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73-557: Coined "La Esmeralda del Sureste" (The Emerald of the Southeast), Villahermosa is a modern city with history dating back to the early 1500s. Its natural resources like cacao, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, rice, and hardwoods has made Villahermosa attractive to domestic investors. The city has become a hub for oil and gas operations in Southern Mexico and is referred to as the “Energy City of Mexico.” The most recent oil finding at

146-513: A hardness of 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale . Most emeralds have many inclusions , so their toughness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor. Emerald is a cyclosilicate . The word "emerald" is derived (via Old French : esmeraude and Middle English : emeraude ), from Vulgar Latin : esmaralda/esmaraldus , a variant of Latin smaragdus , which was via Ancient Greek : σμάραγδος (smáragdos; "green gem"). The Greek word may have

219-493: A "synthetic" stone. The FTC says: "§ 23.23(c) It is unfair or deceptive to use the word "laboratory-grown", "laboratory-created", "[manufacturer name]-created", or "synthetic" with the name of any natural stone to describe any industry product unless such industry product has essentially the same optical, physical, and chemical properties as the stone named." The virtue of the Emerald is to counteract poison. They say that if

292-418: A Semitic, Sanskrit or Persian origin. According to Webster's Dictionary the term emerald was first used in the 14th century. Emeralds, like all colored gemstones , are graded using four basic parameters known as "the four C s": color , clarity, cut and carat weight . Normally, in grading colored gemstones, color is by far the most important criterion. However, in the grading of emeralds, clarity

365-464: A certificate from a licensed, independent gemology laboratory. Other treatments, for example the use of green-tinted oil, are not acceptable in the trade. Gems are graded on a four-step scale; none , minor , moderate and highly enhanced. These categories reflect levels of enhancement, not clarity . A gem graded none on the enhancement scale may still exhibit visible inclusions. Laboratories apply these criteria differently. Some gemologists consider

438-507: A feathered skirt in shades of sinople red and green, ribbons on her forearms, and flower bouquets in each hand. The fourth quarter gules features a crowned lion with a protruding tongue representing the ancient Kingdom of León. The center inescutcheon features a crowned Virgin Mary dressed in gules and azure and the Pillars of Hercules tipped with globes. Written on the Pillars of Hercules

511-433: A hue that is bright (vivid). Gray is the normal saturation modifier or mask found in emeralds; a grayish-green hue is a dull-green hue. Emeralds tend to have numerous inclusions and surface-breaking fissures . Unlike diamonds, where the loupe standard (i.e., 10× magnification) is used to grade clarity, emeralds are graded by eye. Thus, if an emerald has no visible inclusions to the eye (assuming normal visual acuity) it

584-509: A thin layer of emerald on top of natural colorless beryl stones. Later, from 1965 to 1970, the Linde Division of Union Carbide produced completely synthetic emeralds by hydrothermal synthesis. According to their patents (attributable to E.M. Flanigen ), acidic conditions are essential to prevent the chromium (which is used as the colorant) from precipitating. Also, it is important that the silicon-containing nutrient be kept away from

657-461: A vacuum chamber under mild heat, to open the pores of the stone and allow the fracture-filling agent to be absorbed more effectively. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission requires the disclosure of this treatment when an oil-treated emerald is sold. The use of oil is traditional and largely accepted by the gem trade, although oil-treated emeralds are worth much less than untreated emeralds of similar quality. Untreated emeralds must also be accompanied by

730-518: A venomous animal should look at it, it will become blinded. The gem also acts as a preservative against epilepsy; it cures leprosy, strengthens sight and memory, checks copulation, during which act it will break, if worn at the time on the finger. Macultepec Macultepec is a village of the Centro municipality , in the Mexican state of Tabasco . The etymology of Macultepec's name comes from

803-412: A vivid primary green hue (as described above), with no more than 15% of any secondary hue or combination (either blue or yellow) of a medium-dark tone, command the highest prices. The relative non-uniformity motivates the cutting of emeralds in cabochon form, rather than faceted shapes. Faceted emeralds are most commonly given an oval cut, or the signature emerald cut, a rectangular cut with facets around

