54-579: Vijaya-chandra ( IAST : Vijayacandra, r. c. 1155-1169 CE) was an Indian king from the Gahadavala dynasty. He ruled the Antarvedi country in the Gangetic plains, which includes a major part of the present-day eastern Uttar Pradesh , including Varanasi . He probably also ruled some parts of western Bihar through his feudatories. He is believed to have repulsed a Ghaznavid invasion. Vijayachandra
108-568: A macron ). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . One letter has an overdot: ṅ ( /ŋ/ ). One has an acute accent : ś ( /ʃ/ ). One letter has a line below: ḻ ( / ɭ / ) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto , the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for which
162-466: A Muslim general, possibly a subordinate of a Ghaznavid ruler. The Ghaznavid ruler could have been either Khusrau Shah or Khusrau Malik . The Ghaznavids had permanently lost Ghazna by their time, and were operating out of Lahore . Their attempts to expand eastwards may have brought them into conflicts with the Gahadavalas. The earliest extant inscription to mention this victory is from 1168 CE, so
216-534: A bribe. Historian Roma Niyogi theorized that Pratapadhavala was a feudatory of Vijayachandra. According to her, since there is no record of this region being a part of Govindachandra's kingdom, Vijayachandra may have captured it. The Gahadavala inscriptions praise Vijayachandra using vague, conventional terms. According to them, the king swept away the world's suffering with tears from the eyes of Hammira's wife. "Hammira" (the Sanskritized form of Amir ) refers to
270-638: A century after Prithviraja's death. The Chahamanas and the Chalukyas appear to have concluded a peace treaty sometime before 1187 CE. According to the Kharatara-gachchha Pattavali , that year, Bhima's general Jagaddeva warned a chief named Abhayadeva not to harass pilgrims from Sapadalaksha (the Chahamana territory). He told the chief that he had just concluded a peace treaty with Prithviraja, with great difficulty. In 1178 CE,
324-433: A font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap ( GNOME ) or kcharselect ( KDE ) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have
378-711: A governor in the Chaulukya capital before leaving for Ajmer . Subsequently, the Chaulukyas restored their power in Gujarat, but there is very little information about how this happened. There are some references to Bhima's generals Lavanaprasada and Shridhara having achieved military successes against the Ghurids (called "Turushka" and "Hammira"). It is known that Bhima was in control of Anahilapataka by 1201 CE. The Paramaras of Malwa , who had once lost their kingdom to
432-469: A rebellion. It appears that Lavanaprasada sent an army under his son Viradhavala to raid the Yadava territory, because of which Simhana was forced to agree to a peace treaty. After Lavanaprasada departed to Marwar, Shankha attacked Khambhat , but was defeated by the Chaulukya general Vastupala . Shankha then tried to instigate Simhana to launch a fresh attack on Gujarat. According to the Chaulukya accounts,
486-444: A reference to such eulogistic works. IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST ) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by
540-506: A result of the troubled times brought about by external invasions, or a war of succession among Govindachandra's sons. Vijayachandra inherited his father's regnal titles Ashva-pati Nara-pati Gaja-pati Rajatrayadhipati and Vividha-vidya-vichara-vachaspati . The 1169 CE Tara Chandi rock inscription, found near Sasaram , was issued by one Mahanayaka Pratapadhavala of Japila. It denounces an earlier fake grant of Kalahandi and Vadapila villages issued by Vijayachandra's officer Deu after taking
594-624: Is a possibility that Vijayachandra fought with Anangapala, the Tomara ruler of Delhi. However, there is no other authentic evidence to corroborate this claim. By 1164 CE, Delhi had been captured by the Chahamana king Vigraharaja IV . The text further claims that he defeated the Bhola-Bhima of Pattanapura, that is, Bhima II of Patan . However, Bhima II of the Chaulukya dynasty ascended
SECTION 10
#1732802427600648-653: Is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than a century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast, the ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. The Indian National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for
