109-464: The Viking Thunder Clap or Viking Clap is a football chant , consisting of a loud shout and a clap in unison, which is then repeated initially several seconds later and gradually speeding up over time. The chant has been performed by fans of a number of clubs, but came to prominence during the UEFA Euro 2016 , when fans of Iceland national team introduced their 'viking clap' or 'volcano clap' with
218-424: A 'huh' chant. During the 2018 FIFA World Cup when Iceland were one of the participating teams, the clap once again drew attention. The Viking Thunder Clap has been adopted by fans of many countries worldwide. The chant may have been inspired by the film 300 released in 2006. Some believed the chant was first used by fans of Scottish club Motherwell F.C. , while others suggest it had been performed by fans of
327-490: A German toast " Zicke zacke zicke zacke hoi hoi hoi ". In the United States, despite a lower popularity of association football, " I believe that we will win! " and " U-S-A! " are generally chanted during matches US national teams are playing on the world stage. The chant "U-S-A!" has also been used outside of sports, such as in the halls of Congress during rallies of American support. Some chants consist simply of
436-541: A cinema. The building was badly damaged in the Second World War, and was demolished in 1950. In 1867, he acquired a public house in Villiers Street named "The Arches", under the arches of the elevated railway line leading to Charing Cross station. He opened it as another music hall, known as " Gatti's-in-The-Arches ". After his death his family continued to operate the music hall, known for a period as
545-471: A few loud shouts or spoken words, but more often they are short lines of lyrics and sometimes longer songs. They are typically performed repetitively, sometimes accompanied by handclapping, but occasionally they may be more elaborate involving musical instruments, props or choreographed routines. They are often adaptations of popular songs, using their tunes as the basis of the chants, but some are original. Football chants are known to have been used by fans from
654-585: A football song in honour of the Wolverhampton Wanderers striker, Billy Malpass , after watching a match in February 1898 between Wolves and Stoke City . However, the anthem he wrote, "He Banged The Leather For Goal", never caught on among fans on the terrace. The oldest football song in the world that is still in use today may be " On the Ball, City ", a song believed to have been composed in
763-436: A game, the league, be promoted, or win a major cup tie at venues such as Wembley . There may also be expressions of dissatisfaction, such as criticism of the team when they are performing poorly, or calling for the manager to resign, and occasionally against the owner of the club. Chants may be aimed at individual players or managers, and these can range from the amusing to the offensive or obscene. For example, " Who Ate All
872-602: A job" to the tune of " You'll Never Walk Alone " started at a time when there was high unemployment in Liverpool. Tragedy chanting involves chanting about an opposition club's tragedies or tragic events that happen in their home cities. Instances in English football include exchanges between Manchester United and Leeds United fans, and between Manchester United and Liverpool fans. Some chants are spoken, sometimes accompanied by percussion. These chants may simply consist of
981-452: A large and constantly evolving repertoire of chants in addition to a smaller number of songs closely associated with their club. A more controversial aspect of this period of change was that abusive chants targeted at rival team or fans also became widespread. These may be taunts and insults aimed at the opposition teams or players to unnerve them, or obscene or slanderous chants targeted at individuals. A sampling of English football chants in
1090-512: A large hall with tables at which drink was served, changed to that of a drink-free auditorium . The acceptance of music hall as a legitimate cultural form was established by the first Royal Variety Performance before King George V during 1912 at the Palace Theatre. However, consistent with this new respectability the best-known music hall entertainer of the time, Marie Lloyd , was not invited, being deemed too "saucy" for presentation to
1199-476: A loud shout or whoop with a hand clap, sometimes led by a drum beat that gets increasingly faster, such as the Viking Thunder Clap made popular by fans of Iceland . Similar chants have been performed by fans of teams such as Motherwell and Lens , and a version called "Boom Boom Clap" has been used by fans of North American clubs such as Seattle Sounders FC and Toronto FC since 2008 as well as
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#17327916494201308-552: A military recruitment drive. In the guise of characters like 'Tommy in the Trench' and 'Jack Tar Home from Sea', Tilley performed songs such as "The army of today's all right" and "Jolly Good Luck to the Girl who Loves a Soldier". This is how she got the nickname Britain's best recruiting sergeant – young men were sometimes asked to join the army on stage during her show. She also performed in hospitals and sold war bonds . Her husband
1417-445: A mixture of popular songs, comedy, speciality acts, and variety entertainment. The term is derived from a type of theatre or venue in which such entertainment took place. In North America vaudeville was in some ways analogous to British music hall, featuring rousing songs and comic acts. Originating in saloon bars within pubs during the 1830s, music hall entertainment became increasingly popular with audiences. So much so, that during
1526-405: A number of occasions when it has led to a fight between fans. The chant is sometimes used after the opposition have scored. It is now considered to be a dated chant with little current usage in English football culture despite being in common use in the 1970s and 80s. Several football chants are based on hymns , with " Cwm Rhondda " (also known as "Guide me, O thou great redeemer") being one of