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876-607: Is a modern city and one of the most important commercial points in the long stretch of territory between Mexico City and Cancún —perhaps second only to Mérida in Yucatán . Villahermosa is located in the southeast of Mexico between the rivers Grijalva and Carrizal. The average elevation of the city is 10 meters above sea level . The city also has several lagoons, the largest and most important of them being La Laguna de las Ilusiones (Illusions Lagoon). The most important city thoroughfares are Paseo Tabasco, Gregorio Méndez Avenue,

949-465: Is considered a close second. A fine emerald must possess not only a pure verdant green hue as described below, but also a high degree of transparency to be considered a top gemstone. This member of the beryl family ranks among the traditional "big four" gems along with diamonds , rubies and sapphires . In the 1960s, the American jewelry industry changed the definition of emerald to include

1022-452: Is considered a supplementary test when making a natural versus synthetic determination, as many, but not all, natural emeralds are inert to ultraviolet light. Many synthetics are also UV inert. Synthetic emeralds are often referred to as "created", as their chemical and gemological composition is the same as their natural counterparts. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has very strict regulations as to what can and what cannot be called

1095-436: Is considered flawless. Stones that lack surface breaking fissures are extremely rare and therefore almost all emeralds are treated ("oiled", see below) to enhance the apparent clarity. The inclusions and fissures within an emerald are sometimes described as jardin (French for garden ), because of their mossy appearance. Imperfections are unique for each emerald and can be used to identify a particular stone. Eye-clean stones of

1168-593: Is known as the [Saint John the Baptist's Take] in a street-by-street fight. Republican forces gradually gained ground and by January 18 were in the center of the capital, causing French troops to retreat, entrenching themselves in the Royal Warehouse known as "The Principal". It was fought until February 25, when the Strong House or The Principal began to gun down, and on February 27, when the dawn broke,

1241-622: Is one of the oldest in America. In 1604, the Mayor of Tabasco Juan de Miranda requested the Viceroy Juan de Mendoza and Luna to authorize the powers to be changed from Santa Maria de la Victoria to Saint John the Baptist (now Villahermosa) in addition to requesting that the name of the city be changed to San Juan de Villahermosa , authorizing the change of name of the city, not so the transfer of powers. The King Philip II of Spain gave

1314-533: Is the motto “Plus Ultra“ reflecting overseas expansion. Charles V incorporated this symbolism with the Discovery of America. Villahermosa is located 30 miles (50 km) south of the Gulf Coast and just 904 km southeast of Mexico City . The municipality is in the center of Tabasco , which adjoins the northern municipalities of Nacajuca and Centla, and the southern municipalities of Jalapa , Teapa and

1387-666: Is the world's second biggest producer, with its Kafubu River area deposits (Kagem Mines) about 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Kitwe responsible for 20% of the world's production of gem-quality stones in 2004. In the first half of 2011, the Kagem Mines produced 3.74 tons of emeralds. Emeralds are found all over the world in countries such as Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, Kazakhstan, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Russia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Tanzania,

1460-535: Is very humid but daytime temperatures decrease to around 28° C (82 °F). In October 2007, Villahermosa suffered its worst flood in recorded history . Several hundred thousand people were displaced because of flooded homes. Founded officially on 24 June 1564 by the Spanish Diego de Quijada on the banks of the Grijalva River under the name of Villa Hermosa , in 1826 the village was raised to

1533-472: The Plaza de Armas de Villahermosa' Plaza Mayor , Luis Timoteo Sánchez proclaims independence and unveils the ' Glorious Independent System . However the governor Angel Del Toro managed to stifle the rebellion and the royalists recapture the city. On September 7, 1821, Colonel Juan Nepomuceno Fernández Mantecón , who came from Veracruz , fought a slight battle in the village of Tamulté de la Sabana, defeating

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1606-611: The 25 thresemonious day they arrived at the capital San Juan Bautista, which was defended by the Governor of the state and Military Commander John Baptist Traconis , who was in command of the Tabaquean militias and the Acayucan Battalion. The commander Matthew Perry demanded the surrender of the square, to which the governor John Baptist Traconis replied that the square would defend it with life, so they could initiate