702-699: Is believed to have destroyed a mosque in Khambat , built for the Arab traders . According to the poet Arisimha, he also removed the gold pitchers from the Vaidyanatha temple of Darbhavati. The Chaulukya general Shridhara repulsed Subhatavarman's attack. His Devapattana prashasti inscription suggests that he successfully defended his fort (near Somnath ) against a Paramara siege. The Chaulukya general Lavanaprasada probably forced Subhatavarman to abandon his campaign. His Dabhoi prashasti inscription, composed by
756-782: Is by setting up an alternative keyboard layout . This allows one to hold a modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, alt + a = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. Linux/Unix and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. macOS One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. Microsoft Windows Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on
810-467: Is not certain, but he was probably a Soomra ruler of Nagarparkar , who is variously called Pithu, Pahtu or Phatu by the Muslim chroniclers. Two queens of Bhima are known: Liladevi and Sumaladevi. Liladevi was the daughter of Samara-Simha , the Chahamana ruler of Javalipura , as attested by the 1205 Kadi inscription. According to the medieval chronicles, Bhima was a charitable person. He assumed
864-422: Is not known why Vijayachandra ascended the throne when Asphotachandra was the yuvaraja . It is possible that the other two princes died during Govindachandra's lifetime, or that Govindachandra defeated them in a war of succession, but there is no concrete evidence for either of these hypotheses. The absence of any Gahadavala inscription between 1154 CE and 1169 CE is rather unusual for the dynasty. It may have been
918-657: Is the best surviving example. Other temples include Rama Lakshamana Temple at Baradia in Okhamandal, Rukmini Temple in Dwarka and the ruined Shiva temple of Bavka in Dahod district . The mandapa was added to Vaidyanath Mahadeva temple at Vadali . The surviving mandapa of Parshwanatha temple at Ghumli is contemporary of Navlakha Temple. The ruined Cheleshwar temple on the hills there is also of this period. The Vikia and Jetha stepwells near Navlakha Temple, Ghumli belonged to
972-535: The Chahamana chief of Javalipura ), Somasimha and Dharavarsha (Paramara chief of Abu). The Guhilas of Medapata (Guhilots of Mewar ) also rebelled against Bhima sometime between 1207-1227 CE, and declared their independence. According to the medieval text Jagadu-Charita , Pithadeva of Para invaded the Kutch region during Bhima's reign. A merchant named Jagadu sought help from Lavanaprasada, who dispatched an army that defeated Pithadeva. The identity of Pithadeva
1026-676: The Ghurid king Muhammad of Ghor invaded the Chaulukya kingdom, but was defeated. This battle took place during the reign of Bhima's predecessor Mularaja II , although some Muslim chronicles wrongly assign it to Bhima's reign. In the mid-1190s CE, the Ghurids defeated the Chahamanas and other Hindu kings of northern India. According to the medieval Muslim historians, in 1197 CE, the Ghurid general Qutb al-Din Aibak marched to Nahrwala (that is,
1080-452: The Jain faith . Yet another writer Udayaprabha claims that Bhima himself entrusted his kingdom to Lavanaprasada, because Lavanaprasada's father Arnoraja had made him the king by defeating the rebellious feudatories. Of all these writers, Someshvara was the most knowledgeable about the contemporary affairs. The "divine-order-in-a-dream" was a favourite device of the contemporary poets to justify
1134-581: The Naddula Chahamana ruler Kelhana, but this is also chronologically incorrect, as Kelhana died around 1193 CE. R. B. Singh identified him as Kelhana's successor Jayatasimha. According to the Muslim historians, Rai Karan managed to escape after the battle. The Ghurids then entered Anahilapataka, and plundered the town. This sacking of Anahliapataka was witnessed by the Jain scholar Jinapati Suri in 1197 CE. According to Firishta, Qutb al-Din appointed
SECTION 20
#17328024276001188-560: The Vaghela dynasty . Bhima II, also known as Bhima-deva, was a son of the Chaulukya king Ajayapala . He succeeded his brother Mularaja II at a young age. Taking advantage of his young age, some of his mandalika s (provincial governors) rebelled against him in order to establish independent states. His loyal feudatory Arnoraja came to his rescue, and died fighting the rebels. Arnoraja's descendants Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala became powerful during Bhima's reign, and ultimately established
