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82-407: Video art is named for the original analog video tape , which was the most commonly used recording technology in much of the form's history into the 1990s. With the advent of digital recording equipment, many artists began to explore digital technology as a new way of expression. One of the key differences between video art and theatrical cinema is that video art does not necessarily rely on many of

164-818: A Korean-American artist who studied in Germany, is widely regarded as a pioneer in video art. In March 1963 Nam June Paik showed at the Galerie Parnass in Wuppertal the Exposition of Music – Electronic Television . In May 1963 Wolf Vostell showed the installation 6 TV Dé-coll/age at the Smolin Gallery in New York and created the video Sun in your head in Cologne. Originally Sun in your head

246-500: A VCR owner to begin time shifting their viewing of films and other television programs . This caused an enormous change in viewing practices, as one no longer had to wait for a repeat of a program that had been missed. The shift to home viewing also changed the movie industry's revenue streams, because home renting created an additional window of time in which a film could make money. In some cases, films that did only modestly in their theater releases went on to have strong performances in

328-554: A VHS tape can be erased though degaussing , DVDs and other optical discs are not affected by magnetic fields. DVDs can still be damaged by scratches. DVDs are smaller and take less space to store. DVDs can support both standard 4x3 and widescreen 16x9 screen aspect ratios and DVDs can provide twice the video resolution of VHS. DVD supports random access while a VHS tape is restricted to sequential access and must be rewound. DVDs can have interactive menus, multiple language tracks, audio commentaries, closed captioning and subtitling (with

410-569: A distorted and radically dissonant image. Another representative piece, Joan Jonas ' Vertical Roll , involved recording previously-recorded material of Jonas dancing while playing the videos back on a television, resulting in a layered and complex representation of mediation. Much video art in the United States was produced out of New York City, with The Kitchen , founded in 1972 by Steina and Woody Vasulka (and assisted by video director Dimitri Devyatkin and Shridhar Bapat ), serving as

492-666: A dubbing studio in the Mosfilm lot. Between 1999 and 2000, Devyatkin worked with Streamedia Communications Inc. as their vice president, Europe in Amsterdam and New York, where he created six content channels on the Internet. In the early 2000s, Devyatkin was a professor teaching the Digital Video Production course at New York University , SUNY Purchase and Ramapo College . Devyatkin has worked extensively as

574-546: A few minutes of a television program . The color system used half-inch (1.27 cm) tape on 10½ inch reels to record five tracks, one each for red, blue, green, synchronization, and audio. The black-and-white system used quarter-inch (0.635 cm) tape also on 10½ inch reels with two tracks, one for video and one for audio. Both systems ran at 360 inches per second (9.1 m/s) with 2,500 feet (760 m) per reel yielding an 83-second capacity. RCA-owned NBC first used it on The Jonathan Winters Show on October 23, 1956, when

656-554: A high-speed linear videotape system called Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus (VERA), but this was ultimately dropped in favor of quadruplex videotape . VERA used half-inch metallized (1.27 cm) tape on 20-inch reels traveling at 200 inches per second (5.1 m/s). RCA demonstrated the magnetic tape recording of both black-and-white and color television programs at its Princeton laboratories on December 1, 1953. The high-speed longitudinal tape system, called Simplex, in development since 1951, could record and play back only

738-569: A light hearted comparison of life in the two cities, Media Shuttle: New York-Moscow on WNET . The video is held in museum collections around the world. He documented the marriage of two Fluxus pioneers, George Maciunas and Billie Hutching in a series of Fluxus style performances in SoHo, Manhattan . In 1978, he assisted the artist Charlotte Moorman to organize the Annual Avant Garde Festival of New York held that year on

820-497: A medium can also be combined with other forms of artistic expression such as Performance art . This combination can also be referred to as "media and performance art" when artists "break the mold of video and film and broaden the boundaries of art". With increased ability for artists to obtain video cameras, performance art started being documented and shared across large amounts of audiences. Artists such as Marina Abramovic and Ulay experimented with video taping their performances in