1679-485: The Baptist. Faced with this, the governor John Bautista Traconis asked the federal government for help in the purchase of war equipment and materials, in order to protect the square from a second invasion, however, in the face of the federal government's refusal, Traconis declares Tabasco separated from the Mexican nation. However his proposal was unresonated, and Traconis was removed from the office of governor, assuming

1752-524: The Fort House or Royal Warehouse. This was in order to defend the population and safeguard the flows Real. The Royal Warehouse was located in what are the current streets of Juárez, Reforma, Madero and Lerdo. On July 24, 1598, the King granted the city of San Juan Bautista the title of Villa Hermosa de San Juan Bautista as well as a royal shield (which currently identifies the state of Tabasco ) and which

1825-573: The French invaders undertook the retreat leaving the state capital, this glorious date for national weapons since this was the first region from which the French invaders were expelled from the national territory. Churches and buildings rebuilt after the French bombing had to be rebuilt after this new aggression. Emerald Emerald is a gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl (Be 3 Al 2 (SiO 3 ) 6 ) colored green by trace amounts of chromium or sometimes vanadium . Beryl has

1898-687: The Kingdom of Castile, the Crown of Aragon, the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, and the Mediterranean Sea, four territories of land and sea. The four castles refer to the four lordships that initially carved up the area after it was conquered by Alfonso X of Castile. The second quarter argent features a military arm wielding a two-edged sword, representing Spanish power over a province. The third quarter argent features an Aztec woman wearing

1971-505: The Ogarrio oil field, just 107 km west of Villahermosa, make it an important city in the production of hydrocarbon. Commercially, the city is popular with major retailers like Liverpool , Fábricas de Fráncia , Palacio de Hierro , Walmart , City Club , Costco , Soriana , Chedraui , Comercial Mexicana and Home Depot . National banks Santander Mexico and Banamex serve the city's financial needs. In 1598, King Philip II named

2044-467: The Periférico, Ruiz Cortines Avenue, and Pino Suárez Avenue. Like most of Tabasco, Villahermosa has a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ). Temperatures during spring and summer seasons can reach upwards of 40° C (104 °F), with humidity levels hovering around 30% during the same period (for total humidity-adjusted temperatures in the high forties). During its short "winter", Villahermosa's climate

2117-547: The Province of Tabasco from Tacotalpa to Villa Hermosa de San Juan Bautista, taking effect on Monday, August 15 of that year. Thus, after 118 years, Villahermosa is again the capital of Tabasco. The neighborhood of La Punta or La Concepción was the next growth step of San Juan that transcended the first natural boundaries of the site. Developed around the church of the Immaculate Conception - "La Conchita"-,

2190-610: The Spanish army and planting himself in the vicinity of Saint John the Baptist (San Juan Bautista), which led to the escape of the last colonial governor of Tabasco Angel Del Toro , and triumphantly entered the city proclaiming the National Independence. Juan Nepomuceno Fernández Mantecón" paraded with the troop by the royal road to Atasta and Tamulté (today Av. 27 de Febrero), to Cruz Verde (today Av. Francisco Javier Mina), folded on Yerbabuena street (today Iguala), to

2263-778: The United States, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In the US, emeralds have been found in Connecticut , Montana , Nevada , North Carolina , and South Carolina . In 1998, emeralds were discovered in the Yukon Territory of Canada. Since the onset of concerns regarding diamond origins, research has been conducted to determine if the mining location could be determined for an emerald already in circulation. Traditional research used qualitative guidelines such as an emerald's color, style and quality of cutting, type of fracture filling, and

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2336-517: The anthropological origins of the artifacts bearing the mineral to determine the emerald's mine location. More recent studies using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy methods have uncovered trace chemical element differences between emeralds, including ones mined in close proximity to one another. American gemologist David Cronin and his colleagues have extensively examined the chemical signatures of emeralds resulting from fluid dynamics and subtle precipitation mechanisms, and their research demonstrated

