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40-543: Villa Mondragone is a patrician villa originally in the territory of the Italian comune of Frascati ( Latium , central Italy ), now in the territory of Monte Porzio Catone ( Alban Hills ). It lies on a hill 416m above sea-level, in an area called, from its many castles and villas, Castelli Romani about 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Rome, near the ancient town of Tusculum . Construction began in 1573 by Cardinal Mark Sittich von Hohenems Altemps , who commissioned

80-534: A projected fifth volume did not appear). Muratori reprinted Bianchini's edition, adding the remaining popes through John XXII (Scriptores rerum Italicarum, III). Migne also republished Bianchini's edition, adding several appendixes (P. L., CXXVII-VIII). Modern editions include those of Louis Duchesne ( Liber Pontificalis. Texte, introduction et commentaire , 2 vols., Paris, 1886–92) and Theodor Mommsen ( Gestorum Pontificum Romanorum pars I: Liber Pontificalis , Mon. Germ. hist. , Berlin, 1898). Duchesne incorporates

120-434: Is an "unofficial instrument of pontifical propaganda." The title Liber Pontificalis goes back to the 12th century, although it only became current in the 15th century, and the canonical title of the work since the edition of Duchesne in the 19th century. In the earliest extant manuscripts it is referred to as Liber episcopalis in quo continentur acta beatorum pontificum Urbis Romae ('episcopal book in which are contained

160-604: Is mostly copied from other works with small additions or excisions from the papal biographies of Pandulf, nephew of Hugo of Alatri , which in turn was copied almost verbatim from the original Liber Pontificalis (with the notable exception of the biography of Pope Leo IX ), then from other sources until Pope Honorius II (1124–1130), and with contemporary information from Pope Paschal II (1099–1118) to Pope Urban II (1088–1099). Duchesne attributes all biographies from Pope Gregory VII to Urban II to Pandulf , while earlier historians like Giesebrecht and Watterich attributed

200-403: Is repeated by Martin of Opava , who extended the work into the 13th century. Other sources attribute the early work to Hegesippus and Irenaeus , having been continued by Eusebius of Caesarea . In the 16th century, Onofrio Panvinio attributed the biographies after Damasus until Pope Nicholas I (858–867) to Anastasius Bibliothecarius ; Anastasius continued to be cited as the author into

240-603: Is twinned with: Each year young people from Frascati and the other towns compete against one another in the Twin Towns Sports Competition, which is hosted in turn by each of the five towns. In the Torlonia Park in Frascati, there are roads named after each of the twin towns. During the latter half of the 1950s, the first Italian particle accelerator was developed in Frascati by INFN , and

280-603: The Gesta Romanorum Pontificum alongside the Liber Censuum of Pope Honorius III . Boso drew on Bonizo of Sutri for popes from John XII to Gregory VII , and wrote from his own experiences about the popes from Gelasius II (1118–1119) to Alexander III (1179–1181). An independent continuation appeared in the reign of Pope Eugene IV (1431–1447), appending biographies from Pope Urban V (1362–1370) to Pope Martin V (1417–1431), encompassing

320-610: The Leonine Catalogue , which is no longer extant. Most scholars believe the Liber Pontificalis was first compiled in the 5th or 6th century. Because of the use of the vestiarium , the records of the papal treasury , some have hypothesized that the author of the early Liber Pontificalis was a clerk of the papal treasury. Edward Gibbon 's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1788) summarised

360-486: The Colonna , until, in 1460, Pope Pius II fortified the city with walls. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, Pope Julius II gave Frascati as a feudal possession to the condottiero Marcantonio I Colonna , who lived there from 1508 together with his wife Lucrezia della Rovere (1485–1552), niece of Pope Julius II. In 1515 Colonna gave Frascati its first statute, Statuti e Capituli del Castello di Frascati , under

400-498: The white wine with the same name . It is also a historical and artistic centre. The most important archeological finding in the area, dating back to Ancient Roman times, during the late Republican Age, is a patrician Roman villa probably belonging to Lucullus . In the first century AD its owner was Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus , who married Agrippina the Younger , mother of Nero . His properties were later confiscated by