1635-832: A separate bar-room. Major music halls were based around London. Early examples included: the Canterbury Music Hall in Lambeth , Wilton's Music Hall in Tower Hamlets , and The Middlesex in Drury Lane , otherwise known as the Old Mo. By the mid-19th century, the halls cried out for many new and catchy songs. As a result professional songwriters were enlisted to provide the music for a plethora of star performers, such as Marie Lloyd , Dan Leno , Little Tich , and George Leybourne . All manner of other entertainment
1744-549: A show called La Revue Nègre at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées . She became an immediate success for her erotic dancing , and for appearing practically nude on stage. After a successful tour of Europe, she returned to France to star at the Folies Bergère . Baker performed the 'Danse sauvage,' wearing a costume consisting of a skirt made of a string of artificial bananas. The music-halls suffered growing hardships in
1853-502: Is a symbol of the city. Italian Torino fans sing their signature chant Toro alè to the tune of French anthem " La Marseillaise ". The anthem theme was first popularized as a chant by A.S. Roma's curva sud after a 3-1 match win against Juventus on 30 January 1977. The anthem has also been modified by the RC Lens fans. French PSG fans sing a rendition of " Flower of Scotland ". Arsenal fans have been singing "Good old Arsenal" to
1962-582: Is a widely used anthem by Irish sports fans, sang particularly at rugby and football matches. The song was adopted and reworked by Liverpool fans as " The Fields of Anfield Road ". Popular music is the most common source of football chants. In the United Kingdom, music hall songs such as " My Old Man (Said Follow the Van) ", " Knees Up Mother Brown ", " I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles ", "I Came, I Saw, I Conga'd" and " Two Little Boys " have long been used as
2071-451: Is an expression of collective identity, most often used by fans to express their pride in the team they support, or to encourage them, and to celebrate a particular player or manager. Fans may also use football chants to slight the opposition, and many fans sing songs about their club rivals , even when they are not playing them. Sometimes the chants are spontaneous reactions to events on the pitch. Football chants can be simple, consisting of
2180-493: Is dying, and with it, a significant part of England. Some of the heart of England has gone; something that once belonged to everyone, for this was truly a folk art. Moss Empires , the largest British music hall chain, closed the majority of its theatres in 1960, closely followed by the death of music hall stalwart Max Miller in 1963, prompting one contemporary to write that: "Music-halls ... died this afternoon when they buried Max Miller". Miller himself had sometimes said that
2289-493: Is sung by fans when Indonesia plays at home. Popularised at the Sydney Olympics and used by Australian football supporters everywhere is the " Aussie Aussie Aussie, Oi Oi Oi " chant between two groups of supporters. It is a derivation of Welsh rugby chant " Oggy Oggy Oggy ", which was also adapted by Chelsea supporters in tribute to Peter Osgood . A version "Zigger Zagger Oi Oi Oi" has been suggested to be based on
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#17327916494202398-404: Is the growth and evolution of youth culture in this period which, together with popular music started being played over the public announcement system at matches instead of brass bands, encouraged fans to start their own singing based on popular tunes. Another suggestion is the mixing of fan cultures from different countries through international football matches that started to be broadcast, such as
2507-726: The Alhambra (1866), the first to be called a music hall, and the Olympia (1893). The Printania (1903) was a music-garden, open only in summer, with a theater, restaurant, circus, and horse-racing. Older theaters also transformed themselves into music halls, including the Bobino (1873), the Bataclan (1864), and the Alcazar (1858). At the beginning, music halls offered dance reviews, theater and songs, but gradually songs and singers became
2616-500: The Band Aid song " Do They Know It's Christmas? ", "Papa's Got a Brand New Pigbag" by Pigbag and " This Is How It Feels " by Inspiral Carpets . Other chants have used tunes from on pop songs include " Three Lions ", the official England anthem for Euro '96 and Manic Street Preachers song " If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next ". Fans of a number of different clubs in the United Kingdom have adopted " Rockin' All Over
2725-545: The Champs-Élysées , was frequented by the upper and lower classes alike. He persuaded her to sing despite her extreme nervousness. Leplée taught her the basics of stage presence and told her to wear a black dress, which became her trademark apparel. Leplée ran an intense publicity campaign leading up to her opening night, attracting the presence of many celebrities, including Maurice Chevalier. Her nightclub appearance led to her first two records produced that same year, and
2834-714: The City Road in east London. According to John Hollingshead , proprietor of the Gaiety Theatre, London (originally the Strand Music Hall), this establishment was "the father and mother, the dry and wet nurse of the Music Hall". Later known as the Grecian Theatre, it was here that Marie Lloyd made her début at the age of 14 in 1884. It is still famous because of an English nursery rhyme, with
2943-749: The Coal Hole in The Strand , the Cyder Cellars in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden and the Mogul Saloon in Drury Lane . The music hall as we know it developed from such establishments during the 1850s and were built in and on the grounds of public houses. Such establishments were distinguished from theatres by the fact that in a music hall you would be seated at a table in the auditorium and could drink alcohol and smoke tobacco whilst watching
3052-615: The Cremorne Gardens . These latter became subject to urban development and became fewer and less popular. From the mid-19th century music halls spread to the provincial cities, such as Bristol. The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a greater price at the bar, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed. The most famous London saloon of the early days was the Grecian Saloon , established in 1825, at The Eagle (a former tea-garden), 2 Shepherdess Walk, off