902-691: A medium for storing high-definition video . In 1997, Sony supplemented its Betacam family with the HD-capable HDCAM standard and its higher-end cousin HDCAM SR in 2003. Panasonic's competing HD format for its camcorders was based on DVCPRO and called DVCPRO HD . For VTR and archive use, Panasonic expanded the D-5 specification to store compressed HD streams and called it D-5 HD . The first consumer videocassette recorders (VCRs) used Sony U-matic technology and were launched in 1971. Philips entered

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984-508: A mirroring effect for many members of the audience who were doing the same thing. Export believed the television could complicate the relationship between subject, spectator, and television. In the United Kingdom David Hall 's "TV Interruptions" (1971) were transmitted intentionally unannounced and uncredited on Scottish TV, the first artist interventions on British television. As the prices of editing software decreased,

1066-472: A new generation of artists for whom the arrival of lighter equipment such as Handycams favored a more direct expression. Artists such as Pipilotti Rist , Tony Oursler , Carsten Höller , Cheryl Donegan, Nelson Sullivan were able, as others in the 1960s, to leave their studios easily to film by hand without sophistication, sometimes mixing found images with their own ( Douglas Gordon , Pierre Bismuth , Sylvie Fleury , Johan Grimonprez, Claude Closky ) and using

1148-564: A nexus for many young artists. An early multi-channel video art work (using several monitors or screens) was Wipe Cycle by Ira Schneider and Frank Gillette . Wipe Cycle was first exhibited at the Howard Wise Gallery in New York in 1969 as part of an exhibition titled "TV as a Creative Medium". An installation of nine television screens, Wipe Cycle combined live images of gallery visitors, found footage from commercial television, and shots from pre-recorded tapes. The material

1230-459: A prerecorded song sequence by Dorothy Collins in color was included in the otherwise live television program. In 1953, Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. BCE demonstrated a color system in February 1955 using a longitudinal recording on half-inch (1.27 cm) tape. CBS , RCA's competitor, was about to order BCE machines when Ampex introduced

1312-472: A present but simple post-production. The presentation of the works was also simplified with the arrival of monitors in the exhibition rooms and distribution in VHS . The arrival of this younger generation announced the feminist and gender issues to come, but also the increasingly hybrid use of different media (transferred super 8 films, 16mm, digital editing, TV show excerpts, sounds from different sources, etc). At

1394-575: A series of interviews for MGM with Heroes of the Soviet Union . Those who were interviewed include the liberator of Auschwitz, General Arkady Petrenko and the discoverer of Hitler's corpse, Elena Rzhevskaya . In 1992, Devyatkin was the line-producer on the Weather Is Good on Deribasovskaya, It Rains Again on Brighton Beach fiction movie. In 2014, it was named one of the 100 Best Russian Films (1992–2013) by Afisha Magazine and Devyatkin

1476-430: A similar tape format was developed, called 1 inch Type B videotape . Type B machines use the same 1" tape as Type C but they lacked C's shuttle and slow-motion options. The picture quality is slightly better, though. Type B was the broadcast norm in continental Europe for most of the 1980s. A videocassette is a cartridge containing videotape. In 1969, Sony introduced a prototype for the first widespread video cassette,

1558-575: A standalone discipline typically situated in relation to film and older broadcast curricula. Current models found in universities like Northeastern and Syracuse show video arts offering baseline competencies in lighting, editing and camera operation. While these fundamentals can feed into and support existing film or TV production areas, recent growth of entertainment media through CGI and other special effects situate skills like animation, motion graphics and computer aided design as upper level courses in this emerging area. Video tape Videotape

1640-463: A tape could reliably be played back using only the same set of hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly. Despite these problems, Quad is capable of producing excellent images. Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) onto the tape. Many early videotape recordings were not preserved . While much less expensive (if repeatedly recycled) and more convenient than kinescope,

1722-603: A third of the works presented at Art Unlimited (the section of Art Basel dedicated to large-scale works) were video installations between 2000 and 2015. The same is true for most biennials. A new generation of artists such as Pipilotti Rist , Francis Alys , Kim Sooja , Apichatpong Weerasethakul , Omer Fast , David Claerbout , Sarah Morris , Matthew Barney , were presented alongside the previous generations ( Roman Signer , Bruce Nauman , Bill Viola , Joan Jonas , John Baldessari ). Some artists have also widened their audience by making movies ( Apichatpong Weerasethakul who won

