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92-983: The artists have called themselves bohemiečiai ( the Bohemians ) since this time. After 8 years of activity, the troupe acquired the status of a professional theatre and became known as the Vilnius City Opera . Vilnius City Opera has no theatre of their own and stage their operas in the Vilnius Congress Concert Hall. One of the main aims of VCO is to make the opera genre more widely available and to free it from elitist stereotypes and snobbishness. Operas staged by Vilnius City Opera (selected list): Lithuanian opera 54°41′08″N 25°16′40″E  /  54.68556°N 25.27778°E  / 54.68556; 25.27778 Lithuanian opera Music of Lithuania refers to all forms of music associated with Lithuania , which has

184-693: A four-voiced Mass in the Lithuanian language in Tilžė . In 1877, an oratorio The Creation by Joseph Haydn was translated to Lithuanian and performed in Vilnius. The first national opera Birutė by composer Mikas Petrauskas (1873-1937), libretto - Gabrielius Landsbergis-Žemkalnis (1852-1916) was staged in 1906. Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (1875-1911) is considered the greatest Lithuanian composer of his generation, and probably of all time. Lithuanian folk music belongs to Baltic music branch which

276-540: A hunting lodge he had built between 1822 and 1824 by the German architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel , named after him. Later in his life, Antoni Radziwiłł moved permanently to Antonin with his wife, Louise of Prussia, and two daughters Wanda and Eliza. Antoni Radziwiłł was a well-connected composer among European musical circles and with time transformed the Antonin property into a popular musical salon among greatest talents of

368-472: A long history of the folk, popular and classical musical development. Music was an important part of polytheistic, pre-Christian Lithuania – rituals were accompanied by music instruments and singing, deeds of the heroes and those who didn't return from the war were celebrated in songs. Music was very important part of ancient Lithuanian polytheistic belief. It is known that, at the start of the 2nd millennium, Baltic tribes had special funeral traditions in which

460-648: A musical Ugnies medžioklė su varovais ( Fire Hunt and Beaters ) (composer - Giedrius Kuprevičius , libretto - Saulius Šaltenis , Liudas Jacinevičius) was staged. In Lithuania choral music is very important. Only in Vilnius city there are three choirs laureates at the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing . Vytautas Miškinis (born 1954) is a composer and choir director who is very popular in Lithuania and abroad. He has written over 400 secular and about 150 religious works. The Communist government of

552-456: A narrow range, three-measure phrases, dance rhythms, a controlled slow tempo, and a tonal structure based on phrygian , mixolydian or aeolian tetrachords . Polyphonic St. John's Feast songs are commonly called kupolinės, which include refrains and vocables such as kupolėle kupolio, kupolio kupolėlio, or kupole rože . Work songs vary greatly in function and age. There are some very old examples, which have retained their direct relation with

644-538: A photogravure titled "Chopin u księcia Radziwiłła" ("Chopin's visit to Prince Radziwill"). The family acquired and maintained great wealth and influence from the 15th–16th century until 1939, when the Second World War started. The Radziwiłł family reached the heights of its importance and power during the Polish Golden Age . However, due to the activities of Janusz Radziwiłł during The Deluge ,

736-779: A series of mid-17th-century campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the family lost much of its wealth and power. Regarding their wealth, the Radziwiłłs were not inferior to a royal family. In total, the Radziwiłł family has, over the centuries, had in its possession 23 palaces, 426 large and small towns, 2032 estates, and 10,053 villages. In present-day Belarus they possessed towns and boroughs like Haranyony, Davyd-Haradok , Kletsk , Dzyarzhynsk , Kopys , Dakhva, Mir , Nesvizh , Charnauchitsy, and Shchuchyn ; in present-day Ukraine : Olyka with dozens of villages in

828-516: Is being organized in Vilnius. In 1971, despite being behind the Iron Curtain in Soviet occupied Lithuania Kęstutis Antanėlis has staged a rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar - just one year after its album release. In 1973 composer Viačeslavas Ganelinas and a poet Sigitas Geda created a film musical Velnio nuotaka ( Devil's bride ). It is considered the first Lithuanian musical. In 1974