3161-646: The Metropolitan Board of Works and London County Council , and because of commercial competition between popular large suburban halls and the smaller venues, which put the latter out of business. A few of the UK's music halls have survived and have retained many of their original features. Among the best examples are: A new era of variety theatre was developed by the rebuilding of the London Pavilion in 1885. Contemporary accounts noted: Hitherto
3270-668: The Palace Theatre of Varieties , managed by Charles Morton . Denied by the newly created LCC permission to construct the promenade, which was such a popular feature of the Empire and Alhambra, the Palace compensated in the way of adult entertainment by featuring apparently nude women in tableaux vivants , though the concerned LCC hastened to reassure patrons that the girls who featured in these displays were actually wearing flesh-toned body stockings and were not naked at all. One of
3379-528: The Village People and " Oops Up Side Your Head " by The Gap Band remaining popular amongst fans. " Ain't Nobody " by Rufus and Chaka Khan has been used by Arsenal fans and others. Music popular in the 1980s and 1990s is also used widely. Chants have been based on " Just Can't Get Enough " by Depeche Mode , " Love Will Tear Us Apart " by Joy Division , " Pop Goes the World " by Men Without Hats ,
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3488-467: The "Li-ver-pool, [clap, clap, clap]" chant. Chants became more extensive in the 1960s, and popular songs became increasingly common as the basis of chants as fans adapted these songs to reflect situations and events relevant to them. Chanting the name of the team, chants for players and managers started to become prevalent. Liverpool supporters, particularly those on the Kop , were known for modifying songs in
3597-561: The "two, four, six, eight!" chant that was used for sports in the United States from the early 20th century was adopted by football fans in the UK in the 1950s. The "Olé" chant from bullfighting is believed to be first used in Brazil for Garrincha in 1958, and one version of the " Olé, Olé, Olé " chant was first heard at a league game in Spain in 1982, while another version quickly spread around Europe in 1986 and became widely popular around
3706-526: The 'Old Mo', it was built on the site of the Mogul Saloon. Later converted into a theatre it was demolished in 1965. The New London Theatre stands on its site. Several large music halls were built in the East End . These included the London Music Hall, otherwise known as The Shoreditch Empire, 95–99 Shoreditch High Street , (1856–1935). This theatre was rebuilt during 1894 by Frank Matcham ,
3815-424: The 1850s a distinct musical style. Subject matter became more contemporary and humorous, and accompaniment was provided by larger house-orchestras, as increasing affluence gave the lower classes more access to commercial entertainment, and to a wider range of musical instruments, including the piano. The consequent change in musical taste from traditional to more professional forms of entertainment, arose in response to
3924-404: The 1850s some public houses were demolished, and specialised music hall theatres developed in their place. These theatres were designed chiefly so that people could consume food and alcohol and smoke tobacco in the auditorium while the entertainment took place, with the cheapest seats located in the gallery. This differed from the conventional type of theatre, which seats the audience in stalls with
4033-403: The 1890s by Albert T Smith, who became a director of Norwich City in 1905. The song was adopted by fans of the club and it is still sung by Norwich's fans. Such club song may have its origin in the public school system, while others have links with working-class music hall. Other early football chants still sung today include "Pompey Chimes" or "Play up, Pompey" sung by Portsmouth fans since
4142-461: The 1920s (a form of the chant is believed to have been sung at Fratton Park in 1899, therefore it is arguably older than "On the Ball, City"), and " Blaydon Races ", a Geordie folk song from 1862, which was adopted by Newcastle United fans in the 1930s. Some of the songs sung at football ground by the 1920s were modified from popular music hall songs, for example "Kick, Kick, Kick, Kick, Kick it" from "Chick, Chick, Chick, Chick, Chicken" and "Keep
4251-428: The 1920s (the tradition of singing " Abide with Me " at FA Cup finals started in this period). While various elements of football chants were already present in the early period, it was in the 1960s that the nature of football chants started to change and modern football chants emerged to become an integral part of fan culture and experience. The catalyst for the change may be due to a number of factors; one suggestion
4360-401: The 1920s, which became more overtly confrontational in later decades, raising the possibility that sectarianism may have been the origin of oppositional chanting and singing at football matches. Fans of the early period also had a limited repertoire of chants, which become more varied as singing was encouraged by the use of brass bands before games and the community singing movement that arose in
4469-576: The 1930s. The Olympia was converted into a movie theater, and others closed. Others however continued to thrive. In 1937 and 1930, the Casino de Paris presented shows with Maurice Chevalier , who had already achieved success as an actor and singer in Hollywood . In 1935, a twenty-year old singer named Édith Piaf was discovered in the Pigalle by nightclub owner Louis Leplée , whose club, Le Gerny, off
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4578-426: The 1959 England's tour of South America and the 1962 World Cup . The exposure to intense chanting by South American and Italian fans during the 1962 and 1966 World Cups may have encouraged British fans who were previously more reserved to do the same. They also picked up different type of chants from other countries; Liverpool fans for example, may have used a Brazilian chant "Brazil, cha-cha-cha" and turned it into