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1804-651: A transverse (scanning the tape across its width) four-head system on a two-inch (5.08 cm) tape and stationary heads for the soundtrack. CBS Television first used the Ampex VRX-1000 Mark IV at its Television City studios in Hollywood on November 30, 1956, to play a delayed broadcast of Douglas Edwards and the News from New York City to the Pacific Time Zone . On January 22, 1957,

1886-699: A very high bandwidth , and stationary heads would require extremely high tape speeds, in most cases, a helical-scan video head rotates against the moving tape to record the data in two dimensions. Tape is a linear method of storing information and thus imposes delays to access a portion of the tape that is not already against the heads. The early 2000s saw the introduction and rise to prominence of high-quality random-access video recording media such as hard disks and flash memory . Since then, videotape has been increasingly relegated to archival and similar uses. The electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby 's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave

1968-437: Is magnetic tape used for storing video and usually sound in addition. Information stored can be in the form of either an analog or digital signal . Videotape is used in both video tape recorders (VTRs) and, more commonly, videocassette recorders (VCRs) and camcorders . Videotapes have also been used for storing scientific or medical data, such as the data produced by an electrocardiogram . Because video signals have

2050-471: Is a 68 minute long interpretation of the cold war and the role of terrorists, made almost exclusively with original television and film excerpts on hijacking. More generally, during the first decade, one of the most significant steps in the video art domain, was achieved with its strong presence in contemporary art exhibitions at the international level. During this period, it was common to see artist videos in group shows, on monitors or as projections. More than

2132-448: Is a downsized version of VHS, using the same recording method and the same tape, but in a smaller cassette. It is possible to play VHS-C tapes in a regular VHS tape recorder by using an adapter. After the introduction of S-VHS , a corresponding compact version, S-VHS-C, was released as well. Video8 is an indirect descendant of Betamax, using narrower tape and a smaller cassette. Because of its narrower tape and other technical differences, it

2214-598: Is a portrait of life in a tiny village near Arkhangelsk. He started working for CBS News in 1988 to cover the Moscow Summit between US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev for the CBS Evening News and CBS News Sunday Morning . He was also a producer for Worldwide Television News (WTN) , where he covered the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Armenian earthquake in Spitak and

2296-499: Is an anchor” (2004) she lets her foot dry in cement before attempting to break free on camera. Gilmore has said to have mimicked expression styles from the 1960s and 1970s with inspirations like Marina Abramovic as she adds extremism and struggle to her work. Some artists experimented with space when combining Video art and Performance art. Ragnar Kjartannson , an Icelandic artist, filmed an entire music video with 9 different artists, including himself, being filmed in different rooms. All

2378-594: Is mentioned in Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain. Devyatkin's 1974 documentary Suggestopedia: A Science of Learning was shown widely. ( see) In his ongoing coverage of hidden human potential, Devyatkin recorded Porfiry Ivanov , origins of the Lamaze technique and experiments in teaching newborn babies to swim.( see) In 1978, Devyatkin collaborated with Nam June Paik to produce

2460-538: Is not possible to develop an adapter from Video8 to Betamax. Video8 was later developed into Hi8 , which provides better resolution similar to S-VHS. The first consumer-level and lower-end professional ( prosumer ) digital video recording format, introduced in 1995, used a smaller Digital Video Cassette (DVC). The format was later renamed MiniDV to reflect the DV encoding scheme, but the tapes are still marked DVC . Some later formats like DVC Pro from Panasonic reflect

2542-554: Is still used extensively with filmmakers and television networks because of its longevity, low cost, and reliability. Master copies of visual content are often stored on tape for these reasons, particularly by users who cannot afford to move to tapeless machines. During the mid- to late 2000s, professional users such as broadcast television were still using tape heavily but tapeless formats like P2 , XDCAM and AVCHD were gaining broader acceptance. While live recording has migrated to solid state, optical disc (Sony's XDCAM) and hard disks,