920-670: Is connected with neolithic corded ware culture. In Lithuanian territory meets two musical cultures: stringed ( kanklių ) and wind instrument cultures. These instrumental cultures probably formed vocal traditions. Lithuanian folk music is archaic, mostly used for ritual purposes, containing elements of paganism faith. There are three ancient styles of singing in Lithuania connected with ethnographical regions: monophony , multi-voiced homophony , heterophony and polyphony . Monophony mostly occurs in southern ( Dzūkija ), southwest ( Suvalkija ) and eastern ( Aukštaitija ) parts of Lithuania. Multi-voiced homophony, widespread in entire Lithuania,

1012-468: Is known for her flamboyance and steely poise. She is also in top 5 of woman conductors. The New Ideas Chamber Orchestra NICO and Synaesthesis playing new academic music. In 1996 Music Information Centre Lithuania (MICL) was founded. It collects, promotes and shares information on Lithuanian musical culture. Although the first opera in Lithuania was staged just 30 years later after it appeared in Italy,

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1104-695: Is the most archaic in Samogitia . Traditional vocal music is held in high esteem on a world scale: Lithuanian song fests and sutartinės multipart songs are on the UNESCO 's representative list of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity . Sutartinės (from the word sutarti —to be in concordance, in agreement, singular sutartinė ) are highly unique examples of folk music. They are an ancient form of two and three voiced polyphony , based on

1196-898: The Congress of Vienna , the inheritance was partially given to Antoni. The couple were prominent patrons of the arts in Berlin during the early 19th century. At their Berlin residence, the Radziwiłł Palace , they hosted well-known personalities, artists and academics, playing a major role in promoting the Prussian-Polish relationship in Berlin. These included Polish politicians in the Prussian Parliament or such famous people as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Frédéric Chopin , Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt , Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy and Karl Friedrich Schinkel . In fact,

1288-919: The Crown , belonged to the dynasty. Radziwiłłs were members of the parliament and of the Tribunal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They also held high military posts and took part in the Livonian War , Russo-Polish War of 1647–1667 , Northern Wars , participated in the Napoleonic campaign, and the Kościuszko Uprising . The Radziwiłłs also gained international importance manifested in family relations with German princely dynasties, first established by Albrecht Radziwiłł from Olyka, who married Anna, princess of Courland. Such conjugal unions continued in

1380-540: The EuroBasket 2011 Nebetyli sirgaliai (English version was named Celebrate Basketball ). In the 1980s, rock bands Foje , Antis , and Bix made a big impact in Lithuania. Short-lived alternative rock group Šiaurės kryptis ( The Northern Direction , 1986 - 1995) issued only one album Netiekto , but still considered one of the best groups of that time. In 1987, 1988 and 1989 Lithuania saw several big rock festivals, such as Roko Maršas (Rock March). Roko Maršas

1472-736: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania , later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Prussia . The family produced many individuals notable in Lithuanian , Polish , Belarusian , German as well as general European history and culture . The Radziwiłł family received the title of Reichsfürst (prince) from the Holy Roman Emperor in the mid 16th-century. The Nesvizh Castle complex, maintained by

1564-585: The Lithuanian SSR criticized rock music , which was considered a decadent and corrupting cultural invasion from the West. The first local rock bands started to emerge around 1965 and included Kertukai , Aitvarai and Nuogi ant slenksčio ( Naked On A Threshold ) in Kaunas, and Kęstutis Antanėlis , Vienuoliai ( The Monks ), and Gėlių Vaikai ( Flower Childs ) in Vilnius, among others. Radio Luxembourg

1656-651: The Polish Crown began to drift apart, as the Radziwiłłs sought to increase their wealth and power, safeguard Protestantism and support ethnically Lithuanian culture, which caused him to join the opposition against King Sigismund III Vasa in 1606. In 1586, the sons of Mikolaj "the Black" arranged for their fortunes to follow an ordynacja ( fee tail ), which was to have individual properties inherited by their male descendants; see " Radziwiłł Family Fee Tail ". The ordynats of Nesvizh, Kletsk, and Olyka were thus formed. In

1748-750: The Polish minority and opponent of the Germanization and Kulturkampf policies. After Poland regained independence in 1918, he became a Polish citizen and a member of the Polish parliament ( Sejm ), and so did his son Janusz (1880–1967). Their cousin Stanislaw Radziwiłł was the aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-chief Józef Piłsudski . In German-occupied Poland , Janusz tried to use his prestige to improve Nazi treatment of