4687-650: The 1960s, also against the Argentine club Atlanta (commonly heard in the 1960s but may have begun as early as the 1940s), and against the Dutch club Ajax in the 1970s. Racist insults directed at black players began to be heard in the 1970s and 1980s in England and Spain when black players started appearing in their leagues in increasing numbers. Concerns over the abusive nature of some of these chants later led to measures in various countries to control them, for example,
4796-560: The 1964 musical Mary Poppins . Some early songs became popular as football chants later, for example the Venezuelan song " Moliendo Café " popular in early 1960s first became used as a chant in Argentina in the late 1970s, which spread to Italy as "Dale Cavese" chants in 2006 and then later to clubs around the world. The emergence of funk and disco in the 1970s also made its mark on the terraces with songs such as " Go West " by
4905-464: The American national teams. "You're Gonna Get Your Fucking Head Kicked In", sometimes pluralised to "You're Gonna Get Your Fucking Heads Kicked In", is a football chant originating in England. It is also used as a case study in psychology and sociology . The chant is often used as an intimidatory chant towards the opposing fans rather than as an actual threat of violence, but there have been
5014-734: The British government made racist and indecent chants an offence in the UK in 1991. In Italy, the Mancino law was used to prosecute fans for inciting racism. Despite efforts to stop them, some chants remain an issue around the world, such as the " Eh puto " chant used by Mexican fans, and racist chants in many countries. As the sport of football spread to other countries, so did its associated fan culture of football chants. Many countries, however, have developed their own tradition of football songs and chants; for example, most Italian clubs have their own official hymns, often written specially for
5123-559: The Casino de Paris in 1895, and continued to appear regularly in the 1920s and 1930s at the Folies Bergère , Moulin Rouge and Eldorado. Her risqué routines captivated Paris, and she became one of the most highly-paid and popular French entertainers of her time. One of the most popular entertainers in Paris during the period was the American singer Josephine Baker . Baker sailed to Paris, France. She first arrived in Paris in 1925 to perform in
5232-610: The Forwards Scoring" from " Keep the Home Fires Burning ". Chants that referenced players were also heard on the terrace; for example, "Give it to Ballie" chanted by Swansea fans in reference to a player name Billy Ball who played for the club in 1912-1920. Football chants in the early years were club-specific and they were generally friendly or jocular in tone. Songs with sectarian overtones, however, had been sung at matches between Rangers and Celtic in
5341-572: The French club Lens more than two decades prior. Fans of the Greek side PAOK have also chanted "PAOK" on the clap of hands since the mid 1990s. Styrmir Gislason, the head of the Association of Icelandic Football Fans stated that the chant was inspired by Polish handball chants. During the UEFA Euro 2016 , Iceland performed unexpectedly well and reached the quarter-finals, and the performance of
5450-600: The Hungerford or Gatti's Hungerford Palace of Varieties. It became a cinema in 1910, and the Players' Theatre in 1946. By 1865, there were 32 music halls in London seating between 500 and 5,000 people plus an unknown, but large, number of smaller venues. Numbers peaked in 1878, with 78 large music halls in the metropolis and 300 smaller venues. Thereafter numbers declined due to stricter licensing restrictions imposed by
5559-828: The Mountain " to "We'll Be Coming Down the Road" by the Scotland national team and Liverpool fans, " My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean ", " The Wild Rover " and " Camptown Races ", which is used for " Two World Wars, One World Cup ", whilst Birmingham City fans sing " Keep Right on to the End of the Road ". The melody of " Bella ciao " is often used as a chant by Italian ultras groups of Salernitana , Cosenza Calcio , A.S. Livorno and also outside of Italy like with Aris Thessaloniki , AEK Athens F.C. or Paris Saint-Germain F.C. fans, as well as
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#17327916494205668-706: The Pies? " may be used against a player considered fat, or racist chants directed at black players. Chants may sometimes reflect players or managers in the news, or they may be made-up accusations directed against them that can be sung in either a humorous or offensive manner. Chants may target fans or home grounds of the opponents (e.g. "My garden shed is bigger than this" or "Is this a library"), and may also refer to events in their rivals' club history, sometimes in highly offensive manner (see Tragedy chanting below). Fans may also use parodies of their rivals' anthems, for example, singing "sign on, sign on ... you'll never get
5777-613: The Timbers Army of MLS' Portland Timbers. The song was also adapted by Brazilian fans during World Cup 2018 to tease and taunt Argentina about their possible exit in the first round, which eventually did not occur, with references to Argentinian players Di María , Mascherano , and Messi (Brazil and Argentina have a well-known football rivalry ). Italian tifosi are strongly used to sing mocks based on national, and internationally famous folk tunes, like "L'uva fogarina", " Oh! Susanna " and " Alouette ". " The Fields of Athenry "
5886-425: The World " by Status Quo as a chant. Liverpool fans sing " Scousers all over the world". Arsenal fans sing " Saka and Emile Smith Rowe ". Rangers fans sing "Gerrard stopped ten in a row", in reference to the club winning the 2020-21 Scottish Premiership under manager Steven Gerrard and breaking bitter rivals Celtic's nine-year monopoly on the title. Fans in England sing "Leeds are falling apart again" to
5995-675: The architect of the Hackney Empire . Another in this area was the Royal Cambridge Music Hall, 136 Commercial Street (1864–1936). Designed by William Finch Hill (the designer of the Britannia theatre in nearby Hoxton), it was rebuilt after a fire in 1898. The construction of Weston's Music Hall , High Holborn (1857), built up on the site of the Six Cans and Punch Bowl Tavern by the licensed victualler of