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2624-575: The 2010 Cannes Film Festival "Palm d'or") or by curating large public events ( Pipilotti Rist 's Swiss National Expo02 In 2003, Kalup Linzy created Conversations Wit De Churen II: All My Churen , a soap opera satire that has been credited as creating the video and performance sub-genre Although Linzy's work is genre defying his work has been a major contribution to the medium. Ryan Trecartin , an experimental young video-artist, uses color, editing techniques and bizarre acting to portray what The New Yorker calls "a cultural watershed". Video art as

2706-932: The Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, the Museum Ludwig in Cologne and the Centre pour l'Image Contemporaine (center for contemporary images) in Geneva. By the end of the century, institutions and artists worked on the expanding spectrum of the media, 3d imagery, interactivity, cd-roms, Internet, digital post production etc. Different themes emerged such as interactivity and nonlinearity. Some artists combined physical and digital techniques, such as Jeffrey Shaw 's "Legible City" (1988–91). Others by using Low-Tech interactivity such as Claude Closky 's online "+1" or "Do you want Love or Lust" in 1996 coproduced by

2788-570: The Dia Art Foundation . But these steps start to move away from the so called video art towards the New media art and Internet art . As the available amount of footage and the editing techniques evolved, some artists have also produced complex narrative videos without using any of their own footage: Marco Brambilla 's Civilization (2008) is a collage, or a "video mural" that portrays heaven and hell. Johan Grimonprez 's Dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y

2870-463: The NBC Television game show Truth or Consequences , produced in Hollywood, became the first program to be broadcast in all time zones from a prerecorded videotape. Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 in a cross-licensing agreement with RCA, whose engineers had developed it from an Ampex black-and-white recorder. NBC's special, An Evening With Fred Astaire (1958), is

2952-537: The Taganka Theatre , including Hamlet starring Russian actor Vladimir Vysotsky , and the play Ten Days That Shook the World based on the book of the same name .( see ) Devyatkin organized an international Computer Arts Festival at The Kitchen, which was held successfully for four years. At the 1973 festival, Devyatkin introduced early examples of computer generated film, video, graphics and music from around

3034-792: The World Wide Video festival in The Hague, the Biennale de l'Image in Geneva or Ars Electronica in Linz developed and underlined the importance of creation in this field. From the beginning of the 90's, contemporary art exhibitions integrate artists' videos among other works and installations. This is the case of the Venice Biennale (Aperto 93) and of NowHere at the Louisiana Museum , but also of art galleries where

3116-526: The civil war in areas controlled by the FMLN . The 1986 program, El Salvador: Names of War, shows the human face of the war. He worked with cameraman Eddie Becker and translator Berta Silva in the mountains of El Salvador to shoot battles and everyday life.( see ) Devyatkin directed Verkola: A Village in Northern Russia in 1986. It was sponsored by TPT , PBS, Channel 4, and France 2 . The program

3198-434: The 1970s and the 1980s. In a piece titled “Rest energy” (1980) both Ulay and Marina suspended their weight so that they pulled back a bow and arrow aimed at her heart, Ulay held the arrow, and Marina the bow. The piece was 4:10 which Marina described as being “a performance about complete and total trust”. Other artists who combined Video art with Performance art used the camera as the audience. Kate Gilmore experimented with

3280-571: The American Cultural Centers in Paris and London. In 1973, Devyatkin went to Moscow as an exchange student, studying Russian at Moscow State University and documentary film making under Russian director Roman Karmen at VGIK, the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography. He met and worked with many other famous Russian filmmakers and participated in several popular feature films. Devyatkin videotaped performances by

3362-703: The Cold War from the people of Russia. The interviews focused on toppling the ideologies and misconceptions that arise within Russia during the Cold War, along with bringing forth the common consensus from the citizens in Russia: wanting peace. Throughout the 1980s, Devyatkin produced independent films and videos in New York City. After the success of Video From Russia, he spent 6 weeks in El Salvador covering

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3444-693: The Ecologists' Movement in the Baltic States . During the Glasnost period, Devyatkin was the American co-director on Soviet television for the program titled "Come Together." The Soviet-American co-production documentary followed a peace march of 500 American and Russian activists from St. Petersburg to Moscow. It was one of the first times that dissidents were able to speak on Russian television due to Devyatkin's efforts.( see ) Devyatkin produced

