of Lugny, in the Diocese of Langres in Burgundy. Viard was permitted by his superior to lead the life of a hermit in a cavern in a wood, where he gained by his life of prayer and austerity the reputation of a saint. Odo (Eudes) III, Duke of Burgundy , in fulfilment of
333-505: The Dukes of Burgundy , now removed to Dijon , was originally erected at Val-des-Choux; in bas-reliefs of a blind arcading of its base are the only representations of the monks of Val-de-Choux. Among the annual gifts of the Dukes were twenty hogsheads of Pommard wine . The monks supported themselves in part by salt-making in large stone tubs, for which manufacture they claimed exemption from
370-575: The Valliscaulian Order . In 1454, following a merger with the priory of Urquhart , Pluscarden Priory became a Benedictine house. The Scottish Reformation saw the decline of the priory, and by 1680 it was in a ruinous condition. Some work to arrest decay took place in the late 19th century. In 1948, the priory became a house of the Subiaco Cassinese Congregation of Benedictines, and restoration began at
407-626: The Earls of Fife and the 4th Earl arrested further deterioration when he converted the east range into a shooting lodge. The property was then bought by John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute in 1897 who commenced restoration of the church but was halted in 1900 upon his death. Lord Colum Crichton-Stuart who now owned the buildings at Pluscarden gave the priory and its land to the Benedictine Prinknash Abbey in 1943. The community arrived in 1948 and within seven years
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#1732783206754444-655: The Findhorn and Spey. The priory was also granted a tithe on all the iron mined in the forests of Pluscarden . All of these taken together meant that Pluscarden prospered. Contemporary chronicles from the priory do not exist however the Liber Pluscardensis is a history of Scotland which borrows heavily from the writings in the Scotichronicon and Fordun and was penned in Pluscarden in 1461 at
481-587: The Prior of Urquhart formally requested from the Pope that his monastery and Pluscarden be merged. At that time, Urquhart had only two monks and Pluscarden had six. A Papal Bull was issued by Nicholas V on 12 March 1453 joining the priories and from then on Pluscarden became a daughter house of the Benedictine Dunfermline Abbey . Pluscarden was chosen over Urquhart for the priory location as
518-514: The Priory of Pluscarden as well as before that at Urquhart and the priors of both places were accused of much sinfulness. Following a commission held into the alleged abuses, Bonally resigned and was succeeded by William Boyce who was the sacrist at Dunfermline Abbey. William Boyce, the second Benedictine Prior of Pluscarden, was given responsibility for the maintenance of the church fabric of Dunfermline Abbey from Abbot Richard de Bothwell (1445–70) at
555-602: The Reformation, the rental of the priory in 1561 gives details of the inhabitants – five monks, a chamberlain with two servants, a master-cook, master-baker, porter and a gardener. George Learmonth (1509–29) and Alexander Dunbar (1529–60) were the last two priors before the Reformation who, although they were secular clerics, both wore the Benedictine habit. Dunbar, in a similar manner to his contemporary Bishop Patrick Hepburn at Elgin, carried out large-scale alienation of
592-535: The Wolf of Badenoch. Certainly, the physical evidence confirms that there was a significant fire and that the damage caused to the transepts was never restored points to dwindling resources. In 1398 Prior Thomas Fullonis resigned having served for 21 years. He wrote to the Bishop of Moray informing him of the hard times at the priory but that Prior Alexander (1398 – c.1417) had been elected and had been tasked with repairing
629-466: The behest of the Abbot of Dunfermline. The document was written by a secular cleric called Maurice Buchanan but he gives no information originating from the priory's monastic establishment. It has traditionally been held that there were two 14th century fires at the priory. The first was ascribed to Edward I of England in 1303 and the second, in 1390, to Alexander Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan , and called
666-650: The brothers. He made a further gift in 1209. The gifts were confirmed by a bull of Pope Innocent III , 10 May 1211. The order was formally confirmed by Pope Innocent III , on 10 February 1205, in a rescript Protectio Apostolica , preserved in the Register of Moray, in connection with the House of Pluscardyn . Further endowments were made by the Duke's successors, by the Bishops of Langres , and other benefactors. The tomb of
703-436: The buildings were more spacious and thought easier to restore and Bonally was appointed as its first Benedictine prior. However, the Abbot of Dunfermline's representative informed him that he found the priory in need of much renovation; the consequence of nearly 60 years of neglect was that vaulted roofs of the choir and crossing were in danger of collapsing. About the time of John Bonally irregularities had become commonplace in
740-649: The church's bell tower had been roofed. Restoration work continued and in 1966 the priory obtained its independence from Prinknash, achieving abbey status in 1974. In 1987, Pluscarden accepted the request of St. Mary's Monastery, Petersham , US, to attain canonical status as a dependency of Pluscarden. In 1990, Dom Anselm Atkinson of Pluscarden was appointed Superior of St. Mary's by Abbot Alfred Spencer. He remained in this office at Petersham until elected Abbot of Pluscarden on 9 August 2011. His abbatial blessing took place at Pluscarden on 3 October 2011. The abbey welcomes guests and occasionally conducts formal retreats. Silence
777-666: The community, survival would be difficult without wealthy patrons. The Valliscaulians only had 21 houses in total, according to JAP Mignard, the Order's 19th-century historian and three of these were in Scotland, namely Pluscarden, Beauly in Ross-shire and Ardchattan in Argyll . Although Valliscaulians were closer to the Cistercians, the main outward aspects of the Order caused Walter Bower , Abbot of Inchcolm , to have taken
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#1732783206754814-519: The deteriorating church and living areas. The state of the house, both physically and politically, had by the 15th century, become serious with regular arguments breaking out over who should be prior. Falling income and disjointed contact with France due to the Hundred Year War (1337–1453) exacerbated the situation. The Scottish houses were given an exemption from attending the yearly General Chapter at Val de Choux. In 1453, John Bonally,