2409-498: The attack , the bombing was not expected, it was 14:15. developed between 25 and 26 October, which is known as the First Battle of Tabasco . Due to the resilience of the city, they indiscriminately bombed Saint John the Baptist, destroying their main buildings such as neighborhood churches, public prison, theater and room houses of the three neighborhoods but due to the fierce defense of the authorities and villagers, fail to take

2482-400: The buildings of San Juan. On 18 June 1863, the French army under the command of Eduardo González Arévalo, dawned before the capital of the state San Juan Bautista, initiating a heavy bombardment and landing with 150 men. A line of defense was established from the square of Ruiz to the stream El Jícaro , the bombardment was so intense that forced the retreat of the defenders to the outskirts of

2555-537: The chemical homogeneity of emeralds from the same mining location and the statistical differences that exist between emeralds from different mining locations, including those between the three locations: Muzo, Coscuez, and Chivor, in Colombia, South America. Both hydrothermal and flux-growth synthetics have been produced, and a method has been developed for producing an emerald overgrowth on colorless beryl . The first commercially successful emerald synthesis process

2628-463: The cholera epidemic was in all its might, and another calamity no less terrible, the civil war, was on the eve of the outbreak..." Juan Federico Maximilian. Baron of Waldeck." The Civil War and the Separation of Tabasco VT Tabasco Separation Federalist Revolution (Tabasco) The succession of violent events began in 1833, when the civil war began in the state, between centralists and federalists with

2701-430: The city "Villa Hermosa of San Juan Bautista," and granted it use of a royal shield on its coat of arms which is still in use today. In the city's long history, its name changed many times. In 1916, governor Francisco J. Mújica decreed to eliminate the name of "San Juan Bautista," leaving only "Villahermosa." Throughout the city's history, Villahermosa has had many names: On July 24, 1598, King Philip II of Spain granted

2774-559: The city and transfer the powers to the village of Tacotalpa , which was the capital of the province for 118 years. On June 21 of that year, the Mayor of Tabasco informed the Viceroy that the fear of pirate invasions had caused the depopulation of entire villages such as Cunduacán, and that Villahermosa, which was the capital, was had depopulated too."' In 1688, lookouts, trenches and fortifications were built in Villahermosa to protect

2847-427: The city of San Juan Bautista. The prelude to the final assault began with the harassment of the capital, and was attacked from different flanks by Juan Morales , Lino Merino , Narciso Sáenz , and Pedro Fuentes who by the end of 1863 had closed the fence over the state capital. The final assault on the capital began on 13 January 1864, and as the enemy became closer, various battles and skirmishes took place, in what

2920-462: The city the title of Villa Hermosa as well as a Coat of Tabasco's Royal Shield . As the pirate attacks did not cease, and they continually destroyed and ranted the village of Santa María de la Victoria , in the year 1619, the change of the powers of the province to San Juan Bautista before the Marquis de Guadalcázar Diego Fernández de Córdoba, authorizing it on December 3 of that same year. However,

2993-649: The city, taking control of the invaders of the city and establishing its barracks in the building called "The Principal" which had been the Royal Warehouse during the Colony. From the capital, the French invaders would begin the struggle to control the entire state of Tabasco. However, the Tobacco forces would gradually go back to the ground. Six months later, on December 2, 1863, the Tabasque Republican forces under Colonel Gregorio Méndez Magaña begin bombing

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3066-557: The city. This would be the only battle won by Mexican forces over the Americans, and was achieved thanks to the expertise of Colonel Traconis and to the value of the Tobacco military volunteering, headed among others by: Miguel Bruno, Manuel Escofié, José Julián Dueñas, Juan Duque de Estrada, [Simón Sarlat García], Manuel Plascencia, and many more. The Americans retreated to the port of Border where they set up an eight-month blockade, to prevent food and bastimento from reaching Saint John

3139-586: The decision to decreeing the Tabasco separation from Mexico on 13 February 1841. Granting the local Congress to the governor José Víctor Jiménez the functions of President. creating two departments: the Treasury department and the War and Navy department. The various revolts and seasoned military stakes between 1833 and 1841 left the city heavily destroyed. On October 23, 1846, U.S. forces invaded Tabasco , and on