3526-574: The Staten Island Ferry. He spent time with John Lennon and invited him to teach a course the next day at the alternative high school where he was teaching, Elizabeth Cleaners Street School. In 1983, Devyatkin directed Video From Russia: The People Speak , which was narrated by Margot Kidder .( see ) It was aired on KABC-TV four times, WABC-TV , France 3 and Channel 4. It was nominated for an Emmy in Los Angeles. The program

3608-506: The access the general public had to utilize these technologies increased. Video editing software became so readily available that it changed the way artists worked with the medium. Simulteanously, with the arrival of independent televisions in Europe and the emergence of video clips, artists also used the potential of special effects, high quality images and sophisticated editing ( Gary Hill , Bill Viola ). Festivals dedicated to video art such as

3690-780: The age of twelve at the Greenwich House Music School. While in high school, he played violin with youth orchestras in Carnegie Hall and Lincoln Center. Devyatkin studied modern music composition with Grammy-winning composer Joan Tower . In California, aged 17, he spent a summer playing electric violin with the legendary jazz saxophonist Rahsaan Roland Kirk . Devyatkin is of Russian heritage. In 1971, he began experimenting with abstract video art, while living in Santa Barbara, California . That year, Devyatkin met Nam June Paik , who advised him to visit

3772-500: The artists could hear each other through a pair of headphones so that they could play the song together, the piece was titled "The visitors" (2012). Some artists, such as Jaki Irvine and Victoria Fu have experimented with combining 16 mm film , 8 mm film and video to make use of the potential discontinuity between moving image, musical score and narrator to undermine any sense of linear narrative. Since 2000, video arts programs have begun to emerge among colleges and universities as

3854-581: The ballet The Nutcracker (first telecast in 1977). The next format to gain widespread usage was 1 inch (2.54 cm) Type C videotape introduced in 1976. This format introduced features such as shuttling, various-speed playback (including slow-motion), and still framing. Although 1" Type C's quality was still quite high, the sound and picture reproduction attainable on the format were of slightly lower quality than Quad. However, compared to Quad, 1" Type C machines required much less maintenance, took up less space, and consumed much less electrical power. In Europe,

3936-536: The color tape was remarkably good. Some classic television programs recorded on studio videotape have been made available on DVD – among them NBC's Peter Pan (first telecast in 1960) with Mary Martin as Peter, several episodes of The Dinah Shore Chevy Show (late 1950s/early 60s), the final Howdy Doody Show (1960), the television version of Hal Holbrook 's one-man show Mark Twain Tonight (first telecast in 1967), and Mikhail Baryshnikov 's classic production of

4018-437: The conventions that define theatrical cinema. Video art may not employ the use of actors , may contain no dialogue , may have no discernible narrative or plot , and may not adhere to any of the other conventions that generally define motion pictures as entertainment. This distinction also distinguishes video art from cinema's subcategories such as avant garde cinema, short films , or experimental film . Nam June Paik ,

4100-538: The creation of new independent US filmmaking have been documented by Jonas Mekas in "Birth of a Nation" (1997). Devyatkin grew up in Manhattan , New York. During his childhood, he was neighbors with young Kareem Abdul-Jabbar . Devyatkin attended New York City public schools, including the Bronx High School of Science. He studied Classics at St. John's College. Devyatkin studied classical violin from

4182-521: The current market leader. There are two primary advantages: First, copying a tape recording onto a computer or other video machine occurs in real time (e.g. a ten-minute video would take ten minutes to copy); since tapeless camcorders record video as computer-ready data files, the files can copied onto a computer significantly faster than real time. Second, tapeless camcorders, and those using solid-state memory in particular, are far simpler mechanically and so are more reliable. Despite these conveniences, tape

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4264-631: The domestic market the following year with the N1500 . Sony's Betamax (1975) and JVC's VHS (1976) created a mass-market for VCRs and the two competing systems battled the videotape format war , which VHS ultimately won. In Europe, Philips had developed the Video 2000 format, which did not find favor with the TV rental companies in the UK and lost out to VHS. At first VCRs and videocassettes were very expensive, but by

4346-506: The formal qualities of video and employed video synthesizers to create abstract works. Kate Craig , Vera Frenkel and Michael Snow were important to the development of video art in Canada. Much video art in the medium's heyday experimented formally with the limitations of the video format. For example, American artist Peter Campus ' Double Vision combined the video signals from two Sony Portapaks through an electronic mixer, resulting in

4428-652: The high cost of 3M Scotch 179 and other early videotapes ($ 300 per one-hour reel) meant that most broadcasters erased and reused them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than kinescopes. It was the four time zones of the continental United States which had made the system very desirable in the first place. Some early broadcast videotapes have survived, including The Edsel Show , broadcast live on October 13, 1957 and An Evening With Fred Astaire which aired on October 18, 1958 and

4510-800: The high cost of solid state and the limited shelf life of hard-disk drives make them less desirable for archival use, for which tape is still used. Dimitri Devyatkin Dimitri Devyatkin (born July 31, 1949) is an American director, producer, screenwriter, video artist , and journalist. Devyatkin uses elements of humor, art and new technology in his work. He is known as one of the first video makers to combine abstract synthesized imagery with camera footage. His programs have been broadcast domestically and internationally on ABC , PBS , Channel 4 , WDR , France 3 , TF1 and Channel One Russia . His works consist of digital media , computer art , broadcast news and feature filmmaking. His activities in

4592-537: The higher-end format DVCPRO50 being a direct descendant. JVC developed the competing D9/Digital-S format, which compresses video data in a way similar to DVCPRO but uses a cassette similar to S-VHS media. Many helical scan cassette formats such as VHS and Betacam use a head drum with heads that use azimuth recording , in which the heads in the head drum have a gap that is tilted at an angle, and opposing heads have their gaps tilted so as to oppose each other. The introduction of HDTV video production necessitated

4674-433: The late 1980s the price had come down enough to make them affordable to a mainstream audience. Videocassettes finally made it possible for consumers to buy or rent a complete film and watch it at home whenever they wished, rather than going to a movie theater or having to wait until it was telecast. It gave birth to video rental stores, Blockbuster the largest chain, which lasted from 1985 to 2005. It also made it possible for

4756-409: The late 2000s, MiniDV and its high-definition cousin, HDV , were the two most popular consumer or prosumer tape-based formats. The formats use different encoding methods, but the same cassette type. With advances in technology, videotape has moved past its original uses (original recording, editing, and broadcast playback) and is now primarily an archival medium. The death of tape for video recording

4838-417: The newly organized theater The Kitchen in New York. Upon meeting the founders, Steina and Woody Vasulka , he became the video director between 1971 and 1973, organizing video and electronic art performances nearly every day for two years. He organized video shows in the United States and Europe. These include a US Department of State sponsored tour of Amerika Haus centers in six German cities and shows at

4920-619: The oldest surviving television network color videotape, and has been restored by the UCLA Film and Television Archive . On December 7, 1963, instant replay , originally a videotape-based system, was used for the first time during the live transmission of the Army–Navy Game by its inventor, director Tony Verna . Although Quad became the industry standard for approximately thirty years, it has drawbacks such as an inability to freeze pictures, and no picture search. Also, in early machines,

5002-439: The option of turning the subtitles on or off, or selecting subtitles in several languages). Moreover, a DVD can be played on a computer. Due to these advantages, by the mid-2000s, DVDs were the dominant form of prerecorded video movies. Through the late 1990s and early 2000s consumers continued to use VCRs to record over-the-air TV shows, because consumers could not make home recordings onto DVDs. This last barrier to DVD domination

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5084-489: The original name. The DVC or MiniDV format provides broadcast-quality video and sophisticated nonlinear editing capability on consumer and some professional equipment and has been used on feature films, including Danny Boyle's 28 Days Later (2002, shot on a Canon XL1) and David Lynch's Inland Empire (2006, shot on a Sony DSR-PD150). In 1999 Sony backported the DV recording scheme to 8-mm systems, creating Digital8 . By using

5166-408: The positioning of the camera. In her video “Anything” (2006) she films her performance piece as she is constantly trying the reach the camera which is staring down at her. As the 13-minute video goes on, she continues to tie together pieces of furniture while constantly attempting to reach the camera. Gilmore added an element of struggle to her art which is sometimes self-imposed, in her video “My love

5248-435: The rental market (e.g., cult films ). VHS became the leading consumer tape format for home movies after the videotape format war , though its follow-ups S-VHS , W-VHS and D-VHS never caught up in popularity. In the early 2000s in the prerecorded video market, VHS began to be displaced by DVD . The DVD format has several advantages over VHS tape. A DVD is much better able to take repeated viewings than VHS tape. Whereas

5330-544: The same cassettes as Hi8, many Digital8 camcorders were able to play analog Video8 or Hi8 recordings, preserving compatibility with already recorded analog video tapes. Sony introduced another camcorder cassette format called MicroMV in 2001. Sony was the only electronics manufacturer to sell MicroMV cameras. In 2006, Sony stopped offering new MicroMV camcorder models. In November 2015, Sony announced that shipment of MicroMV cassettes would be discontinued in March 2016. In

5412-573: The same time, museums and institutions more specialized in video art were integrating digital technology, such as the ZKM in Karlsruhe, directed by Peter Weibel , with numerous thematic exhibitions, or the Centre pour l'Image Contemporaine with its biennial Version (1994-2004) directed by Simon Lamunière . With the arrival of digital technology and the Internet, some museums have federated their databases such as http://www.newmedia-art.org/ produced by

5494-579: The superior Quadruplex system . BCE was acquired by 3M Company in 1956. In 1959, Toshiba released the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder. The first commercial professional broadcast quality videotape machines capable of replacing kinescopes were the two-inch quadruplex videotape (Quad) machines introduced by Ampex on April 14, 1956, at the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago . Quad employed

5576-454: The world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. In development by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device gave what were described as "blurred and indistinct" images using a modified Ampex 200 tape recorder and standard quarter-inch (0.635 cm) audio tape moving at 360 inches (9.1 m) per second. A year later, an improved version using one-inch (2.54 cm) magnetic tape

5658-644: The world. According to the New York Times, Devyatkin presented "a remarkably beautiful series of color alterations and shape distortions." Devyatkin's video piece The Sordid Affair is an outstanding example of political video art, a full expression of free speech.( see ) Thanks to his friendship with visionary Joseph Goldin, Devyatkin documented experiments and demonstrations of hidden mental abilities. He videotaped music and light psychotherapy experiments conducted by Natalia Bekhtereva and psychological teaching methods such as Suggestopedia . Devyatkin's work

5740-661: The ¾ʺ (1.905 cm) composite U-matic system, which Sony introduced commercially in September 1971 after working out industry standards with other manufacturers. Sony later refined it to Broadcast Video U-matic (BVU). Sony continued its hold on the professional market with its ever-expanding ½ʺ (1.27 cm) component video Betacam family introduced in 1982. This tape form factor would go on to be used for leading professional digital video formats. Panasonic had some limited success with its MII system, but never could compare to Betacam in terms of market share. The next step

5822-733: Was alternated from one monitor to the next in an elaborate choreography. On the West coast, the San Jose State television studios in 1970, Willoughby Sharp began the "Videoviews" series of videotaped dialogues with artists. The "Videoviews" series consists of Sharps' dialogues with Bruce Nauman (1970), Joseph Beuys (1972), Vito Acconci (1973), Chris Burden (1973), Lowell Darling (1974), and Dennis Oppenheim (1974). Also in 1970, Sharp curated "Body Works", an exhibition of video works by Vito Acconci , Terry Fox , Richard Serra , Keith Sonnier , Dennis Oppenheim and William Wegman which

5904-418: Was broken in the late 2000s with the advent of inexpensive DVD recorders and digital video recorders (DVRs). In July 2016, the last known manufacturer of VCRs, Funai , announced that it was ceasing VCR production. Early consumer camcorders used full-size VHS or Betamax cassettes. Later models switched to more compact formats, designed explicitly for smaller camcorder use, like VHS-C and Video8 . VHS-C

5986-522: Was described as "a rare opportunity to hear spontaneous comments from people who are lumped together in political rhetoric as our enemy." It was awarded the gold medal at the New York International Video Festival in 1984. The project had Devyatkin travel throughout Russia, visiting six cities, and interviewing anyone on the street. None of these interviews were set up in advance, and they aimed to gain public opinion on

6068-533: Was interviewed for the article. During this period, Devyatkin was line producer for five other feature films for Mosfilm , including The House Under the Starry Sky directed by Sergei Solovyov . Devyatkin worked with Metromedia as a Director of Special Projects based in Moscow. he introduced the television channels Eurosport and Nickelodeon to Russia between 1994 and 1999. He was also General Director of

6150-422: Was made on 16mm film and transferred 1967 to videotape. Video art is often said to have begun when Paik used his new Sony Portapak to shoot footage of Pope Paul VI 's procession through New York City in the autumn of 1965 Later that same day, across town in a Greenwich Village cafe, Paik played the tapes and video art was born. Prior to the introduction of consumer video equipment, moving image production

6232-818: Was only available non-commercially via 8mm film and 16mm film . After the Portapak's introduction and its subsequent update every few years, many artists began exploring the new technology. Many of the early prominent video artists were those involved with concurrent movements in conceptual art, performance, and experimental film. These include Americans Vito Acconci , Valie Export , John Baldessari , Peter Campus , Doris Totten Chase , Maureen Connor , Norman Cowie , Dimitri Devyatkin , Frank Gillette , Dan Graham , Gary Hill , Joan Jonas , Bruce Nauman , Nam June Paik , Bill Viola , Shigeko Kubota , Martha Rosler , William Wegman , and many others. There were also those such as Steina and Woody Vasulka who were interested in

6314-623: Was predicted as early as 1995 when the Avid nonlinear editing system was demonstrated storing video clips on hard disks. Yet videotape was still used extensively, especially by consumers, up until about 2004, when DVD-based camcorders became affordable and domestic computers had large enough hard drives to store an acceptable amount of video. Consumer camcorders have switched from being tape-based to tapeless machines that record video as computer files. Small hard disks and writable optical discs have been used, with solid-state memory such as SD cards being

6396-486: Was presented at Tom Marioni's Museum of Conceptual Art , San Francisco, California. In Europe, Valie Export 's groundbreaking video piece, "Facing a Family" (1971) was one of the first instances of television intervention and broadcasting video art. The video, originally broadcast on the Austrian television program "Kontakte" February 2, 1971,[11] shows a bourgeois Austrian family watching TV while eating dinner, creating

6478-425: Was shown to the press, who reportedly expressed amazement at the quality of the images although they had a "persistent grainy quality that looked like a worn motion picture." Overall the picture quality was still considered inferior to the best kinescope recordings on film. Bing Crosby Enterprises hoped to have a commercial version available in 1954 but none came forth. The BBC experimented from 1952 to 1958 with

6560-488: Was the digital revolution. Sony's D-1 was introduced in 1986 and featured uncompressed digital component recording. Because D-1 was extremely expensive, the composite D-2 (Sony, 1988) and D-3 (Panasonic, 1991) were introduced soon after. Ampex introduced the first compressed component recording with its DCT series in 1992. Panasonic's D-5 format was introduced in 1994. Like D-1, it is uncompressed, but much more affordable. The DV standard, which debuted in 1995, and

6642-733: Was the oldest color videotape of an entertainment program known to exist until the discovery of the October 8, 1958 episode of the Kraft Music Hall hosted by Milton Berle . The oldest color videotape known to survive is the May 1958 dedication of the WRC-TV studios in Washington, D.C. ). In 1976, NBC 's 50th-anniversary special included an excerpt from a 1957 color special starring Donald O'Connor ; despite some obvious technical problems,

6724-480: Was widely used both in its native form as MiniDV and in more robust professional variants. In digital camcorders, Sony adapted the Betacam system with its Digital Betacam format in 1993, and in 1996 following it up with the cheaper Betacam SX and the 2000 MPEG IMX format, The semiprofessional DV-based DVCAM system was introduced in 1996. Panasonic used its DV variant DVCPRO for all professional cameras, with

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