1840-720: The Protestant and Polish Reformation , two branches converted to Calvinism . One branch, the Nesvizh–Kletsk-Olyka line, remained as Calvinists for two generations until the children of Mikołaj "the Black" converted to Roman Catholicism before the end of the century. The Biržai-Dubingiai line remained in the Protestant faith until the extinction of their line one century later. Both Mikołaj "the Black" and Mikołaj "the Brown" were zealous promoters and active participants of

1932-523: The Union of Horodło in 1413. This emblem later became the hereditary coat of arms of the Radziwiłłs. In 1518, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I created Mikalojus Radvila's son, Mikołaj , Reichsfürst ("Imperial Prince") of Goniądz and Meteliai after the Jagiellonian-Habsburg congress at Vienna . Mikołaj Radziwiłł also received an expanded, more solemn coat of arms: as princes of

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2024-661: The Wolyn province (Polish: wojewodztwo); in present-day Poland: Szydłowiec with villages in the Sandomierz province and Nieborów ; and in present-day Lithuania : Biržai , Dubingiai , Kėdainiai , and others. The Goniądz-Meteliai line possessed, during the 15th – 16th centuries, estates like Goniądz, Zaigrad and Podlaskie Lowlands in Poland. In 1612 the Principality of Slutsk with some thirty-two villages passed over to

2116-616: The deportees are also classified as wartime historical songs. They were sung at prescribed times of the year while performing the appropriate rituals. There are songs of Shrovetide and Lent , Easter swinging songs, and Easter songs called lalavimai. The Advent songs reflect the mood of staidness and reflection. Christmas songs contain vocables such as kalėda, lėliu kalėda; oi kalėda kalėdzieka , while Advent songs contain vocables such as leliumoj, aleliuma, aleliuma rūta, aleliuma loda and others. There are several typical melodic characteristics associated with Christmas ritual songs, such as

2208-589: The "Salons" held by the Radziwiłłs were so popular that they became a symbol of "Polish Berlin". Prince Ferdynand Radziwiłł - like Wilhelm von Humboldt, Goethe, Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy and many further notable personalities - also was a member of the Sing-Akademie zu Berlin where people from all walks of life and classes in Berlin came together to study and practice choral music. Although most of their largest estates were located in Russian Poland ,

2300-548: The 15th-century politics of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Along with possessions of land near Kernavė , the family's traced place of origin, the Radziwiłł family also inherited the Trąby coat of arms . Three of Mikalojus ' sons, Mikołaj , Jan, and Jerzy , went on to become the progenitors of the three known Radziwiłł family lines. His daughter Anna was the great-grandmother of Elizabeth Báthory . The Radziwiłł family divided by branch: The Goniądz-Meteliai line became extinct by

2392-637: The 17th and 18th centuries. Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł (1734–1790) of the Nieśwież line was the wealthiest magnate in Poland, in the second half of the 18th century, and one of the richest men in Europe. As a patriot, he fought for a free nation that soon after his death would be partitioned between Austria , Prussia and the Russian Empire . During the Great Sejm from 1788 until he died in 1790, he

2484-502: The 18th century, the army of Hieronim Florian , for instance, had 6,000 men and was equal to the entire armed forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Members of the Radziwiłł family held important state posts in the Rzeczpospolita and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. 8 chancellors , 7 hetmans , 15 castellans , 19 marszałeks , and 19 voivodes , almost exclusively representing the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, rather than

2576-757: The 19th century the Davyd-Haradok and Przygodzice ordynats were also established. Other possessions could be inherited by female heirs or alienated. Depending on the importance and size of owned lands, they were called either principalities (Nesvizh, Olyka, Biržai, Dubingiai, Kapyl , Slutsk , Staryi Chortoryisk , Stary Zbaraz, Goniądz and Medele), counties (Mir, Biała Podlaska , Dzyarzhynsk, Kopys, Zabłudów , Kėdainiai, Zolkow, Pomorzani, Belykamen, Kražiai ), or estates ( Nevel , Krasnoye, Sebezh , Musninkai, Sereya, Horodok , Sobolew, Slovatichi, Ruchai, Kolki, Vyazyn, Rafałówka , Zhmigrod, Beloozero, Yampol, Shumsk , Sverzhen, Drisvyaty, Naliboki ). The family ties to