851-461: The following: 47°46′17″N 4°45′14″E / 47.77139°N 4.75389°E / 47.77139; 4.75389 Pluscarden Abbey Pluscarden Abbey ( / ˈ p l ʌ s k ə r d ə n / ) is a Catholic Benedictine monastery in the glen of the Black Burn, six miles (ten kilometres) southwest of Elgin, Moray , Scotland. It was founded in 1230 by Alexander II for
888-520: The great medieval religious houses and emerged at a time when austere monasticism had spread across Europe c. 1075–1200. The founder of the Order was Viard who trained as a lay cleric at the Charterhouse of Lugny [ fr ] , Leuglay . The founding priory was Val des Choux around 20 km from Châtillon-sur-Seine in Burgundy. Viard, who drew up the ascetic rules governing the Order, received consent from Pope Innocent III in 1205–6;
925-533: The hands of monks from Prinknash Abbey in Gloucestershire. In 1966, the priory received its independence from the mother-house; it was elevated to abbatial status in 1974. The name Pluscarden , of which the earliest attestations were Pluscardyn in 1226 and Ploschardin 1233, is "problematic" in its origin. Pluscarden regularly appears in discussions of the possible Pictish or Brittonic element *carden , perhaps meaning "an enclosure", which may be
962-524: The necessities of life and prevent the need for begging or outside employment. The admission of new monks was limited by the financial resources needed to sustain them. They wore the white mantle and the red cross of the Cistercians . A more complete survey of the Valliscaulian rule is found in the Bull of Pope Innocent III , which is recorded in the Register of Moray . Some of its main features are
999-495: The principal one being at Val-Croissant, in the Diocese of Autun ; and the remaining three in Scotland. [see Beauly priory ]. Two local granges are recorded. All houses of the order were priories ; references in the statues of 1268 and elsewhere show that priories of the order existed also in Germany. A complete list of the priors-general has been preserved, from the founder Viard, who died after 1213, to Dorothée Jallontz, who
1036-473: The priory property – in Dunbar's case, to his own family. Dunbar died in 1560 and the community was made the responsibility of a succession of lay commendatory priors who saw to the monastic revenues and the welfare of those monks that remained. The last monk recorded at Pluscarden was Thomas Ross who along with the commendatory prior, Alexander Seton (later to become the 1st Earl of Dunfermline), both witnessed
1073-487: The remaining members to unite with the Cistercians, whose rule they had originally, in great part, adopted. The proposal was agreed to, the change was authorized by a Papal Bull of Clement XIII in 1761, and Val-des-Choux was formally incorporated with Sept-Fons in March 1764, the parlement of Burgundy having ratified the arrangement. For the next quarter of a century the monastery flourished under its new conditions; but it
1110-492: The second element. The first element seems to be Brittonic, but its identity is less apparent. It may be equivalent to the Cornish plos , apparently "filthy". The most phonetically plausible solution is that the first element is either Gaelic plaosg , "integument, nutshell, eggshell" or its Pictish cognate *plusc (c.f. Welsh plisc , Middle Breton plusk ). A word related to Welsh plas , "a place", has been suggested but
1147-532: The separate cells for the monks – most likely a partitioned dormitory as practised by the Grandmontines – and the vegetable plots where the brothers were allowed to tend their private gardens in the afternoons when not engaged in official priory duties. Another Carthusian rule adopted by the Valliscaulians was that the priory should have no more than 20 monks. This meant that with the small size of
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1184-544: The tax levied on salt works. The collection of income due them involved the community in endless litigation. By a Bull of Honorius III , 13 April 1223, the strict original rule established by Viard was relaxed somewhat. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , Pierre Hélyot states, that there were thirty dependent houses of the order, but only twenty are known by name. Seventeen of these were in France,
1221-597: The three Valliscaulian houses for that of the Carthusians. He recorded this in his Scotichronicon of 1437 and so must have been aware of their customs so soon after the establishment of the only Scottish Carthusian monastery in Perth in 1429. Alexander II granted the Order extensive lowland estates between the rivers Ness and Spey . He also gave the priory the earnings of mills in Pluscarden, Elgin, Dunkinedir, Molen, Forres and Dulpoten and salmon fishing rights in both
1258-556: The time that the west end of the abbey's nave was restored. The inference has been made that it was during this prior's tenure that some major improvements were carried out at Pluscarden. Indeed, by 1506, King James IV was able to stay at the priory and was noted as giving the masons working on the building a sum of 15 shillings for buying drink. The 16th-century complement at Pluscarden as shown by their signatures on charters shows that there were seven monks in 1500, nine in 1508, thirteen in 1524 and also in 1548, and eleven in 1558. After
1295-579: Was a New Zealand association football club (-1983), now amalgamated into Western Suburbs FC Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Viard . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viard&oldid=964918128 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
1332-494: Was also abbot of the Cistercian house of Sept-Fons, and was the last grand-prior of Val-des-Choux before the absorption of the Valliscaulian brotherhood into the Cistercian Order . In the middle of the eighteenth century there were but three brothers of the mother-house; the revenues had greatly diminished, and there had been no profession in the order for twenty-four years. Gilbert, Bishop of Langres , strongly urged
1369-559: Was swept away in the French Revolution with the other religious houses of France. Of the three Scottish houses of the order, Ardchattan , Beauly and Pluscarden , the first two became Cistercian priories, and the third a cell of the Benedictine Abbey of Dunfermline , a century before the dissolution of the monasteries in Scotland. According to Hippolyte Hélyot , the rule of the Valliscaulians, unlike that of
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