6104-412: The attention of an often jaded and unruly urban audience. In America, from the 1840s, Stephen Foster had reinvigorated folk song with the admixture of Negro spiritual to produce a new type of popular song. Songs like " Old Folks at Home " (1851) and " Oh, Dem Golden Slippers " (James Bland, 1879]) spread round the globe, taking with them the idiom and appurtenances of the minstrel song. Typically,
6213-429: The basis of terrace chants. Popular standards such as " Winter Wonderland ", Scott Joplin 's " The Entertainer ", and the 1958 Eurovision entry " Volare " are also widely adapted to suit players and managers. The Cuban song " Guantanamera " became popularly used as a chant in the UK as a version by The Sandpipers charted soon after the 1966 World Cup; it is commonly sung in a large variety of chants, for example in
6322-519: The beginning of her career. Competition from movies and television largely brought an end to the Paris music hall. However, a few still flourish, with tourists as their primary audience. Major music halls include the Folies-Bergere , Crazy Horse Saloon , Casino de Paris , Olympia , and Moulin Rouge . The musical forms most associated with music hall evolved in part from traditional folk song and songs written for popular drama, becoming by
6431-437: The chant by their fans drew the attention of other European fans, who then also performed the chant. It has since been adopted by fans in many countries worldwide. Fans of the following teams regularly perform versions of the viking clap: Football chant A football chant or terrace chant is a form of vocalisation performed by supporters of association football , typically during football matches. Football chanting
6540-562: The club by a prominent singer or composer who is a fan of the club. Many countries also have football chants dating from the early part of the 20th century, and clubs such as Real Madrid may have an official club song as early as 1903. Football chants created in different countries may be specific to the local culture. Hand-clapping chants were popular in South American countries such as Brazil before it spread to other countries. Some chants originated from other sports; for example,
6649-553: The early 1960s to suit their own purposes, and this practice quickly spread to fans of other clubs who created their own versions after hearing these chants. Repertoire of chants credited to Liverpool fans included the rhythmic clapping based on " Let's Go " by The Routers , the chorus from " We Shall Not Be Moved ", and " When the Saints Go Marching In " used to honour Ian St John , chants which were then also adopted by fans of other clubs. Fans of many clubs now have
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#17327916494206758-609: The folk tradition blason populaire where a group vocalise their identity as well as their rivalry against another group. Football fans' vocalisations came in the forms of cries, chants and songs in the 19th century. War cries were known to have been used by football fans from the 1880s onwards, with the earliest recorded in Scotland after the Scottish Cup final of 1887 . The first known song that references football, "The Dooley Fitba' Club" later known as " 'Fitba' Crazy ",
6867-413: The form of "There's only one [player's name]", or "You only sing when you're winning". The tune " Tom Hark " is often played at many stadiums following a goal by the home team and for chants such as " Thursday Nights, Channel 5 ", whilst " Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be) " by Doris Day is generally reserved for matches where the venue of the final is Wembley Stadium . The rhythm, rather than
6976-500: The form of variety, and many music hall performers failed to make the transition. They were deemed old-fashioned, and with the closure of many halls, music hall entertainment ceased and modern-day variety began. Music-halls had their origins in 18th century London. They grew with the entertainment provided in the new style saloon bars of pubs during the 1830s. These venues replaced earlier semi-rural amusements provided by fairs and suburban pleasure gardens such as Vauxhall Gardens and
7085-425: The genre would die with him. Many music hall performers, unable to find work, fell into poverty; some did not even have a home, having spent their working lives living in digs between performances. Stage and film musicals, however, continued to be influenced by the music hall idiom, including Oliver! , Dr Dolittle and My Fair Lady . The BBC series The Good Old Days , which ran for thirty years, recreated
7194-560: The gramophone damaged its popularity greatly. It now had to compete with jazz , swing and big band dance music. Licensing restrictions also changed its character. In 1914, the London County Council (LCC) enacted that drinking be banished from the auditorium into a separate bar and, during 1923, the separate bar was abolished by parliamentary decree. The exemption of the theatres from this latter act prompted some critics to denounce this legislation as an attempt to deprive
7303-597: The grandest of these new halls was the Coliseum Theatre built by Oswald Stoll in 1904 at the bottom of St Martin's Lane . This was followed by the London Palladium (1910) in Argyll Street . Both were designed by the prolific Frank Matcham . As music hall grew in popularity and respectability, and as the licensing authorities exercised ever firmer regulation, the original arrangement of
7412-608: The halls had borne unmistakeable evidence of their origins, but the last vestiges of their old connections were now thrown aside, and they emerged in all the splendour of their new-born glory. The highest efforts of the architect, the designer and the decorator were enlisted in their service, and the gaudy and tawdry music hall of the past gave way to the resplendent "theatre of varieties" of the present day, with its classic exterior of marble and freestone, its lavishly appointed auditorium and its elegant and luxurious foyers and promenades brilliantly illuminated by myriad electric lights One of