2668-761: The 19th century, however, fiddle, basetle , lamzdeliai and kanklės came to accompany the dances, while modern groups also incorporate bandoneon, accordion, concertina, mandolin , clarinet , cornet , guitar and harmonica . During the Soviet occupation , dance ensembles used box kanklės and a modified clarinet called the birbynės ; although the ensembles were ostensibly folk-based, they were modernized and sanitized and used harmonized and denatured forms of traditional styles. The most important Lithuanian popular folk music ensembles included Skriaudžių kanklės , formed in 1906, and Lietuva . Such ensembles were based on traditional music, but were modernized to be palatable to

2760-593: The Holy Roman Empire, the Radziwiłłs bore a black eagle, on whose breast is a shield with Trąby and other emblems. The family motto is "God advises us" ( Polish : Bóg nam radzi , Belarusian : Бог нам раіць , Boh nam rajić ). In 1547, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , created Mikołaj "the Black" and his brother, Jan, hereditary Reichsfürsten of Nesvizh and Olyka ; their cousin Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł

2852-725: The Iron Hill , 1976), Strazdas – žalias paukštis ( Thrush, the Green Bird , 1981), Lokys ( The Bear , 2000), Ignes et fides ( Fire and Faith , 2003), combining opera, ballet and oratorio. Most notable Lithuanian opera singers: Kipras Petrauskas (1885 - 1968), Virgilijus Noreika (1935 - 2018), Vaclovas Daunoras (b. 1937), Irena Milkevičiūtė (b. 1947), Violeta Urmana (b. 1961). Other singers performing on international scenes are: Aušrinė Stundytė, Asmik Grigorian, Vaidas Vyšniauskas (Kristian Benedikt), Edgaras Montvidas, Justina Gringytė, Indre Viskontas . Liudas Truikys (1904 - 1987)

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2944-577: The Kletsk line married Princess Louise of Prussia , a daughter of Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia and hence a first cousin of King Frederick William II. This relation helped Antoni to release the vast properties of Nieśwież and Olyka from Russian seizure in 1815, after his cousin, Dominik of the Nieśwież line had fought and died on Napoleons' side in the Polish Legion , and Alexander I of Russia had therefore confiscated his whole property. After

3036-662: The Lithuanian nobleman, local cappellas were founded. It is known, that Anna, Grand Duchess of Lithuania , wife of Vytautas the Great which had diplomatic relationships with the Teutonic Knights, who sent her expensive gifts, including clavichord and portative organ in 1408. Daughter of Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas , Aldona , when married to Casimir III of Poland , 1325 took her palace orchestra to Cracow. It had musicians which played lute , zither and lyre . The first opera ( Dramma per musica ) in Lithuania

3128-438: The Lithuanian underground. Post-punk group Kardiofonas (1986-1989) was highly popular with its hit Kalėdinė eglutė ( Christmas tree ). Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82 family The House of Radziwiłł ( Polish pronunciation: [raˈd͡ʑiviww] ; Lithuanian : Radvila ; Belarusian : Радзівіл , romanized :  Radzivił ; German: Radziwill ) is a Polish princely family of Lithuanian origin, and one of

3220-554: The Olyka and older Kletsk lines became extinct, the former in 1656 and the latter in 1690. The direct descendant of the Nesvizh line, Dominik Hieronim 's son, Aleksander Dominik, was born before his parents' marriage and formed the so-called Galician branch, which went extinct in 1938. The younger Kletsk line descends from Michał Hieronim , continued through his son Ludwik Mikolaj. The descendants of his other son, Antoni Henryk , formed

3312-483: The Palace. Musicians from other countries, especially from Italy, were invited to Vilnius. Among the most notable was Hungarian composer and lutenist Bálint Bakfark , who came to Vilnius from Rome, Italian composer Diomedes Cato . Composer and lutenist Michelagnolo Galilei , brother of Galileo Galilei was playing in the court of Radvila in Vilnius in the 17th century. Approximately 100 musicians worked in Vilnius at

3404-685: The Poles – unlike his brother Michał who sided with the Nazis, at least at the beginning of the occupation. After the Second World War in 1945, Janusz was arrested by NKVD, and his wife would die in a communist prison in 1947. Janusz died in his two-room apartment in Warsaw, with all of his possessions confiscated and nationalized by the communist government. In 1959, Janusz's third son prince Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł married Caroline Bouvier ,

3496-700: The Polish, Belarusian and Lithuanian magnate families like Sanguszko , Sapieha or Chodkiewicz , but also with members of royal families like Wiśniowiecki , Sobieski , and Leszczyński . The political position of the Radziwiłłs was enhanced in the 16th century. In 1515, Mikołaj , as a member of a delegation, headed by King Sigismund I the Old took part in the First Congress of Vienna in Pressburg and Vienna where Emperor Maximilian I met kings of Poland, Hungary and Bohemia . Additionally, Mikolaj "the Black"