3212-568: The desolated city from pirate attacks. However, in 1711 Villahermosa was again fiercely attacked by the English pirates, who set fire to the Royal Warehouse that was the Government House, and the defenders had to take refuge in the "Fortín de la Encarnación", which withstood the attack, but the pirates burned down many houses leaving the town in ruins. It was until July 16, 1717, when the then Mayor of Tabasco Alonso Felipe Andrade , at

3285-666: The discovery of the Colombian deposits. Today, only ruins remain in Egypt. Colombia is by far the world's largest producer of emeralds, constituting 50–95% of the world production, with the number depending on the year, source and grade. Emerald production in Colombia has increased drastically in the last decade, increasing by 78% from 2000 to 2010. The three main emerald mining areas in Colombia are Muzo , Coscuez, and Chivor . Rare "trapiche" emeralds are found in Colombia, distinguished by ray-like spokes of dark impurities. Zambia

3358-465: The epidemic of Cólera-cólera murbus was declared in Saint John the Baptist, and can be controlled until September 1834. A total of 2,500 people died in the state capital and according to the report of the "Ministry of Justice and Ecclesiastical Business", which appeared in the official newspaper of August 25, 1849, 4,020 people died statewide. On December 16 i arrived at Saint John the Baptist, and

3431-510: The first Don Francisco Betancourt Mayor. Taking office on 1 January 1822. •'Change's name and rank's. In solemn meeting, held on October 27, 1826, the Congress of the State, decreed the renaming of the capital city, determining that from November 4, 1826, the city of Villahermosa would be called San Juan Bautista de Tabasco , granting it in addition to the rank of "city". On November 26, 1833,

3504-431: The functions Justo Santa Anna . On June 16, 1847, the Americans returned to Saint John the Baptist, staging the [Second Battle of Tabasco], in which the Americans re-bomb the city, which without bastimentos or food, falls into the hands of the invaders on June 15, having to flee the authorities to the village of Tacotalpa which is named state capital. The Americans take the city and appoint Commander Van Brunt governor of

3577-479: The governor Justo Santa Anna afterwards, were the causes that gave the national weapons in [Tabasco] the triumph about the Americans, on July 22, 1847. Defeated, the Americans vacated the city in which they stayed for 35 days, after which they withdrew not without first setting fire and raving much of the city, leaving it completely destroyed and burned. Also, in 1863 and 1864, both French interventionist forces and Mexican pro-imperialist forces again destroyed much of

3650-552: The green vanadium-bearing beryl. As a result, vanadium emeralds purchased as emeralds in the United States are not recognized as such in the United Kingdom and Europe. In America, the distinction between traditional emeralds and the new vanadium kind is often reflected in the use of terms such as "Colombian emerald". In gemology , color is divided into three components: hue , saturation , and tone . Emeralds occur in hues ranging from yellow-green to blue-green, with

3723-509: The head of an army of Tabasco and Veracruz forces, attacks the pirates on the Island of Tris (now the island of Carmen) that at that time belonged to Tabasco . Despite the death of [Alonso Felipe Andrade], the Tabasco forces expelled the pirates and founded that same day the military post of Nuesra Señora del Carmen (today [City of Carmen]). However, in 1757 the English pirates counterattacked

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3796-567: The hill and street of the "Encarnación" (today 5 may), occupying the new barracks on Today's Independence Street, the Old Barracks, the Town Hall and the Plaza de Armas de Villahermosa' Plaza de Armas where I proclaim Tabasco's independence from the Spanish crown. Completing 302 years and six months of Spanish rule in the state. The next day September 8, at 9 a.m. in the Plaza de Armas de Villahermosa' Plaza de Armas de San Juan Bautista ,

3869-708: The local authorities adopted the Iguala Plan and signed the annexation to the new nation, thus remaining Tabasco attached to Mexico The festivities culminated in a mass and a "Te Deum" in the hermitage of the Conception. Shortly after the consummate of the Independence movement, in November 1821, the first Constitutional Council was elected in accordance with the Constitution of 1812, being elected as

3942-599: The mere presence of oil or polymers to constitute enhancement. Others may ignore traces of oil if the presence of the material does not improve the look of the gemstone. Emeralds in antiquity were mined in Ancient Egypt at locations on Mount Smaragdus since 1500 BC, and India and Austria since at least the 14th century AD. The Egyptian mines were exploited on an industrial scale by the Roman and Byzantine Empires, and later by Islamic conquerors. Mining in Egypt ceased with

4015-522: The military post of Nuestra Señora del Carmen, setting it on fire and destroying it, and then re-attacking the Tabasco coasts. Finally, in 1785, the Tabasco militias, commanded by Captain Juan de Amestoy and Lieutenant Francisco Interiano, defeated and permanently evicted the English from Carmen Island. In January 1795 the Viceroy Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca authorized the change of the powers of

4088-687: The municipal extension scale. The territorial division of the Municipality of Centro (Tabasco)'s municipality of Centro consists of a city, 7 villas, 1 village, 132 rancheries, and 117 boroughs (colonial) and fractions. The municipality contains 13 regional development centers (CORs) where most economic and social activities are carried out, these are: Villa Ocuiltzapoltán , Villa Macultepec , Villa Parrilla 1a. Section , Villa Subteniente García, Rosario Beaches , Villa New People of Roots , Poblado Dos Montes , Los Boquerones , Villa Luis Gil Pérez , and Villa Tamulte de Las Sabanas . Today, Villahermosa

4161-474: The neighborhood was also known as La Punta for being at the southern end of the city, on a hillside of the hill of La Eminence, between the Grijalva River, the lagoon of La Pólvora and the primary trace. The last district dating from the late colonial era, from the early years of the nineteenth century, was the neighborhood of La Santa Cruz, with its center in the church of the same name. This neighborhood

4234-399: The new capital of the Province of Tabasco . The "Fortín de la Encarnación" was immediately built in what is now the park of "the birds" on the corner that form the current streets of May 5 and Zaragoza at the foot of the hill of "La Encarnación". In 1677 as Mayor Diego de Loyola , the privateers fiercely attacked the capital Villahermosa de San Juan Bautista, forcing the authorities to leave

4307-475: The other ingredients to prevent nucleation and confine growth to the seed crystals. Growth occurs by a diffusion-reaction process, assisted by convection. The largest producer of hydrothermal emeralds today is Tairus, which has succeeded in synthesizing emeralds with chemical composition similar to emeralds in alkaline deposits in Colombia, and whose products are thus known as “Colombian created emeralds” or “Tairus created emeralds”. Luminescence in ultraviolet light

4380-410: The primary hue necessarily being green. Yellow and blue are the normal secondary hues found in emeralds. Only gems that are medium to dark in tone are considered emeralds; light-toned gems are known instead by the species name green beryl . The finest emeralds are approximately 75% tone on a scale where 0% tone is colorless and 100% is opaque black. In addition, a fine emerald will be saturated and have

4453-530: The rank of city under the name of San Juan Bautista de la Villa Hermosa (Saint John the Baptist ). During the French intervention in Mexico , French troops occupied the city in 1863. In 1916, the governor of Tabasco, Francisco J. Múgica , ordered the restoration of the city's name to Villahermosa . The Villa Carmona was later christened San Juan Bautista, and was divided into neighborhoods. The oldest of them

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4526-458: The rate of 1 mm per month, a typical seven-month growth run produces emerald crystals 7 mm thick. Hydrothermal synthetic emeralds have been attributed to IG Farben , Nacken, Tairus , and others, but the first satisfactory commercial product was that of Johann Lechleitner of Innsbruck , Austria, which appeared on the market in the 1960s. These stones were initially sold under the names "Emerita" and "Symeralds", and they were grown as

4599-433: The south-central municipality of Macuspana . It also borders the northwestern state of Chiapas. The geographical coordinates of the municipality are north 18-20', south 17-43' north latitude; 92-35', west 93-15' west. The urban area of Villahermosa occupies 61,177 km2 while the territorial extension of the municipality occupies 1,612 km2, which corresponds to 6.9% of the total state territory, occupying 7th place on