7521-458: The last remaining sources of an oral folk song tradition. Football chants may be considered modern examples of traditional storytelling and folk songs. According to folk singer Martin Carthy , football chants are "the one surviving embodiment of an organic living folk tradition." It is also a unique public expression of collective identity, and football chants may be seen as modern examples of
7630-410: The late 1970s found these types of chants to be the most numerous. Threats of violence may also be made to their rivals in chants; although such threats were rarely carried out, fights did occur which, together with increasing level of hooliganism in that period, gave these threats a real edge. Some abuses are racial in nature; for example, anti-Semitic chants directed at Tottenham Hotspur began in
7739-552: The late 19th century onwards, but developed into the current popular forms in the 1960s. Football chants can be historic, dating back as early as the formation of the club popularly sung down the years and considered the anthems for these clubs. They may also be popular for only a relatively short time, with new chants being constantly created and discarded. The tradition of football chants vary from country to country and team to team, but some chants are common to many clubs and popular internationally. Football chants may be considered one of
7848-558: The main attraction. Paris music halls all faced stiff competition in the interwar period from the most popular new form of entertainment, the cinema . They responded by offering more complex and lavish shows. In 1911, the Olympia had introduced the giant stairway as a set for its productions, an idea copied by other music halls. Gaby Deslys rose in popularity and created, with her dance partner Harry Pilcer , her most famous dance The Gaby Glide . The singer Mistinguett made her debut
7957-448: The main demands, including a minimum wage and maximum working week for musicians. Several music hall entertainers such as Marie Dainton , Marie Lloyd , Arthur Roberts , Joe Elvin and Gus Elen were strong advocates of the strike, though they themselves earned enough not to be concerned personally in a material sense. Lloyd explained her advocacy: We (the stars) can dictate our own terms. We are fighting not for ourselves, but for
8066-687: The melody, of " Let's Go (Pony) " by The Routers is widely used for clapping, drumming or banging by fans worldwide. Music of the 1960s influenced terrace chants. " Ring of Fire " by Johnny Cash and " That's Amore " by Dean Martin have been used by several sets of fans. " Lola " by The Kinks , and " Hi Ho Silver Lining " by Jeff Beck have been adapted by several clubs – most prolific of these include Aston Villa , Sheffield Wednesday and Wolverhampton Wanderers . " All You Need Is Love ", " Hey Jude " and " Yellow Submarine " by The Beatles are often used. Songs from musicals have become very popular as football chants, such as " Chim Chim Cher-ee " from
8175-519: The mid-1950s, rock and roll , whose performers initially topped music hall bills, attracted a young audience who had little interest in the music hall acts, while driving the older audience away. The final demise was competition from television, which grew popular after the Queen's coronation was televised. Some music halls tried to retain an audience by putting on striptease acts. In 1957, the playwright John Osborne delivered this elegy: The music hall
8284-590: The monarchy. The development of syndicates controlling a number of theatres, such as the Stoll circuit, increased tensions between employees and employers. On 22 January 1907, a dispute between artists, stage hands and managers of the Holborn Empire worsened. Strikes in other London and suburban halls followed, organised by the Variety Artistes' Federation. The strike lasted for almost two weeks and
8393-507: The most famous of these new palaces of pleasure in the West End was the Empire, Leicester Square , built as a theatre in 1884 but acquiring a music hall licence in 1887. Like the nearby Alhambra this theatre appealed to the men of leisure by featuring alluring ballet dancers, and had a notorious promenade which was the resort of courtesans. Another spectacular example of the new variety theatre
8502-461: The most popular tunes to copy. Amongst others, it has spawned the song " You're not singing anymore! ", "We support our local team!", and "I will never be a Blue !". Various teams have used the "Glory Glory" chant (used by " Tottenham Hotspur ", " Leeds United ", " Manchester United ", etc.), to the tune of the " Battle Hymn of the Republic ". Hibernian were the first team to use the song with
8611-475: The music hall for the modern audience, and the Paul Daniels Magic Show allowed several speciality acts a television presence from 1979 to 1994. Aimed at a younger audience, but still owing a lot to the music hall heritage, was the late-1970s’ television series, The Muppet Show . The music hall was first imported into France in its British form in 1862, but under the French law protecting
8720-476: The name of the team and/or words of encouragement. The chants may also be in a call-and-response format. For example, Chile national football team fans will do a routine whereby one group of fans will chant "Chi-Chi-Chi", and another group will respond "Le-Le-Le". For the Indonesia national football team one group of fans will chant "In-Do-Ne-Sia" with an air horn and hand clap in response. "Garuda Di Dadaku"
8829-529: The new roles women were taking in society. Possibly the most notorious of music hall songs from the First World War was " Oh! It's a lovely war " ( 1917 ), popularised by male impersonator Ella Shields . Music hall continued during the interwar period , no longer the single dominant form of popular entertainment in Britain. The improvement of cinema, the development of radio, and the cheapening of
8938-416: The nineteenth century, the first purpose-built music halls were being built in London. The halls created a demand for new and catchy popular songs, that could no longer be met from the traditional folk song repertoire. Professional songwriters were enlisted to fill the gap. The emergence of a distinct music hall style can be credited to a fusion of musical influences. Music hall songs needed to gain and hold