440-440: The 17th century, although this attribution was disputed by the scholarship of Caesar Baronius , Ciampini , Schelstrate and others. The modern interpretation, following that of Louis Duchesne , is that the Liber Pontificalis was gradually and unsystematically compiled, and that the authorship is impossible to determine, with a few exceptions (e.g. the biography of Pope Stephen II (752–757) to papal "Primicerius" Christopher;

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480-585: The Flavian imperial dynasty (69–96 AD). Consul Flavius Clemens lived in the villa with his wife Domitilla during the rule of Domitian . According to the Liber Pontificalis , in the 9th century Frascati was a little village, probably founded two centuries earlier. The name of the city probably comes from a typical local tradition of collecting firewood ("frasche" in Italian)—many place-names around

520-742: The INFN still has a major particle physics laboratory in the town, the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati . Frascati now also hosts the following laboratories: The OECD 's Frascati Manual , a methodology for research and development statistics, originated from a meeting at the Villa Falconieri in June 1963. Novels and books partly or wholly set in Frascati include: Some operas mention Frascati, including La Frascatana ( L'Enfante de Zamora ), 1774, by Giovanni Paisiello Frascati

560-468: The Latin title Populus antiquae civitas Tusculi . In 1518 a hospital was built, named after St. Sebastiano, in memory of the old basilica destroyed in the 9th century. After Prince Colonna's death in 1522, Lucrezia della Rovere sold Frascati to Pier Luigi Farnese , nephew of Pope Paul III . On May 1, 1527, a Landsknecht company, after having sacked Rome , arrived out of the bordering villages. However,

600-530: The Mediterranean zone. Approximately 50% of its buildings, including many monuments, villas and houses, were destroyed. One thousand Italians and 150 Germans died in that air strike and in a second air strike on January 22, 1944, the day of the battle of Anzio ( Operation Shingle ). The city was liberated from the Nazi German occupation on June 4, 1944, by the 85th Infantry Division . In 1944–1945

640-585: The acts of the blessed pontiffs of the city of Rome') and later the Gesta or Chronica pontificum . During the Middle Ages, Saint Jerome was considered the author of all the biographies up until those of Pope Damasus I (366–383), based on an apocryphal letter between Saint Jerome and Pope Damasus published as a preface to the Medieval manuscripts. The attribution originated with Rabanus Maurus and

680-547: The biographies of Gregory VII, Victor III, and Urban II to Petrus Pisanus , and the subsequent biographies to Pandulf. These biographies until those of Pope Martin IV (1281–1285) are extant only as revised by Petrus Guillermi in the manuscripts of the monastery of St. Gilles having been taken from the Chronicle of Martin of Opava . Early in the 14th century, an unknown author built upon the continuation of Petrus Guillermi, adding

720-413: The biographies of Pope Nicholas I and Pope Adrian II (867–872) to Anastasius). Duchesne and others have viewed the beginning of the Liber Pontificalis up until the biographies of Pope Felix III (483–492) as the work of a single author, who was a contemporary of Pope Anastasius II (496-498), relying on Catalogus Liberianus , which in turn draws from the papal catalogue of Hippolytus of Rome , and

760-401: The biographies of popes Martin IV (d. 1285) through John XXII (1316–1334), with information taken from the " Chronicon Pontificum " of Bernardus Guidonis , stopping abruptly in 1328. Independently, the cardinal-nephew of Pope Adrian IV , Cardinal Boso intended to extend the Liber Pontificalis from where it left off with Stephen V, although his work was only published posthumously as

800-742: The city was chosen as the terminus of the Rome–Frascati railway , the first railway to be built by the Papal State . The last section of the railway line was opened in 1884, 14 years after the city became part of the new Kingdom of Italy . On December 17, 1901, Frascati started to receive electricity from a hydroelectric plant in Tivoli . In 1906, an electric tram line opened for service between Frascati, Rome and Castelli Romani . The trams traveled wholly along tracks laid down on existing streets as an interurban electric streetcar ( light rail ). In 1954

