Philosophers
86-592: Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph Marie Anne Séraphin, 1st Count of Villèle (14 April 1773 – 13 March 1854), better known simply as Joseph de Villèle ( / v ɪ ˈ l ɛ l / ), was a French statesman who served as Prime Minister in the 1820s. He was a leader of the Ultra-royalist faction during the Bourbon Restoration . He was born in Toulouse , France and brought up to go into
172-466: A French political faction from 1815 to 1830 under the Bourbon Restoration . An Ultra was usually a member of the nobility of high society who strongly supported Roman Catholicism as the state and only legal religion of France, the Bourbon monarchy , traditional hierarchy between classes and census suffrage (privileged voting rights), while rejecting the political philosophy of popular will and
258-655: A counter-revolution against the French Revolution and also against Napoleon's revolution . Inaugurating the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830), a strongly restricted census suffrage elected to the Chamber of Deputies an Ultra-royalist majority ( la Chambre introuvable ) in 1815–1816 and again from 1824 to 1827. Known to be "more royalist than the king" ( plus royalistes que le roi ), the Ultras were
344-631: A "Liberal Interlude" from 1816–1820, a period of "wilderness years" for the Ultras. Then on 13 February 1820, the Duke of Berry was stabbed by a republican assassin as he left the Paris Opera House with his wife and died the next day. This outrage strengthened the Ultras, who then introduced laws such as the Law of the Double Vote [ fr ] which allowed them to further dominate
430-460: A billion francs ( Le milliard des émigrés ) the émigrés for the loss of their lands at the Revolution; it was also proposed to restore their former privileges to the religious congregations. Both these propositions were, with some restrictions, secured. Sacrilege was made a crime punishable by death with the 1825 Anti-Sacrilege Act ( Loi contre le blasphème ), and the ministry were preparing
516-563: A boy, Louis Antoine , who was created Duke of Angoulême by Louis XVI. Louis-Antoine was the first of the next generation of Bourbons, as the king and the Count of Provence had not fathered any children yet, causing the Parisian libellistes ( pamphleteers who published scandalous leaflets about important figures in court and politics) to lampoon Louis XVI's alleged impotence. Three years later, in 1778, Charles' second son, Charles Ferdinand ,
602-493: A five-man delegation to Marmont, urging him to advise the king to assuage the protesters by revoking the four Ordinances. On Marmont's request, the prime minister applied to the king, but Charles refused all compromise and dismissed his ministers that afternoon, realizing the precariousness of the situation. That evening, the members of the Chamber assembled at Jacques Laffitte 's house and elected Louis Philippe d'Orléans to take
688-559: A generous allowance. Charles lived in Edinburgh and London with his mistress Louise de Polastron . His older brother, dubbed Louis XVIII after the death of his nephew in June 1795, relocated to Verona and then to Jelgava Palace , Mitau , where Charles' son Louis Antoine married Louis XVI's only surviving child, Marie Thérèse, on 10 June 1799. In 1802, Charles supported his brother with several thousand pounds. In 1807, Louis XVIII moved to
774-545: A law to alter the law of equal inheritance, and thus create anew the great estates. These measures roused violent opposition in the country, which a new and stringent press law, nicknamed the "law of justice and love," failed to put down. The peers rejected the law of inheritance and the press law; it was found necessary to disband the National Guard ; and in November 1827 seventy-six new peers were created, and recourse
860-497: A letter by Marie Antoinette postponed it until after the royal family had escaped from Paris and joined a concentration of regular troops under François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé at Montmédy . After the attempted flight was stopped at Varennes , Charles moved on to Koblenz , where he, the recently escaped Count of Provence and the Princes of Condé jointly declared their intention to invade France. The Count of Provence
946-532: A moderate restoration of the Ancien Régime, acceptable to the masses who had participated in the Revolution, the Ultras held rigidly to the dream of an integral restoration. Their power was due in part to electoral laws which largely favored them: on one hand a Chamber of Peers composed of hereditary members and on the other hand a Chamber of Deputies elected under a heavily restricted census suffrage of approximately 100,000 voters. In 1815, an Ultra majority