3588-660: The Protestant religion within the GDL . Mikołaj "the Black" funded the printing of a second version, and first completed, Polish translation of a Protestant Bible, titled the "Radziwiłł Bible" (also known as " Biblia Brzeska " ), which was published in the town of Brest in 1564. His death in 1565 was seen as a severe loss to the Protestant cause in Lithuania. However, Mikołaj "the Red" continued his cousin's work by founding and endowing land to several churches and schools. Several prominent family members have been involved in domestic and foreign political arenas. They took an active part in

3680-616: The Queen of Serpents ). Vytautas Klova (1926 - 2006) created mostly national operas - ( Pilėnai 1955, Vaiva 1957, Duktė ( The Daughter ) 1960, Du kalavijai ( Two Swords ) 1965, Amerikietiškoji tragedija ( An American Tragedy ), 1968, Ave vita , 1974). Operas based on historical thematic were created by Julius Juzeliūnas (1916 - 2001) ( Sukilėliai ( The Rebels ) 1957, banned by soviet censorship, staged only in 1977), B. Dvarionas ( Dalia , 1958). Bronius Kutavičius wrote operas Kaulo senis ant geležinio kalno ( The Old Man of Bone on

3772-467: The Radziwiłł family is proved by the marriage of Anna to Konrad III Rudy , duke of Masovia , who owned the largest Polish principality. In 1547 Barbara Radziwiłł was married to Sigismund II Augustus , thus becoming the Queen of Poland and setting also in motion a closer relationship to the Papal Curia . Later the Radziwiłłs established family relations not only with the most important families of

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3864-429: The Radziwiłłs, after Janusz Radziwiłł had married the heiress Zofia Olelkowicz Słucka . Radziwiłłs also expanded their possessions with Brest , Ashmyany , Krychau, Lida, Mazyr and other administrative territories (starostwos). As a result, the Radziwiłłs were granted a lifetime privilege of being governors (starostas) of those territories. However, during Janusz Radziwiłł's lifetime, the interests between his family and

3956-716: The Rzeczpospolita, including those where the Sejm , had its sessions ( Warsaw , Hrodna ), or the Tribunal held its meetings ( Vilnius , Lublin , Navahrudak ), in province centres where the Radziwiłłs had their estates ( Minsk and Lviv ), and in the cities where the Radziwiłłs were economically active ( Gdańsk , Wrocław ). In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Radziwiłłs also owned property in European capitals like Vienna , Dresden , Berlin and Paris. Residences that emerged in

4048-882: The Vilnius Pedagogical Institute in 1961, attended Boris Lyatoshinsky's composition class at Kiev Conservatory in 1969. From 1992 to 1994 Balakauskas was ambassador of Lithuania and in 1996 he was awarded with the Lithuanian National Award, the highest artistic and cultural distinction in Lithuania. He is currently head of the Composition Department of the Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre. His output consists of symphonies, concertos, chamber and instrumental music. Conductor and music director of City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra , Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla

4140-583: The area such as Niccolò Paganini , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Frédéric Chopin and Ludwig van Beethoven . Chopin gave music lessons to Antoni Radziwiłł's daughter Wanda during his stays at the property. During his stays with Radziwiłł family, Chopin also had composed the Polonaise op.3 and Piano Trio Op. 8 and dedicated the latter to Radziwiłł. Antoni Radziwiłł also supported some of the artists financially, among them Fryderyk Chopin. Chopin's visits to Antonin property were documented by Henryk Siemiradzki in

4232-430: The banking dynasties Altoviti and Strozzi played an important role to secure titles and wealth with the Roman Curia . After the extinction of the Olyka and older Kletsk lines, their fortunes were passed to those of the Nesvizh line. With the death of the heirless Dominik Hieronim in 1813, the Nesvizh line lost its right to the ordynat. Dominik Heronim's son, Aleksander Dominik, was born before his parents' marriage and

4324-425: The beginning of the so-called Ordynant branch. Other than the Ordynant branch, from the younger Kletsk line also descends the lesser titled branches of Szydłowiec and Połoneczka, as well as Dziatłava, Berdychiv, and Żyrmunów. The younger Kletsk line has continued into the present day. Kristinas Astikas , ancestor of the Radziwiłł family, was among these who were granted and adopted the emblem known as Trąby after