840-653: The design for it and for the Palazzo Altemps in central Rome from Martino Longhi the Elder , on the site of the remains of a Roman villa of the consular family of the Quinctilii . Pope Gregory XIII , whose heraldic dragon led to calling the villa "Mondragone", used the villa regularly as a summer residence, as guest of Cardinal Altemps. It was at the Villa Mondragone that in 1582, Gregory promulgated

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880-607: The document (the papal bull " Inter gravissimas ") which initiated the reform of the calendar now in use and known as the Gregorian calendar . Villa Mondragone was at its maximum splendour during the epoch of the Borghese family (including Cardinal Scipione Borghese and Pope Paul V ), who exhibited parts of their art and antiquities collections there (including the Antinous Mondragone which derives its name from

920-439: The duration of the ensuing sede vacante . Pope Adrian II (867–872) is the last pope for which there are extant manuscripts of the original Liber Pontificalis : the biographies of Pope John VIII , Pope Marinus I , and Pope Adrian III are missing and the biography of Pope Stephen V (885–891) is incomplete. From Stephen V through the 10th and 11th centuries, the historical notes are extremely abbreviated, usually with only

960-552: The electric tram line was replaced by buses. Another electric tram service, the Rome and Fiuggi Rail Road , called "Vicinali", was opened for service in 1916. It connected Frascati, Monte Porzio Catone, Monte Compatri and San Cesareo. This tram line was destroyed in 1943 and was replaced by buses. In 1943, during World War II , Frascati was heavily bombed because it contained the German General Headquarters for

1000-640: The famous Voynich manuscript from the Jesuits at the Villa Mondragone. The facility, in need of funds, was discreetly selling some of its holdings. Voynich purchased 30 manuscripts, one of which was later to be known as the Voynich manuscript, though the work itself purportedly dates to the early 15th century. There is, however, dissent among researchers as to its origin. 41°48′33″N 12°41′49″E  /  41.80917°N 12.69694°E  / 41.80917; 12.69694 Frascati Frascati produces

1040-640: The first public and free school in Europe was established on the initiative of Saint Joseph Calasanz . On June 18, 1656, a part of the plaster peeled off a wall inside the Church of St. Mary in Vivario, and an ancient fresco became visible. It was the image of Saints Sebastian and Roch , protector from the plague. In that same year there was an epidemic of plague in Rome but Frascati was unaffected. Since that year,

1080-586: The period of the Western Schism . A later recension of this continuation was expanded under Pope Eugene IV . The two collections of papal biographies of the 15th century remain independent, although they may have been intended to be continuations of the Liber Pontificalis . The first extends from popes Benedict XII (1334–1342) to Martin V (1417–1431), or in one manuscript to Eugene IV (1431–1447). The second extends from Pope Urban VI (1378–1389) to Pope Pius II (1458–1464). The Liber Pontificalis

1120-420: The pope's origin and reign duration. It was only in the 12th century that the Liber Pontificalis was systematically continued, although papal biographies exist in the interim period in other sources. Duchesne refers to the 12th-century work by Petrus Guillermi in 1142 at the monastery of St. Gilles ( Diocese of Reims ) as the Liber Pontificalis of Petrus Guillermi (son of William) . Guillermi's version

1160-531: The ruins of the buildings were used to fill in a valley, and that land now supports the "8 September Stadium". Frascati is famous for its notable villas , which were built from the 16th century onwards by Popes, cardinals and Roman nobles as "status symbols" of Roman aristocracy. These country houses were designed for social activities rather than farming. The villas are substantially well preserved, or have been carefully and authentically restored following damage during World War II. The main villas are: Frascati

1200-404: The scholarly consensus as being that the Liber Pontificalis was composed by "apostolic librarians and notaries of the viii and ix centuries" with only the most recent portion being composed by Anastasius. Duchesne and others believe that the author of the first addition to the Liber Pontificalis was a contemporary of Pope Silverius (536–537), and that the author of another (not necessarily