1242-587: The 13th century. The Gyan stepwell near Visavada village in the Barda hills is ascribed to the time of Bhima II. The ruined stepwell of nearby Keshav village is of the same period. Bhima's general Lavanaprasada and his son Viradhavala established the Vaghela dynasty , which replaced the Chaulukyas in Gujarat some years after Bhima's death. According to the poet Someshvara, the goddess Gurjara-raja-lakshmi appeared in Lavanaprasada's dream, and ordered him to save
1296-515: The Chalukya capital Anahilapataka ). He defeated the Chaulukya army on 4 February 1197 CE. The 13th century Muslim historian Hasan Nizami boasts that the Chaulukyas lost 50,000 men in this battle. The 16th century chronicler Firishta gives the numbers as 15,000 killed and 20,000 captured. According to the Muslim chronicles, the Chaulukya army was led by Rai Karan, Wallan and Darabaras in this battle. Darabaras can be identified with Dharavarsha,
1350-509: The Chaulukya spies created a rift between the Shankha and Simhana. Shankha ultimately submitted to the Chaulukya general Viradhavala. The Chaulukyas were in control of the Lata region by 1231-1232 CE, when it was being governed by Lavanaprasada's grandson Visaladeva. Around 1237 CE, Simhana sent another army under Kholeshvara's son Rama to attack Gujarat. Visaladeva repulsed this attack, and Rama
1404-664: The Chaulukyas also had to fight with the Shakambhari Chahamana king Prithviraja III . The legendary text Prithviraj Raso states that these kings fought two battles, one near Nagaur , and another near Mount Abu . According to the 14th century chronicler Merutunga, Bhima's general Jagaddeva Pratihara was defeated in a battle against Prithviraja. A later recension of Prithviraja Raso contains an inaccurate legend, according to which Bhima killed Prithviraja's father Someshvara , and Prithviraja later killed Bhima. This cannot be correct, because Bhima lived for nearly half
1458-522: The Chaulukyas, had managed to regain their power by the end of the 12th century. Meanwhile, the Chaulukyas had been weakened by the Ghurid attacks. Taking advantage of this situation, the Paramara king Subhatavarman successfully invaded the Lata region around 1204 CE. He probably also sacked the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka. The 14th century writer Merutunga claims that the Paramara king retreated from
1512-525: The Chusadi grant. Prahladana, brother of Paramara Dharavarsha of Abu, founded Prahladanapur ( Palanpur ) in 1218 and built Prahladana-vihara dedicated to Pallaviya Parshwanatha . Tripurantaka, a Shaivaite abbot built five temples at Somnath. The extant temples of his period include Nilkantha Mahadeva Temple (1204 CE) at Miani, Harshad Mata temple on the hill opposite creek near Miani, the temple complex of Muladwarka at Visavada. The Navlakha Temple of Ghumli
1566-453: The Gujarat border after Bhima's minister recited a verse warning him of reprisals. But this is not supported by historical evidence. According to the Gujarat chronicles, Subhatavarman occupied Darbhavati (present-day Dabhoi ) for some time. Muhammad Aufi , in his Jawami ul-Hikayat , states that the Paramara king plundered cities of Gujarat; Hindu temples as well as places of worship of other religious communities were affected. Subhatavarman
1620-504: The Paramara chief of Abu, who was a feudatory of Bhima. Wallan is probably a corruption of Pahlan, which itself is a corruption of Prahaladana (the brother of Dharavarsha). The identification of Rai Karan is not certain. Some scholars have identified him with Kirtipala , a ruler of the Javalipura Chahamana branch. However, this identification is not tenable on chronological grounds. D. R. Bhandarkar identified Rai Karan as
1674-635: The Parva mountain valley (possibly Pavagadh ). It also states that Arjuna captured Jayanta's daughter Jayashri, and fell in love with her. According to historian A. K. Majumdar, this suggests that Jayanta made peace with the Paramaras through a marriage alliance. The Lata (southern Gujarat) region was repeatedly attacked by the Paramaras and the Yadavas of Devagiri during Bhima's reign. It came under
Vijayachandra - Misplaced Pages Continue