9047-418: The other. The halls had recovered by the start of the First World War and were used to stage charity events in aid of the war effort. Music hall entertainment continued after the war, but became less popular due to upcoming jazz , swing , and big-band dance music acts. Licensing restrictions had also changed, and drinking was banned from the auditorium. A new type of music hall entertainment had arrived, in
9156-466: The poorer members of the profession, earning thirty shillings to £3 a week. For this they have to do double turns, and now matinées have been added as well. These poor things have been compelled to submit to unfair terms of employment, and I mean to back up the federation in whatever steps are taken. World War I may have been the high-water mark of music hall popularity. The artists and composers threw themselves into rallying public support and enthusiasm for
9265-558: The premises, Henry Weston, signalled that the West End was fruitful territory for the music hall. During 1906 it was rebuilt as a variety theatre and renamed as the Holborn Empire . It was closed as a result of German action in the Blitz on the night of 11–12 May 1941 and the building was pulled down in 1960. Significant West End music halls include: Other large suburban music halls included: A noted music hall entrepreneur of this time
9374-474: The rapid industrialisation and urbanisation of previously rural populations during the Industrial Revolution . The newly created urban communities, cut off from their cultural roots, required new and readily accessible forms of entertainment. Music halls were originally tavern rooms which provided entertainment, in the form of music and speciality acts, for their patrons. By the middle years of
9483-464: The release of a record by Hector Nicol in the 1950s ("Glory Glory to the Hibees"). The Stars and Stripes Forever is often sung with the words " Here we go, here we go, here we go! ". There have been various adaptations of " When The Saints Go Marching In " (e.g. by fans of Southampton and Tottenham Hotspur), and the tune of Handel's Hallelujah chorus . Many football crowd chants/songs are to
9592-490: The show. In a theatre, by contrast, the audience was seated in stalls and there was a separate bar-room. An exception to this rule was the Britannia Theatre , Hoxton (1841) which somehow managed to evade this regulation and served drinks to its customers. Though a theatre rather than a music hall, this establishment later hosted music-hall variety acts. The establishment often regarded as the first true music hall
9701-494: The somewhat mysterious lyrics: Up and down the City Road In and out The Eagle That's the way the money goes Pop goes the weasel . Another famous "song and supper" room of this period was Evans Music-and-Supper Rooms , 43 King Street, Covent Garden , established in the 1840s by W.H. Evans. This venue was also known as 'Evans Late Joys' – Joy being the name of the previous owner. Other song and supper rooms included
9810-476: The state theatres, performers could not wear costumes or recite dialogue, something only allowed in theaters. When the law changed in 1867, the Paris music hall flourished, and a half-dozen new halls opened, offering acrobats, singers, dancers, magicians, and trained animals. The first Paris music hall built specially for that purpose was the Folies-Bergere (1869); it was followed by the Moulin Rouge (1889),
9919-493: The team, individual players or managers. Typically popular tunes are used for this type of chants, for example, "There's only one [ name of player ]" sung to the tune of " Guantanamera ", "Super [ name of player or team ]", or the " Olé, Olé, Olé " chant. The chants may give encouragement to the team, for example, "Come on you [ name of team ]", " Vamos [ name of team ] ", "Allez [ name of team ]". They may be expression of confidence and optimism, suggesting that their team will win
10028-570: The tune of Rule Britannia since the 1970-71 season when they won the double. Most Turkish teams have been using the theme of To Brazil by Vengaboys with their own team's lyrics. Some chants are based on spirituals . " We shall not be moved " and " He's Got the Whole World in His Hands " are both used by fans. An example of the latter's use was "He's got a pineapple on his head" aimed at Jason Lee due to his distinctive hairstyle. The song
10137-523: The tune of " La donna è mobile " from Giuseppe Verdi 's opera Rigoletto , for example the chant by Derby County fans in honour of Fabrizio Ravanelli of "We've got Fabrizio, you've got fuck allio". Italian tifosi employ various operatic arie , especially those by Giuseppe Verdi , for chants. For Parma 's home matches at the Stadio Ennio Tardini , during the entry of the teams in the field, Aida 's triumphal march resounds as Verdi
10246-585: The tune of "Love will tear us apart" by Joy Division to mock fans of Leeds United . Music hall Music hall is a type of British theatrical entertainment that was most popular from the early Victorian era , beginning around 1850, through the Great War . It faded away after 1918 as the halls rebranded their entertainment as variety. Perceptions of a distinction in Britain between bold and scandalous music hall entertainment and subsequent, more respectable variety entertainment differ. Music hall involved
10355-453: The war effort. Patriotic music hall compositions such as "Keep the Home Fires Burning" ( 1914 ), "Pack up Your Troubles" ( 1915 ), " It's a Long Way to Tipperary " ( 1914 ) and " We Don't Want to Lose You (But We Think You Ought To Go) " ( 1914 ), were sung by music hall audiences, and sometimes by soldiers in the trenches. Many songs promoted recruitment ("All the boys in khaki get the nice girls", 1915); others satirised particular elements of
10464-568: The war experience. "What did you do in the Great war, Daddy" ( 1919 ) criticised profiteers and slackers; Vesta Tilley 's "I've got a bit of a blighty one" ( 1916 ) showed a soldier delighted to have a wound just serious enough to be sent home. The rhymes give a sense of grim humour ("When they wipe my face with sponges / and they feed me on blancmanges / I'm glad I've got a bit of a blighty one"). Tilley became more popular than ever during this time, when she and her husband, Walter de Frece , managed