4672-506: The state. However, on July 22, the Tobacco guerrillas led by Miguel Bruno, which gave them no truce or respite, began performing in the city. On the 26th arrived in Saint John the Baptist, Commander Bigelow who replaced Van Brunt in government, and tried more reinforcements to defeat the Tobacco forces. Due to the strong Tobacco guerrillas, and the reckless courage of the Tabasqueños organized by Colonel John Bautista Traconis first, and

4745-478: The struggle for Independence, few libertarian movements aroused in the state capital, due to the fierce control exercised by the colonial authorities of the province. It was until [1814] that [José María Jiménez Garrido] launched the cry of insurrection. However, he was imprisoned by the governor and sent to [San Juan de Ulúa]. On July 5, 1821, Villahermosa was taken by the independentists headed by José María Jiménez Garrido and Luis Timoteo Sánchez and at 2 p.m. in

4818-572: The top edge. Most emeralds are oiled as part of the post- lapidary process, in order to fill in surface-reaching cracks so that clarity and stability are improved. Cedar oil , having a similar refractive index , is often used in this widely adopted practice. Other liquids, including synthetic oils and polymers with refractive indexes close to that of emeralds, such as Opticon , are also used. The least expensive emeralds are often treated with epoxy resins, which are effective for filling stones with many fractures. These treatments are typically applied in

4891-782: The victory of the centralists in 1834. Later in 1839, the Federalist Revolution which culminated in November 1840, with the takeover of the city and the victory of the Tabasque federalists led by the Cuban Francisco de Sentmanat , the jalisciense Juan Pablo Anaya and the Tabasqueño Fernando Nicolás Maldonado . After the federalist revolution, the Texan navy that had supported Juan Pablo Anaya demanded payment for collaborating in

4964-484: The victory, and in the end of achieving it, began a bombardment of the city of San Juan Bautista. The bombing was halted two days later thanks to negotiations by the governor Pedro Requena . The triumph of the Tabasque federalists would annoy the president Anastasio Bustamante , who on February 11, 1841, ordered heavy economic sanctions for the state, taking the State Congress and the governor José Víctor Jiménez

5037-546: The village of San Juan Bautista the title of Villa Hermosa of San Juan Bautista , and afforded them a Coat of Arms . In 1892, State Congress adopted the coat of arms as the official shield of the state of Tabasco . The shield incorporates a quarterly heraldry design with a center inescutcheon. The coat of arms depicts the Spanish Imperial Crown for King Charles who served as Emperor and King. The first quarter gules features four castle towers representing

5110-520: Was developed on marshy and grassland land north of the city center. The city lived peacefully during the last years of the Colony, being an important river port. The Installation of the First Town Hall In November 1808, the Viceroy of the [New Spain] don Pedro de Garibay arranged for elections to be made for the first Town Hall of Villahermosa, verifying the solemn installation of this first Town Hall on 1 January 1809. During

5183-577: Was re-established. The move was not made because many neighbors did not want to leave Saint Mary of Victory . In 1640 due to the continuous pirate attacks on the village of Santa María de la Victoria , the authorities of the Province requested the Viceroy Diego López Pacheco and Portugal to change the capital of the Province to San Juan de Villahermosa, which the Viceroy authorized on 3 February 1641. The transfer of powers took effect on June 24 of that same year, making Villahermosa

5256-419: Was that of Carroll Chatham , likely involving a lithium vanadate flux process, as Chatham's emeralds do not have any water and contain traces of vanadate, molybdenum and vanadium. The other large producer of flux emeralds was Pierre Gilson Sr., whose products have been on the market since 1964. Gilson's emeralds are usually grown on natural colorless beryl seeds, which are coated on both sides. Growth occurs at

5329-657: Was the neighborhood of Esquipulas, on the ridge of the hill of Esquipulas and around the Church of Our Lord of Esquipulas, with his image of Christ black, which had been brought from Esquipulas, Guatemala . By 1596 he was Mayor of Tabasco Lazaro Suárez de Córdova who continued to dispatch in Santa Maria de la Victoria as the capital, and because the pirates had been attacking much the coasts of Tabasco, it commands to build in San Juan Bautista (today Villahermosa)

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