4416-502: The big part of the Lithuanian church music of the 17th century was directly influenced by the most prominent composers of Italy of that time - Girolamo Frescobaldi ; Italian organ tablature notation prevailed, basso continuo was studied. Lithuania and its turbulent history was a subject of operas long before the appearance of the national opera in Lithuania. Everardo II, re di Lituania ( Everardo II, King of Lithuania ), music by João de Sousa Carvalho , libretto by Gaetano Martinelli

4508-405: The centres of the possessions of the Radziwiłłs reflected the importance of a town in the history of the family. One of these types of residences was Nesvizh in present-day Belarus, which by the 18th century had developed into a most important princely town. Over the generations the family members have resided in some notable historic homes. The Radziwiłł family owned a total of 23 palaces. Some of

4600-419: The close relation with the Royal House of Prussia caused the family to preferably live at the Berlin court, using their influence, than in Warsaw or St. Petersburg, given their experience with the Czar's seizure of most of the family's property in 1813. Moreover, Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł was the commander-in-chief of the November uprising of 1830–31. Elisa Radziwill , a daughter of Antoni and Louise, became

4692-468: The court of Mikalojus Radvila Juodasis , the Protestant Grand Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Palatine of Vilnius (1515–1565). First printed Lithuanian book Catechismusa Prasty Szadei ( The Simple Words of Catechism ) in 1547 contained 11 religious hymns in Lithuanian with sheet music . Lithuanian jesuit Žygimantas Liauksminas (Sigismundus Lauxminus) published the first music handbook in Lithuania - Ars et praxis musica in 1667. It

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4784-412: The deeds of the dead were narrated using recitation , and ritual songs about war campaigns, heroes and rulers also existed. First professional music was introduced to Lithuania with travelling monks in the 11th century. After the christianization of Lithuania in 1387, religious music started to spread, Gregorian chant was introduced. Travelling musicians arranged concerts in the manors and castles of

4876-430: The distinctly articulated refrains give them a driving quality. Sutartinės can be classed into three groups according to performance practices and function: Sutartinės are a localized phenomenon, found in the northeastern part of Lithuania. They were sung by women, but men performed instrumental versions on the kanklės (psaltery), on horns , and on the skudučiai (pan-pipes). The rich and thematically varied poetry of

4968-474: The family between the 16th century and 1939, is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Radziwiłł family is a directly descended branch of the extinct Lithuanian noble Astikai family line. Its first notable member, Kristinas Astikas (born 1363), a close associate of the Lithuanian ruler Vytautas , became Castellan of Vilnius . The patronym Radvila arose following its use by his son Radvila Astikas and grandson Mikalojus Radvila . A legendary version of

5060-422: The first half of the 17th century, the Radziwiłłs were the most influential and richest family among the magnate dynasties of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This status enabled them, along with very few other families, to have their own army. In 1528, the Radziwiłłs owned 18,240 houses, thus being able to have cavalry of 760 horsemen. In 1567, 28,170 houses provided for an expanded 939 horsemen and 1586 infantrymen. In

5152-440: The first love of the later Prussian King and German Emperor Wilhelm I . Her brothers Wilhelm (1797–1870) and Bogusław (1809–1873) became Prussian generals and politicians, the latter being an influential opponent of Prussian minister-president (and, from 1871, German Chancellor) Otto von Bismarck in his anti-Catholic politics, later called the Kulturkampf . Bogusław's son Ferdynand (1834–1926) also became an important leader of

5244-414: The first sources about songs relating the heroics of those fallen in battle against the Teutonic Knights . Later songs mention the Swedes , there are frequent references to Riga and Battle of Kircholm ; songs collected in the early 19th century mention battles with the Tatars . Songs from uprisings and revolutions, as well as sonf of Lithuanian anti-Soviet guerrilla resistance in 1945-1952 and songs of

5336-432: The friends, classmates. Unable to express their opinions directly, the Lithuanian artists began organizing patriotic Roko Maršai and were using metaphors in their songs' lyrics, which were easily identified for their true meanings by the locals. Postmodernist rock band Antis and its vocalist Algirdas Kaušpėdas were one of the most active performers who mocked the Soviet regime by using metaphors. For example, in

5428-423: The masses; the early 20th century also saw the spread of traditional musical plays like The Kupiškėnai Wedding . