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33-898: From 1958 to 1972, it became known as the Vidyodaya University and from 1972 to 1978 as the Vidyodaya Campus of the University of Sri Lanka during which time it became a secular state university. The renaming of the Vidyodaya Campus in 1978 as the University of Sri Jayewardenepura led to the re-emergence of the Maligakanda Pirivena , which has since claimed to be the successor to the Vidyodaya Pirivena. The Vidyodya Pirivena

66-524: A " T ". Connecting roads were classified as 'link roads", and had route numbers prefixed by an " L ". Many of these roads had their origins in historic routes , including turnpike roads . Although a number of old road signs using these route designations may still be encountered, Ireland has adopted a newer classification scheme of national primary and national secondary routes ("N" roads), regional roads , and local roads . "N" roads remain equivalent to trunk roads in that they are planned and managed at

99-511: A change to a new government in 1956 under Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike which had a policy of promoting national languages and culture, two new universities were established by conferring university status on the Vidyodaya Pirivena and Vidyalankara Pirivena . Under the Vidyodaya University and Vidyalankara University Act No 45 of 1958, the two universities were established as the Vidyodaya University at Maligakanda, and

132-607: A credit course in 2013 for first-year students. The Physical Education Division, established in 1968, has facilities for 38 sports. Facilities include an outdoor volleyball court, basketball courts, tennis courts, a swimming pool complex, and a cricket ground. The Staff Development Centre of the University of Sri Jayewardenepura (SDC-USJP) focuses on increasing the quality of employees with professional development programmes. The centre serves all seven faculties and their units, over 560 academics, 35 academic-support staff, 37 executive staff and 20 non-academic staff. The centre manages

165-517: A full network map of trunk roads and motorways in England. Most interurban trunk roads are primary routes , the category of roads recommended for long distance and freight transport. Not all primary routes are trunk roads, the difference being that maintenance of trunk roads is paid for by national government bodies rather than the local councils in whose area they lie. Primary routes are identified by their direction signs, which feature white text on

198-630: A green background with route numbers in yellow. Trunk roads, like other "A" roads, can be either single- or dual-carriageway. Historically, trunk roads were listed on maps with a "T" in brackets after their number, to distinguish them from non-trunk parts of the same road, however this suffix is no longer included on current Ordnance Survey maps, which simply distinguish between primary and non-primary "A" roads. A trunk road which has been upgraded to motorway standards may retain its original "A" number, but with an "M" in brackets to denote that motorway regulations apply on it. Long distance examples of this are

231-597: A plan of the route being detrunked. The routes to be detrunked (as set out in detrunking orders) are not always linear sections, but can be split into multiple sections, and span multiple counties. In England, the government has de-trunked much of the trunk road network since the late 1990s, transferring responsibility to local councils to allow National Highways to concentrate on a selection of core trunk routes, mostly dual carriageways and motorways. The most important roads in Sweden are labelled "national trunk road". In 1982,

264-1183: A separate system of highway and road traffic law. At that time, 4,500 miles (7,200 km) of British roads were classified as trunk roads. Additional roads have been "trunked", notably in the Trunk Roads Act 1946 ( 9 & 10 Geo. 6 . c. 30). Others, like virtually all British motorways, have entered the system as a result of new construction. As of 2004, Great Britain had 7,845 mi (12,625 km) of trunk roads, of which 2,161 mi (3,478 km) were motorways. Since 1994, trunk roads in England have been managed by National Highways (formerly Highways England, and before that, Highways Agency), while Scotland has had responsibility for its own trunk roads since 1998 ; these are currently managed by Transport Scotland , created in 2006. The Welsh Government has had responsibility for trunk roads in Wales since its establishment in 1998 . England has 4,300 miles (6,900 km), Scotland has 1,982 miles (3,190 km) and Wales has 1,048 miles (1,687 km) of trunk roads, inclusive of motorways. National Highways publishes

297-602: A special, slightly larger budget. However, they are not signed in any special way. Therefore, there is no difference in signage, numbering, road standard or map marking from other national roads. Some national roads are only considered trunk for part of their length. National Roads 73 and 75 are both built to motorway standard and have high traffic, but are not considered trunk. European routes are always trunk in Sweden, and are more visible with special numbering. In Ireland, major roads were previously classified under an old system as "trunk roads", and had route numbers prefixed by

330-583: Is in Gangodawila, Nugegoda , near Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte , the country's administrative capital. It was formed in 1958 from the Vidyodaya Pirivena , a Buddhist educational centre which was founded in 1873 by Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera . The university dates back to 1873, when the Vidyodaya Pirivena was established by the Buddhist monk Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thero , who established

363-715: Is sometimes used more generically to refer to other categories of major highway. In the United Kingdom, trunk roads were first defined for Great Britain in the Trunk Roads Act 1936 ( 1 Edw. 8. & 1 Geo. 6 . c. 5). Thirty major roads were classed as trunk roads, and the Minister of Transport took direct control of them and the bridges across them. The Trunk Roads Act came into force in England and Wales on 1 April 1937, and in Scotland on 16 May 1937. This development did not extend to Northern Ireland , which has always had

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396-622: The A1(M) in England, and the A74(M) in Scotland. It is possible for roads to be "de-trunked" – for example, when superseded by a motorway following a similar route – in which case they normally become ordinary "A" roads . When a road is de-trunked, signposts are often replaced, and sometimes route numbers are changed, making the original route of the road harder to follow. Roads are formally and legally detrunked by statutory instruments named 'Detrunking (or sometimes De-Trunking ) Orders' which include

429-503: The Panadura Debate , played a key roles in its development. Their aim was to train educated orator monks to save Buddhism from the decline it was undergoing due to colonial rule, and for that purpose it was made the study of logic compulsory in pirivena education. The Pirivena taught Buddhist studies as well as pseudo-sciences such as astrology, which were widely accepted and held in high esteem in traditional society. Through

462-823: The University of Ceylon under the University of Ceylon Act (No. 1 of 1972). In 1978, their university status was restored. The university's full-time student population is over 18,000, enrolled in the faculties of applied sciences, engineering, graduate studies, humanities and social sciences, management studies and commerce, medical sciences, and technology. The university originally had five faculties: Buddhist Studies, Philosophy, Languages, Arts, Ayurveda, and Science. The faculties had 22 departments. SJU currently has eleven faculties: Applied Sciences, Engineering, Graduate Studies, Humanities and Social Sciences, Management Studies and Commerce, Medical Sciences, Allied Health Sciences, Dental Sciences, Computing, Urban and Aquatic Bioresources, and Technology. The Department of Science

495-639: The national roads network in Poland are similar models of nationally planned and managed major highways. In the United States, the U.S. Highway and Interstate Highway systems fulfil a similar role to trunk roads. However, individual states are responsible for actual highway construction and maintenance, even though the federal government helps fund these activities. The states of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin designate their highways as "state trunklines" or "(state) trunk highways". In India they are

528-536: The pirivena as a centre of Oriental learning. In 1956, the new prime minister Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike wanted to promote national languages and culture; it was decided to confer university status on the Vidyodaya and Vidyalankara pirivenas. The Vidyodaya University and Vidyalankara University Act No. 45 of 1958 established universities at the Vidyodyaya Pirivena at Maligakanda and

561-597: The Vidyalankara Pirivena at Kelaniya ; the former was renamed the Vidyodaya University of Ceylon. A new location was selected in 1961 at Gangodawila , 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) southeast of central Colombo and within walking distance of the High-Level Road (A4) trunk road connecting Colombo and Ratnapura . Part of the land belonged to the nearby Sunethradevi Pirivena, associated with King Parakramabahu VI (1412–1467). The university moved to

594-491: The Vidyalankara University at Kelaniya . Ven. Welivitiye Soratha Maha Thero, Principal of the Vidyodaya Pirivena, was appointed as the first Vice-Chancellor of the Vidyodaya University. The university was ceremonially opened on 16 February 1959. However, the transition from Pirivena to University gradually converted it to a secular center of learning. The University was moved to Gangodawila, some 10 miles to

627-646: The basic sciences and the humanities. The WCUP is designed to develop a research culture at the university. The project, directed by Ranil De Silva, was established to encourage world-class scholars and researchers to develop academic programmes and departments at the university. It has signed six international memoranda of understanding since 2013 and has initiated twelve since that year. The Foreign Student Affairs Office, chaired by Lalith Ananda, provides students with an opportunity to gain international experience with split programmes, student exchange programmes, and study visits. The office also provides an opportunity for

660-539: The campus IT infrastructure. Established in 1998, the unit provides graduates with professional guidance. It has established a Gavel Club, which hosts an annual Speech Master contest. The unit has also established a career-skills-development society which hosts an annual job fair, J’pura employability awards ceremony, OBT Camp, a Donate Happiness cancer-hospital project and an Arunella career-guidance seminar for schoolchildren. USJ won two consecutive Sri Lanka University Games , in 2016 and 2019. The university has produced