1240-702: The second) addition was a contemporary of Pope Conon (686–687), with later popes being added individually and during their reigns or shortly after their deaths. The Liber Pontificalis originally only contained the names of the bishops of Rome and the durations of their pontificates. As enlarged in the 6th century, each biography consists of: the birth name of the pope and that of his father, place of birth, profession before elevation, length of pontificate, historical notes of varying thoroughness, major theological pronouncements and decrees, administrative milestones (including building campaigns, especially of Roman churches ), ordinations , date of death, place of burial, and

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1280-892: The setting of her novel La Daniella . In 1865 the Jesuits turned it into a college, the Nobile Collegio Mondragone , for young aristocrats, which operated until 1953. During the Second World War the college was also used as a shelter for evacuees. In 1981 it was sold by the Order of the Jesuits to the University, where as of modern times, the Villa remains a peripheral seat of the University of Rome Tor Vergata . In 1912 Wilfrid Michael Voynich acquired

1320-477: The soldiers changed the direction of their movement next to a niche, a " Rural Aedicule " consecrated to the Virgin Mary, and the town was therefore saved. This event is commemorated by a church now called Capocroce. In 1538, Pope Paul III conferred the title of "Civitas" to Frascati, with the name "Tusculum Novum". In 1598 construction began on a new cathedral dedicated to St. Peter. On September 15, 1616,

1360-486: The town refer to trees or wood. After the destruction of nearby Tusculum in 1191, the town's population increased and the bishopric moved from Tusculum to Frascati. Pope Innocent III endorsed the city as a feudal possession of the basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano , but in the following centuries its territories were ravaged by frequent raids that impoverished it. It was owned by various baronial families, including

1400-627: The two Saints have been co-patron Saints of the city. There are statues of the two saints in the façade of the Cathedral. Between 1713 and 1729, the head from a colossus of Antinous was discovered in the area, and displayed in the Villa Mondragone . In 1757 the Valle theater opened in the centre of the town, and in 1761 the fortress changed to a princely palace under the patronage of Cardinal Henry Stuart , Duke of York. In 1809 Frascati

1440-582: The villa). Other popes who passed long periods in Villa Mondragone include Clement VIII and Paul V . In 1620, the owners of the villa bequeathed the Mondragone library to the Vatican library . Starting from 1626, Pope Urban VIII decided to leave Villa Mondragone in favour of the Papal residence of Castelgandolfo . In 1858 George Sand was guest in the villa, and found there a suitable atmosphere for

1480-462: Was first edited by Joannes Busaeus under the title Anastasii bibliothecarii Vitæ seu Gesta Romanorum Pontificum (Mainz, 1602). A new edition, including the Historia ecclesiastica of Anastasius, was edited by Fabrotti (Paris, 1647). Another edition, editing the older Liber Pontificalis up to Pope Adrian II and adding Pope Stephen VI , was compiled by Fr. Bianchini (4 vols., Rome, 1718–35;

1520-517: Was annexed to the French Empire , and selected as the capital of the Roman canton. In autumn 1837, there was a plague epidemic in Rome, and 5,000 people left Rome. Frascati was the only city that opened its doors to them. Since then Frascati's flag has been the same as Rome's, yellow and red. In 1840 the "Accademia Tuscolana" was founded in the city by Cardinal-Bishop Ludovico Micara . In 1856

1560-612: Was later supplemented in a different style until Pope Eugene IV (1431–1447) and then Pope Pius II (1458–1464). Although quoted virtually uncritically from the 8th to 18th centuries, the Liber Pontificalis has undergone intense modern scholarly scrutiny. The work of the French priest Louis Duchesne (who compiled the major scholarly edition), and of others has highlighted some of the underlying redactional motivations of different sections, though such interests are so disparate and varied as to render improbable one popularizer's claim that it

1600-483: Was the birthplace of: Frascati has drawn many famous people to live there for a time including: Liber Pontificalis The Liber Pontificalis ( Latin for 'pontifical book' or Book of the Popes ) is a book of biographies of popes from Saint Peter until the 15th century. The original publication of the Liber Pontificalis stopped with Pope Adrian II (867–872) or Pope Stephen V (885–891), but it

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