10573-588: The working classes of their pleasures, as a form of social control, whilst sparing the supposedly more responsible upper classes who patronised the theatres (though this could be due to the licensing restrictions brought about due to the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 , which also applied to public houses). Even so, the music hall gave rise to such major stars as George Formby , Gracie Fields , Max Miller , Will Hay , and Flanagan and Allen during this period. In
10682-469: The world. As football fans travel to other countries on away international matches, and international broadcasts of football matches are common, fans from around the world often picked up chants from other clubs and countries, and some chants spread in an organic manner and become popular internationally. An example is the chant based on " Seven Nation Army " by The White Stripes – it was first adopted by fans of Belgian Club Brugge KV in 2003, their chant
10791-544: Was Carlo Gatti who built a music hall, known as Gatti's, at Hungerford Market in 1857. He sold the music hall to South Eastern Railway in 1862, and the site became Charing Cross railway station . With the proceeds from selling his first music hall, Gatti acquired a restaurant in Westminster Bridge Road , opposite The Canterbury music hall. He converted the restaurant into a second Gatti's music hall, known as "Gatti's-in-the-Road", in 1865. It later became
10900-515: Was knighted in 1919 for his own services to the war effort, and Tilley became Lady de Frece. Once the reality of war began to sink home, the recruiting songs all but disappeared – the Greatest Hits collection for 1915 published by top music publisher Francis and Day contains no recruitment songs. After conscription was brought in 1916, songs dealing with the war spoke mostly of the desire to return home. Many also expressed anxiety about
11009-502: Was also written in the 1880s by James Curran, although it was intended for the music hall rather than the terrace. It was also recorded in the 1890s that Sheffield United fans had adopted a music hall song, the "Rowdy Dowdy Boys", while Southampton fans sang a "Yi! Yi! Yi!" chant based on a war cry. Blackburn Rovers fans were reported to have chanted "We've won the cup before – many a time" before their 1891 FA Cup Final match against Notts County . Composer Sir Edward Elgar wrote
11118-532: Was known as the Music Hall War . It became extremely well known, and was advocated enthusiastically by the main spokesmen of the trade union and Labour movement – Ben Tillett and Keir Hardie for example. Picket lines were organized outside the theatres by the artistes, while in the provinces theatre management attempted to oblige artistes to sign a document promising never to join a trade union. The strike ended in arbitration, which satisfied most of
11227-512: Was later popularised by the television show Fantasy Football League . Christmas carols have also been used as chants like with the theme of " O Tannenbaum " by the likes of Manchester United or Chelsea fans. The tune to the Shaker song " Simple Gifts " has spawned many terrace chants including " Carefree ", a chant associated with Chelsea . It was also used for a Tottenham song abusing Sol Campbell after his move to Arsenal in 2001 and
11336-486: Was of then unprecedented size. It was further extended in 1859, later rebuilt as a variety theatre and finally destroyed by German bombing in 1942. The Canterbury Hall became a model for music halls in other cities too, such as the Bristol Canterbury, which was built in 1850s as the first purpose-built music hall in the city. Another early music hall was The Middlesex, Drury Lane (1851). Popularly known as
11445-459: Was performed: male and female impersonators, lions comiques , mime artists and impressionists, trampoline acts, and comic pianists (such as John Orlando Parry and George Grossmith ) were just a few of the many types of entertainments the audiences could expect to find over the next forty years. The Music Hall Strike of 1907 was an important industrial conflict. It was a dispute between artists and stage hands on one hand, and theatre managers on
11554-568: Was sung by Manchester United fans, in honour of Park Ji-Sung . Chelsea fans also adapted the song "One Man Went To Mow" as an anthem. " Sloop John B " has been popular amongst English football fans since the mid-2000s. It was adopted by the supporters of English non-league team F.C. United of Manchester as a club anthem in 2007. The Geordie folk song " Blaydon Races " is associated with Newcastle United . Other folk songs to have their lyrics altered include " The John B. Sails " to "We Won it 5 Times" by Liverpool fans, " She'll Be Coming 'Round
11663-678: Was the Canterbury , 143 Westminster Bridge Road , Lambeth built by Charles Morton , afterwards dubbed "the Father of the Halls", on the site of a skittle alley next to his pub, the Canterbury Tavern. It opened on 17 May 1852 and was described by the musician and author Benny Green as being "the most significant date in all the history of music hall". The hall looked like most contemporary pub concert rooms, but its replacement in 1854
11772-734: Was the Tivoli in the Strand built 1888–90 in an eclectic neo-Romanesque style with Baroque and Moorish-Indian embellishments. " The Tivoli " became a brand name for music-halls all over the British Empire. During 1892, the Royal English Opera House, which had been a financial failure in Shaftesbury Avenue , applied for a music hall licence and was converted by Walter Emden into a grand music hall and renamed
11881-460: Was then picked by Italian fans, and it was made an unofficial anthem for the Italy national football team in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , following which it spread to other football clubs around the world as well as beyond football into other sports and events. A wide variety of football chants exist, some of the more popular ones may be grouped into the following types: The chants may also praise
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