693-595: The first undergraduate to participate in the Olympic Games: Sumedha Ranasinghe, in 2016. Vidyalankara University, created at the same time as Vidyodaya University, is presently known as the University of Kelaniya . Trunk road A trunk road is a major highway with a specific legal classification in some jurisdictions, notably the United Kingdom , Sweden and formerly Ireland . Trunk roads are planned and managed at

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726-601: The health sciences. The University Grants Commission (UGC) defines the World Class University Project (WCUP) as "The implementation of a series of activities on par with international standards and to formulate and implement specific strategies to move up in the internal ranking indexes and become 'world-class' in order to achieve global excellence". The project focuses on encouraging local fields which support innovation leading to national development by prioritizing interdisciplinary studies which combine

759-463: The international community to participate in the university's academic and research activities. USJ's Research Council was established in 2016 to facilitate high-quality research. The council has 18 research centres to facilitate research projects about pressing issues in Sri Lanka. Research awards and editing, foreign travel and publishing-cost schemes have been implemented to encourage research by

792-570: The national level by the National Roads Authority . Some former trunk roads, or sections of former trunk roads, became non-trunk regional roads under the new road numbering system introduced in the 1970s and 1980s. More recently, sections of former national primary routes which have been bypassed by motorways or other road improvement schemes have been downgraded to regional road status. The route nationale system in France and

825-417: The national-level, distinguishing them from non-trunk roads which are managed by local authorities. Trunk roads are important routes usually connecting two or more cities, ports, airports and other places, which is the recommended route for long-distance and freight traffic . Many trunk roads have segregated lanes in a dual carriageway , or are of motorway standard. The term trunk road, or trunk highway ,

858-481: The new site on 22 November 1961, under the direction of Sri Soratha Thero. The vice-chancellor invited the Department of Government Archives to establish its archives on the campus, near the university library, to encourage research. The Higher Education Act (No. 20 of 1966) opened Sri Lanka's universities to women. The university expanded during the tenure of Walpola Rahula Thero as vice-chancellor. Rahula Thero

891-493: The parliament decided upon which roads were to become national trunk roads. They are considered recommended main roads for long-distance traffic. They were also supposed to be used for movement and transport of heavy military vehicles, ordnance and logistics and during wartime were to be guarded and defended at all odds. National trunk roads are planned and managed by the national Swedish Transport Administration , as opposed to other roads, which are planned locally. They also have

924-475: The south east, in 1961 and in 1978 it was renamed as the University of Sri Jayewardenepura. Vidyodaya University The University of Sri Jayewardenepura (also known as Jayawardhanapura University or USJ ; Sinhala : ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය , romanized:  Çri Jayawardhanapura Wishwawidyala , Tamil : ஸ்ரீ ஜயவர்தனபுர பல்கலைக்கழகம் ) is a public university in Sri Lanka . It

957-650: The university was Vidyodaya Pirivena, female students were not admitted. The unit was first established to register women for the Bachelor of Arts External Degree Programme. The English Language Teaching Department (ELTD), part of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences and renamed in 2017 by the University Grants Commission , aims to improve student proficiency in English and introduced

990-586: The university. The Postgraduate Institute of Management (PIM), a semi-autonomous, self-financed institute affiliated with the university under director Senaka Kelum Gamage, was established in 1986 under the Universities Act (No. 16 of 1978). One of Sri Lanka's eight postgraduate institutes, it is the only public higher-education body which is ISO 9000:2008 and is a member of the Association of Advanced Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). When

1023-402: Was elevated to a faculty of Applied Sciences in 1962, with G. C. N. Jayasuriya as its first dean. Its current dean is Upul Subasinghe of the Department of Forestry and Environmental Science. The Department of Medical Education and Health Sciences (DME&HS) was established to improve and sustain the quality of the Faculty of Medical Sciences and to present certificate and diploma courses in

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1056-462: Was founded due to the efforts of Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera , who is considered to be one of the pioneers in the revival of Buddhism and the tradition of oriental education during the 19th Century in Sri Lanka. The land at Maligakanda (a suburb of Colombo ) and funds for its foundation were donated by the philanthropist Andiris Perera Dharmagunawardhana . Both Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera and Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera, following their success in

1089-561: Was succeeded in 1969 by linguist D. E. Hettiarachchi. At the time, future President of Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa chaired the campus' United Corporations and Mercantile Union local. The university's revitalization continued until the 1971 JVP insurrection , when the political atmosphere heavily affected its students' education. After the insurrection, the university was converted into a detention camp for suspected insurgents in 1971 and 1972; lectures were delivered at other locations. The following year, all universities became campuses of

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