1728-596: The Somavanshis had already been displaced by the Gangas before Vijayachandra's ascension. The following inscriptions from Vijayachandra's reign have been discovered: Vijayachandra patronized scholars and poets, including Shriharsha , who composed a now-lost work called Shri-Vijaya-Prashasti . This text may have been a eulogistic biography of Vijayachandra. An inscription of Jayachandra states that reputed poets used to sing about his father's magnificence, which might be
1782-781: The Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress , in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for the reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to the original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST
1836-598: The Yadava king Bhillama V states that he defeated the Gurjaras (that is, Chaulukyas of Gujarat). The Sundha Hill inscription states that Bhillama was defeated by the Naddula Chahamana ruler Kelhana , who was the northern feudatory of Bhima. It is possible that Bhillama advanced up to the Naddula kingdom after defeating Bhima. Another possibility is that Kelhana marched southwards in Bhima's support. During Bhima's reign,
1890-579: The area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or Gentium , both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the GNU FreeFont or SIL Open Font License , respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts. Bhima II Bhima II (r. 1178–1240), also known as Bhola Bhima ,
1944-657: The battle definitely took place before this year. The Chahamana king Vigraharaja IV had captured Delhi by 1164 CE, and is believed to have expelled the Turushkas (Turkic people, that is, Ghaznavids). Therefore, the battle can probably be dated before 1164 CE. While fighting with the Ghaznavids, Vijayachandra may have ignored his western frontiers. This later resulted in a Sena invasion led by Lakshmana Sena . The historically unreliable Prithviraj Raso claims that Vijayachandra defeated Anangapala of Delhi . There
1998-536: The consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap ). macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in
2052-402: The control of a chief named Simha, who was initially allied to the Paramaras. A 1200 CE inscription of the Yadava king Jaitugi states that he defeated the Gurjaras, which probably refers to his invasion of Lata. The Paramaras abandoned Simha during the Yadava invasion, so he turned to the Chaulukyas for help. During his 1213 CE invasion, the Paramara king Arjunavarman may have replaced Simha with
2106-631: The convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters. For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919 that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ( ringed below ) and the short close-mid vowels with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts , as used for languages other than Sanskrit. The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit
2160-418: The kingdom that had been decaying under the inexperienced king Bhima. Someshvara himself convinced Lavanaprasada to obey the divine order to save his motherland. Another poet Arisimha claims that the deceased Chaulukya king Kumarapala appeared in Bhima's dream, and advised the young king to appoint Lavanaprasada as Sarveshvara (chief lord) and Viradhavala as yuvaraja ( heir apparent ), in order to propagate
2214-454: The latter's nephew Shankha (alias Sangrama-Simha). Shankha repulsed a Yadava invasion of the region. Jaitugi's son Simhana invaded Gujarat multiple times. In an inscription, his general Kholeshvara claims to have humbled the pride of the Gurjaras. The first invasion of Simhana probably took place around 1229 CE. According to the Chaulukya accounts, Lavanaprasada concluded a peace treaty with Simhana, because he needed to visit Marwar to quell
Vijayachandra - Misplaced Pages Continue
2268-700: The opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. Only certain fonts support all the Latin Unicode characters essential for
2322-482: The poet Someshvara , states that he was like a repository of medicine against the disease-resembling invaders, which included the ruler of Dhara (the Paramara capital). Another poet Balachandra names Lavanaprasada's adversary as Sribhata of Malwa, who has been identified as Subhatavarman. Sometime during 1205-1210 CE, an usurper named Jayanta-Simha (Jayasimha) occupied Bhima's capital, Anahilapataka . Bhima managed to drive him out only during 1223-1226 CE. Jayantasimha
2376-471: The right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win + R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter ) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in