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#17327658886041032-426: A number of Napoleon's Mamluks preparing to return to Egypt, were massacred in their barracks. While the king retained the liberal charter, Charles patronised members of the ultra-royalists in parliament, such as Jules de Polignac , the writer François-René de Chateaubriand and Jean-Baptiste de Villèle . On several occasions, Charles voiced his disapproval of his brother's liberal ministers and threatened to leave
1118-440: A septennial parliament, thus providing time, it was thought, to restore some part of the ancien regime. Villèle's plans were assisted by the death of Louis XVIII and the accession of his brother, Charles X , a staunch believer in absolute monarchy. Prudent financial administration since 1815 had made possible the conversion of the state bonds from 5 to 3%. It was proposed to utilize the money set free by this operation to indemnify by
1204-616: Is only the rejuvenated text of the code of our old franchises". This coronation took several days: the May 28, vespers ceremony; May 29, ceremony of the coronation itself, chaired by the Archbishop of Reims, Mgr. Jean-Baptiste de Latil , in the presence in particular of Chateaubriand, Lamartine , Victor Hugo , and a large audience; May 30, award ceremony for the Knights of the Order of
1290-508: The Anti-Sacrilege Act , instituting capital punishment for the theft of sacred monstrance vases (with or without consecrated hosts). This "anachronistic law" ( Jean-Noël Jeanneney ) was never seriously applied and was repealed in the first months of Louis Philippe's reign (1830–1848). The Ultras also wanted to create courts to punish Radicals and passed laws restricting freedom of the press . The 1830 July Revolution replaced
1376-523: The Château de Fontainebleau , while the Palace of Versailles, where he was born, remained uninhabited. The reign of Charles X began with some liberal measures such as the abolition of press censorship, but the king renewed the term of Joseph de Villèlle , president of the council since 1822, and gave the reins of government to the ultraroyalists . He got closer to the population by the trip he made to
1462-790: The Condé family. Meanwhile, in Paris, Louis XVI was struggling with the National Assembly, which was committed to radical reforms and had enacted the Constitution of 1791 . In March 1791, the Assembly also enacted a regency bill that provided for the case of the king's premature death. While his heir Louis-Charles was still a minor, the Count of Provence , the Duke of Orléans or, if either
1548-516: The Duke of Angoulême , was childless. The lack of male heirs in the Bourbon main line raised the prospect of the throne passing to the Duke of Orléans and his heirs, which horrified the more conservative ultras. Parliament debated the abolition of the Salic law , which excluded females from the succession and was long held inviolable. However, the Duke of Berry's widow, Caroline of Naples and Sicily ,
1634-535: The French conquest of Algeria as a way to distract his citizens from domestic problems, and forced Haiti to pay a hefty indemnity in return for lifting a blockade and recognizing Haiti's independence. He eventually appointed a conservative government under the premiership of Prince Jules de Polignac , who was defeated in the 1830 French legislative election . He responded with the July Ordinances disbanding
1720-717: The House of Bourbon . Charles Philippe of France was born in 1757, the youngest son of the Dauphin Louis and his wife, the Dauphine Marie Josèphe , at the Palace of Versailles . Charles was created Count of Artois at birth by his grandfather, the reigning King Louis XV . As the youngest male in the family, Charles seemed unlikely ever to become king. His eldest brother, Louis, Duke of Burgundy , died unexpectedly in 1761, which moved Charles up one place in
1806-707: The Tuileries Palace . The Count of Artois lived in the Pavillon de Mars , and the Duke of Angoulême in the Pavillon de Flore , which overlooked the River Seine . The Duchess of Angoulême fainted upon arriving at the palace, as it brought back terrible memories of her family's incarceration there, and of the storming of the palace and the massacre of the Swiss Guards on 10 August 1792 . Following
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#17327658886041892-576: The constitutional monarchy concessions towards liberals and the guarantees of civil liberties granted by the Charter of 1814 . Charles gained influence within the French court after the assassination of his son Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry , in 1820 and succeeded his brother Louis XVIII in 1824. Charles's reign of almost six years proved to be deeply unpopular amongst the liberals in France from
1978-468: The Ancien Régime; the fact that the ceremony was modernized and adapted to new times encouraged Chateaubriand , a non-absolutist royalist and enthusiastic supporter of the Charter of 1814, to invite the king to be crowned. In the brochure The King is Dead! Long live the king! Chateaubriand explains that a coronation would have being the "link in the chain which united the oath of the new monarchy to
2064-623: The Bourbon monarchy. About 70,000 officials were dismissed from their positions. The remnants of the Napoleonic army were disbanded after the Battle of Waterloo and its senior officers cashiered. Marshal Ney was executed for treason, and Marshal Brune was murdered by a crowd. Approximately 6,000 individuals who had rallied to Napoleon were brought to trial. There were about 300 mob lynchings in southern France, notably in Marseilles where
2150-532: The Bourbons later attended a play, they were received with "enthusiastic cheers", although the two men were reconciled the next year. In 1781, Charles acted as a proxy for Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II at the christening of his godson, the Dauphin Louis Joseph . Charles's political awakening started with the first great crisis of the monarchy in 1786, when it became apparent that the kingdom
2236-529: The Bourbons with the more liberal Orléanist branch and sent the Ultras back to private life in their country chateaux. However, they retained some influence until at least the 16 May 1877 crisis and even further. Their views softened, their principal aim became the restoration of the House of Bourbon and they became known from 1830 on as Legitimists. The historian René Rémond has identified the Legitimists as
2322-595: The Chamber of Deputies, limiting franchise, and reimposing press censorship . Within a week Paris faced urban riots which led to the July Revolution of 1830, which resulted in his abdication and the election of Louis Philippe I as King of the French . Exiled once again, Charles died in 1836 in Gorizia , then part of the Austrian Empire . He was the last of the French rulers from the senior branch of
2408-605: The Chamber of Deputies. In addition to other factors, Louis XVIII's health was in serious decline, reducing his resistance to Ultra demands: even before he came to the throne, the Comte d'Artois (Charles X) already dominated the government. The 1824 death of Louis XVIII, whom they saw as too moderate, lifted the spirits of the Ultras: they expected their leader, the new king Charles X, would soon become an absolute monarch, answerable only to God. In January 1825, Villèle's government enacted
2494-523: The Charter in case of emergency. On 25 July, at the royal residence in Saint-Cloud , Charles issued four ordinances that censored the press , dissolved the newly elected chamber, altered the electoral system , and called for elections under the new system in September. The Ordinances were intended to quell the popular discontent but had the opposite effect. Journalists gathered in protest at
2580-540: The Count of Hézecques, "few beauties were cruel to him." Among his lovers was notably Anne Victoire Dervieux . Later, he embarked upon a lifelong love affair with the beautiful Louise de Polastron , the sister-in-law of Marie Antoinette 's closest companion, the Duchess of Polignac . Charles also struck up a firm friendship with Marie Antoinette herself, whom he had first met upon her arrival in France in April 1770 when he
2666-462: The Duchess of Bourbon, Bathilde d'Orléans , at a masked ball, while "escorting [Madame] Canillac, a lady of the town [...] After exchanging a few words, the irritated Duchess reached up and snatched off his mask whereupon he pulled her nose so hard and painfully that she wept." Her husband, Louis Henri, Prince of Condé , challenged him to a duel , during which Charles was wounded in the hand. When
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2752-468: The Duke of Angoulême, who stayed behind with the troops, and the Duchess of Angoulême, who was taking the waters at Vichy . Meanwhile, in Paris, Louis Philippe assumed the post of Lieutenant General of the Kingdom. Charles' road to Versailles was filled with disorganized troops and deserters. The Marquis de Vérac, governor of the Palace of Versailles, came to meet the king before the royal cortège entered
2838-552: The Empire. Defunct Defunct At the Bourbon Restoration of 1814 he at once declared for the royalist principles. He was mayor of Toulouse in 1814–15 and deputy for the Haute-Garonne in the ultra-royalist Chambre introuvable of 1815. Villèle, who before the promulgation of the charter had written some Observations sur le projet de constitution , opposing it as too democratic in character, naturally took his place on
2924-573: The Holy Spirit and finally, May 31, the Royal touch of scrofula . The coronation of Charles X therefore appeared to be a compromise between the tradition of the Ancien Régime and the political changes that had taken place since the Revolution. The coronation nevertheless had a limited influence on the population, mentalities no longer being those of yesteryear. From then on, the coronation caused incomprehension in certain sectors of public opinion. It
3010-590: The King's minister to obtain the support of the Chambers, and on 18 March, 221 deputies, a majority of 30, voted in favor. However, the King had already decided to hold general elections, and the chamber was suspended on 19 March. The elections of 23 June did not produce a majority favorable to the government. On 6 July, the king and his ministers decided to suspend the constitution, as provided for in Article 14 of
3096-540: The National Guard was disbanded but, as its members were not disarmed, it remained a potential threat. After losing his parliamentary majority in a general election in November 1827, Charles dismissed Prime Minister Villèle on 5 January 1828 and appointed Jean-Baptise de Martignac , a man the king disliked and thought of only as provisional. On 5 August 1829, Charles dismissed Martignac and appointed Jules de Polignac , who, however, lost his majority in parliament at
3182-721: The United Kingdom. In January 1814, Charles covertly left his home in London to join the Coalition forces in southern France . Louis XVIII, by then reliant on a wheelchair, supplied Charles with letters patent creating him Lieutenant General of the Kingdom of France. On 31 March, the Allies captured Paris. A week later, Napoleon I abdicated. The Senate declared the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, with Louis XVIII as King of France. Charles (now heir-presumptive) arrived in
3268-525: The advice of the occupying allied army, Louis XVIII promulgated a liberal constitution, the Charter of 1814 , which provided for a bicameral legislature, an electorate of 90,000 men and freedom of religion . After the Hundred Days , Napoleon's brief return to power in 1815, the White Terror focused mainly on the purging of a civilian administration which had almost completely turned against
3354-416: The age of nine, along with his siblings Louis Auguste , Louis Stanislas, Count of Provence , Clotilde ("Madame Clotilde"), and Élisabeth ("Madame Élisabeth"). Louis XV fell ill on 27 April 1774 and died on 10 May of smallpox at the age of 64. His grandson Louis-Auguste succeeded him as King Louis XVI. In November 1773, Charles married Marie Thérèse of Savoy . In 1775, Marie Thérèse gave birth to
3440-450: The beginning of 1824. Having both dry and wet gangrene in his legs and spine, he died on 16 September of that year, aged almost 69. Charles, by now aged 66, succeeded him to the throne as King Charles X. On 29 May 1825, King Charles was anointed at the cathedral of Reims , the traditional site of consecration of French kings ; it had been unused since 1775, as Louis XVIII had forgone the ceremony to avoid controversy and because his health
3526-456: The capital on 12 April and acted as Lieutenant General of the realm until Louis XVIII arrived from the United Kingdom. During his brief tenure as regent, Charles created an ultra-royalist secret police that reported directly back to him without Louis XVIII's knowledge. It operated for over five years. Louis XVIII was greeted with great rejoicing from the Parisians and proceeded to occupy
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3612-399: The convention, was admitted to the Chamber of Deputies. The Conservative party gained strength from the alarm raised by this incident and still more from the shock caused by the assassination of the duc de Berry . The duc de Richelieu was compelled to admit to the cabinet two of the chiefs of the "ultras", Villèle and Corbière . Villèle resigned within a year, but on the fall of Richelieu at
3698-477: The coronation was conceived as a compromise between the monarchical tradition and the charter of 1814 : it took up the main phases of traditional ceremonial such as the seven anointings or the oaths on the Gospels, all by associating with it the oath of fidelity taken by the King to the Charter of 1814 or the participation of the great princes in the ceremonial as assistants of the Archbishop of Reims. A commission
3784-493: The country unless Louis XVIII dismissed them. Louis, in turn, feared that his brother's and heir presumptive 's ultra-royalist tendencies would send the family into exile once more (which they eventually did). On 14 February 1820, Charles's younger son, the Duke of Berry , was assassinated at the Paris Opera . This loss not only plunged the family into grief but also put the succession in jeopardy, as Charles's elder son,
3870-540: The daughter of M. Desbassyns de Richemont, whose estates he had managed. He served in the Colonial Assembly from 1799-1803. The arrival of General Decaen , appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1802, restored security to the island, and five years later Villèle, who had now accumulated a large fortune, returned to France. He was mayor of his commune, and a member of the council of the Haute-Garonne under
3956-627: The dominant political faction under Louis XVIII (1815–1824) and Charles X (1824–1830). Opposed to the limitation of the sovereign 's power under the constitutional monarchy , they hoped to restore the Ancien Régime and annul the rupture created by the French Revolution . Passionately espousing the ruling ideology of the Restoration, the Ultras opposed liberalism , republicanism and democracy . While Louis XVIII hoped for
4042-655: The end of 1821 he became the real chief of the new cabinet, in which he was minister of finance. Although not himself a courtier, he was backed at court by Sosthene de la Rochefoucauld and Madame du Cayla , and in 1822 Louis XVIII gave him the title of count and made him formally prime minister. He immediately proceeded to muzzle opposition by stringent press laws, and the discovery of minor liberal conspiracies afforded an excuse for further repression. Forced against his will into interference in Spain by Mathieu de Montmorency and Chateaubriand , he contrived to reap some credit for
4128-523: The end of August, when the Chateaubriand faction defected. Regardless, Polignac retained power and refused to recall the Chambers until March 1830. On 31 January 1830, the Polignac government decided to send a military expedition to Algeria to end the threat of Algerian pirates to Mediterranean trade, hoping also to increase his government's popularity through a military victory. The pretext for
4214-488: The extreme right with the ultra-royalists. In the new Chamber of 1816 Villèle's party was in a minority, but his personal authority nevertheless increased. He was looked on by the ministerialists as the least unreasonable of his party, and by the "ultras" as the safest of their leaders. Under the electoral law of 1817 the Abbé Grégoire , who was popularly supposed to have voted for the death of Louis XVI of France in
4300-691: The first of the "right-wing families" of French politics, followed by the Orléanists and the Bonapartists . According to him, many modern far-right movements, including parts of Jean-Marie Le Pen 's National Front and Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre 's Society of St. Pius X , should be considered as parts of the Legitimist family. overall votes overall vote overall seats won Comte de La Bretèche Charles X of France Charles X (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836)
4386-523: The former Duke of Orléans' vote for the death of Louis XVI. Charles gave his prime minister, Villèlle lists of laws to be ratified in each parliament. In April 1825, the government approved legislation originally proposed by Louis XVIII to pay an indemnity (the biens nationaux ) to nobles whose estates had been confiscated during the Revolution. The law gave approximately 988 million francs worth of government bonds to those who had lost their lands, in exchange for their renunciation of their ownership. In
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#17327658886044472-414: The gardens of the Palais-Royal , shouting "Down with the Bourbons!" and "Long live the Charter!". As the police closed off the gardens, the crowd regrouped in a nearby street where they shattered streetlamps . The next morning of 27 July, police raided and shut down newspapers including Le National . When the protesters, who had re-entered the Palais-Royal gardens, heard of this, they threw stones at
4558-424: The headquarters of the National daily, founded in January 1830 by Adolphe Thiers , Armand Carrel , and others. On Monday, 26 July, the government newspaper Le Moniteur Universel published the ordinances, and Thiers published a call to revolt signed by forty-three journalists: "The legal regime has been interrupted: that of force has begun... Obedience ceases to be a duty!" In the evening, crowds assembled in
4644-411: The house in sixty-three days. It is estimated that the project, which came to include manicured gardens, cost over two million livres . Throughout the 1770s, Charles spent lavishly. He accumulated enormous debts, totalling 21 million livres . In the 1780s, King Louis XVI paid off the debts of both his brothers, the Counts of Provence and Artois. In March 1778, Charles caused a scandal when he assaulted
4730-410: The interests of the bourgeoisie along with their liberal and democratic tendencies. The Legitimists , another of the main right-wing factions identified in René Rémond 's Les Droites en France , were disparagingly classified with the Ultras after the 1830 July Revolution by the victors, the Orléanists , who deposed the Bourbon dynasty for the more liberal king Louis Philippe . Following
4816-477: The king"). In June 1789, the representatives of the Third Estate declared themselves a National Assembly intent on providing France with a new constitution. In conjunction with the Baron de Breteuil , Charles had political alliances arranged to depose the liberal minister of finance, Jacques Necker . These plans backfired when Charles attempted to secure Necker's dismissal on 11 July without Breteuil's knowledge, much earlier than they had originally intended. It
4902-430: The line of succession. He was raised in early childhood by Madame de Marsan , the Governess of the Children of France . At the death of his father in 1765, Charles's oldest surviving brother, Louis Auguste , became the new Dauphin (the heir apparent to the French throne). Their mother Marie Josèphe, who never recovered from the loss of her husband, died in March 1767 from tuberculosis . This left Charles an orphan at
4988-429: The moment of his coronation in 1825, in which he tried to revive the practice of the royal touch . The governments appointed under his reign reimbursed former landowners for the abolition of feudalism at the expense of bondholders , increased the power of the Catholic Church , and reimposed capital punishment for sacrilege , leading to conflict with the liberal-majority Chamber of Deputies . Charles also approved
5074-561: The monarchy being overthrown. In his own words, it was "time for repair, not demolition." King Louis XVI eventually convened the Estates General , which had not been assembled for over 150 years, to meet in May 1789 to ratify financial reforms. Along with his sister Élisabeth, Charles was the most conservative member of the family and opposed the demands of the Third Estate (representing the commoners ) to increase their voting power. This prompted criticism from his brother, who accused him of being "plus royaliste que le roi" ("more royalist than
5160-445: The monarchy from the successful campaign of 1823. Meanwhile, he had consolidated the royal power by persuading Louis XVIII to swamp the liberal majority in the upper house by the nomination of twenty-seven new peers; he availed himself of the temporary popularity of the monarchy after the Spanish campaign to summon a new Chamber of Deputies. This new and obedient legislature, to which only nineteen liberals were returned, made itself into
5246-405: The morning of 1 August, the Duchess of Angoulême, who had rushed from Vichy after learning of events, arrived at Rambouillet . The following day, 2 August, King Charles X abdicated, bypassing his son the Dauphin in favor of his grandson Henry, Duke of Bordeaux , who was not yet ten years old. At first, the Duke of Angoulême (the Dauphin) refused to countersign the document renouncing his rights to
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#17327658886045332-411: The navy. He joined the "Bayonnaise" at Brest in July 1788. He served in the West and East Indies . Arrested in the Isle of Bourbon (now Réunion ) under the Terror , he was freed by the Thermidorian Reaction (July 1794). In 1796 he helped oust Baco and Burnel , who had come to the island to enforce the 1794 abolition of slavery . He acquired a plantation and sixty slaves, and in 1799 he married
5418-401: The north of France in September 1827, then to the east of France in September 1828. He was accompanied by his eldest son and heir-apparent, the Duke of Angoulême, now Dauphin of France . In his first act as king, Charles attempted to bring comity to the House of Bourbon by granting the style of Royal Highness to his cousins of the House of Orléans , a title denied by Louis XVIII because of
5504-446: The oath of the old monarchy"; it is continuity with the Ancien Régime more than its return that the royalists extol, Charles X having inherited the qualities of his ancestors: "pious like Saint Louis , affable, compassionate and vigilant like Louis XII , courteous like Francis I , frank as Henry IV ". The coronation showed that dynastic continuity went hand in hand with political continuity; for Chateaubriand: "The current constitution
5590-421: The return of Louis XVIII to power in 1815, people suspected of having ties with the governments of the French Revolution or of Napoleon suffered arrest. Several hundred were killed by angry mobs or executed after an informal summary court-martial. The episodes happened primarily in the south of France. Historian John Baptist Wolf argues Ultra-royalists—many of whom had just returned from exile—were staging
5676-426: The same month, the Anti-Sacrilege Act was passed. Charles's government attempted to re-establish male-only primogeniture for families paying over 300 francs in tax, but this was voted down in the Chamber of Deputies. That Charles was not a popular ruler in the mostly-liberal minded urban Paris became apparent in April 1827, when chaos ensued during the king's review of the National Guard in Paris. In retaliation,
5762-417: The soldiers, prompting them to shoot. By evening, the city was in chaos and shops were looted. On 28 July, the rioters began to erect barricades in the streets. Marshal Marmont , who had been called in the day before to remedy the situation, took the offensive, but some of his men defected to the rioters, and by afternoon he had to retreat to the Tuileries Palace . The members of the Chamber of Deputies sent
5848-401: The throne from King Charles, proclaiming their decision on posters throughout the city. By the end of the day, the authority of Charles' government had evaporated. A few minutes after midnight on 31 July, warned by General Gresseau that Parisians were planning to attack the Saint-Cloud residence, Charles X decided to seek refuge in Versailles with his family and the court, with the exception of
5934-407: The town, to tell him that the palace was not safe, as the Versailles national guards wearing the revolutionary tricolor were occupying the Place d'Armes . Charles then set out for the Trianon at five in the morning. Later that day, after the arrival of the Duke of Angoulême from Saint-Cloud with his troops, Charles ordered a departure for Rambouillet , where they arrived shortly before midnight. On
6020-455: The two involves the construction of the Château de Bagatelle . In 1775, Charles purchased a small hunting lodge in the Bois de Boulogne . He soon had the existing house torn down with plans to rebuild. Marie Antoinette wagered her brother-in-law that the new château could not be completed within three months. Charles engaged the neoclassical architect François-Joseph Bélanger to design the building. He won his bet, with Bélanger completing
6106-399: The war was an outrage by the Viceroy of Algeria , who had struck the French consul with the handle of his fly swat in a rage over French failure to pay debts from Napoleon's invasion of Egypt . French troops occupied Algiers on 5 July. The Chambers convened on 2 March 1830, but Charles's opening speech was greeted by negative reactions from many deputies. Some introduced a bill requiring
6192-441: Was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830. An uncle of the uncrowned Louis XVII and younger brother of reigning kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII , he supported the latter in exile. After the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, Charles (as heir-presumptive ) became the leader of the ultra-royalists , a radical monarchist faction within the French court that affirmed absolute monarchy by divine right and opposed
6278-544: Was Luigi Cherubini who composed the music for the Coronation Mass . For the occasion, the composer Gioachino Rossini composed the Opera Il Viaggio a Reims . Like Napoleon and then Louis XVIII before him, Charles X resided mainly at the Tuileries Palace and, in summer, at the Château de Saint-Cloud , two monuments that no longer exist today. Occasionally he stayed at the Château de Compiègne and
6364-594: Was bankrupt from previous military endeavours (in particular the Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence ) and needed fiscal reform to survive. Charles supported the removal of the aristocracy's financial privileges, but was opposed to any reduction in the social privileges enjoyed by either the Catholic Church or the nobility. He believed that France's finances should be reformed without
6450-455: Was born and given the title of Duke of Berry . In the same year Queen Marie Antoinette gave birth to her first child, Marie Thérèse , quelling all rumours that she could not bear children. Charles was thought of as the most attractive member of his family, bearing a strong resemblance to his grandfather Louis XV. His wife was considered quite ugly by most contemporaries, and he looked for company in numerous extramarital affairs. According to
6536-471: Was charged with simplifying and modernizing the ceremony and making it compatible with the principles of the monarchy according to the Charter (deletion of the promises of struggle against heretics and infidels, of the twelve peers, of references to Hebrew royalty, etc.) – it lasted three and a half hours. In fact, the choice of the coronation was applauded by the royalists in favor of a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy and not only by those nostalgic for
6622-565: Was elected to the chamber of deputies. Louis XVIII dubbed them La Chambre Introuvable , "the unfindable chamber", due to his astonishment at a group of deputies more royalist than himself. Under the guidance of his chief minister the Armand-Emmenuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu , Louis XVIII finally decided to dissolve this turbulent assembly, invoking Article 14 of the Constitutional Charter. There followed
6708-486: Was followed by the suspension and eventually the abolition of the monarchy in September 1792. The royal family was imprisoned, and the former king and former queen were eventually executed in 1793. The young former dauphin died of illnesses and neglect in 1795. When the French Revolutionary Wars broke out in 1792, Charles escaped to Great Britain, where King George III of Great Britain gave him
6794-454: Was found to be pregnant and on 29 September 1820 gave birth to a son, Henry, Duke of Bordeaux . His birth was hailed as "God-given", and the people of France purchased for him the Château de Chambord in celebration of his birth. As a result, his granduncle, Louis XVIII, added the title Count of Chambord, hence Henri, Count of Chambord , the name by which he is usually known. Charles' brother King Louis XVIII's health had been worsening since
6880-651: Was had to a general election. The new Chamber proved hostile to Villèle, who resigned to make way for the short-lived moderate ministry of Martignac . The new ministry made Villèle's removal to the upper house a condition of taking office, and he took no further part in public affairs. At the time of his death, he had advanced as far as 1816 with his memoirs, which were completed from his correspondence by his family as Mémoires et correspondance du comte de Villèle (Paris, 5 vols., 1887–90). Ultra-royalist Works Defunct Defunct The Ultra-royalists ( French : ultraroyalistes , collectively Ultras ) were
6966-518: Was historically attributed to personal fears for his own safety. However recent research indicates that the King had approved his brother's departure in advance, seeing it as a means of ensuring that one close relative would be free to act as a spokesman for the monarchy, after Louis himself had been moved from Versailles to Paris. Charles and his family decided to seek refuge in Savoy , his wife's native country, where they were joined by some members of
7052-639: Was sending dispatches to various European sovereigns for assistance, while Charles set up a court-in-exile in the Electorate of Trier . On 25 August, the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz , which called on other European powers to intervene in France. On New Year's Day 1792, the National Assembly declared all emigrants traitors, repudiated their titles and confiscated their lands. This measure
7138-469: Was the beginning of a decline in his political alliance with Breteuil, which ended in mutual loathing. Necker's dismissal provoked the storming of the Bastille on 14 July. With the concurrence of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Charles and his family left France three days later, on 17 July, along with several other courtiers. These included the Duchess of Polignac , the queen's favourite. His flight
7224-479: Was too precarious. It was in the venerable cathedral of Notre-Dame at Paris that Napoleon had consecrated his revolutionary empire ; but in ascending the throne of his ancestors, Charles reverted to the old place of coronation used by the kings of France from the early ages of the monarchy. The last coronation to be held there was the Coronation of Louis XVI in 1775. Like the regime of the Restoration itself,
7310-561: Was twelve. The closeness of the relationship was such that he was falsely accused by Parisian rumour mongers of having seduced her. As part of Marie Antoinette's social set, Charles often appeared opposite her in the private theatre of her favourite royal retreat, the Petit Trianon . They were both said to be very talented amateur actors. Marie Antoinette played milkmaids , shepherdesses , and country ladies, whereas Charles played lovers, valets , and farmers. A famous story concerning
7396-544: Was unavailable, someone chosen by election should become regent, completely passing over the rights of Charles who, in the royal lineage, stood between the Count of Provence and the Duke of Orléans. Charles meanwhile left Turin (in Italy) and moved to Trier in Germany, where his uncle, Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony , was the incumbent Archbishop-Elector . Charles prepared for a counter-revolutionary invasion of France, but
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