2430-486: The romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST. The IAST letters are listed with their Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA , valid for Sanskrit , Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: * H is actually glottal , not velar . Some letters are modified with diacritics : Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called
2484-556: The sovereign Vaghela dynasty . The Hoysala inscriptions claim that Veera Ballala II defeated the Gurjara king (that is, Bhima), who had allied with other kings to unsuccessfully attack him. However, the historical accuracy of this claim is doubtful. It is possible that the Hoysalas raided the Lata region in the Chaulukya territory. The Yadavas of Devagiri invaded Gujarat during Bhima's reign. The 1189 CE Mutgi inscription of
2538-404: The throne around 1155 CE, and ruled for approximately 15 years. Besides Vijayachandra, Govindachandra had at least two other sons: Asphota-chandra and Rajya-pala. Asphotachandra bore the title Yuvaraja ( heir apparent ), as attested by an 1134 CE inscription. Rajyapala bore the title Maharajaputra (prince), as attested by the 1143 CE Gagaha inscription and the 1146 CE Varanasi inscription. It
2592-544: The throne only in 1177 CE, after Vijayachandra's death. Therefore, this claim is not accurate. The text also claims that Vijayachandra defeated Mukunda-deva, the Somavanshi king of Kataka . Mukunda was forced to conclude peace by marrying his daughter to prince Jayachandra; Samyukta was the issue of this marriage. This claim is also wrong, as the Somavanshi dynasty did not have any king named Mukunda-deva. Moreover,
2646-734: The titles Abhinava-Siddharaja , Saptama-Chakravarti and Bala-Narayana . The temple construction activity had declined significantly during his time. According to two inscriptions, he built a mandapa called Meghanada or Meghadhvani in front of Somnath in 1217 CE. The temples of Bhimeshwara and Lileshwara were built by him in 1207 CE for the merits of his queen Lilavati at Lilapura, a town founded after her name. Lavanaprasada founded Salakshanapura, named after her mother, in Gambhuta district and built Analeshwara and Salakshaneshwara temples. His other queen Sumaladevi, daughter of Lavanaprasada, also built Sumaleshwara sometime before 1239 CE according to
2700-487: The transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. For example, the Arial , Tahoma and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ī . Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in
2754-470: Was a part of the Chaulukya family, and traced his ancestry to the dynasty's founder Mularaja . The usurper Jayanta-Simha was defeated by Arjunavarman , the son and successor of Subhatavarman. Like his father, Arjunavarman also invaded Gujarat sometime before 1211 CE. Merutunga calls him the "destroyer of Gujarat". A Bhopal inscription indicates that he had reached Bharuch by 1213 CE. The Dhar prashasti inscription states that he defeated Jayanta-Simha in
SECTION 50
#17328024276002808-515: Was a son of Govindachandra , the most powerful king of the dynasty. He is also known as Vijayapala or Malladeva. The last extant inscription of Govindachandra is dated 1154 CE. The earliest extant inscription of Vijayachandra is dated 1168 CE. His last inscription is from 1169 CE, while the first inscription of his successor Jayachandra is from 1170 CE. As Govindachandra had already ruled for 40 years by 1154 CE, it can be assumed that his reign ended shortly after 1154 CE. Vijayachandra must have ascended
2862-550: Was an Indian king who ruled the Kingdom of Gujarat . He was a member of the Chaulukya (also called Chalukya or Solanki) dynasty. During his reign, the dynasty's power declined greatly as a result of rebellions by the feudatories as well as external invasions by the Ghurids , the Paramaras , and the Yadavas of Devagiri . The kingdom, however, was saved by his generals Arnoraja, Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala, whose family established
2916-489: Was killed in a battle fought on the banks of the Narmada River . The Chaulukya feudatories in the northern region of Marwar rebelled twice during Bhima's reign, and both times, Bhima's army was facing the Yadava invasions from the south. The first rebellion involved four feudatories, who were subdued by Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala. The second rebellion involved three feudatories: Udayasimha (probably Udayasimha ,
#599400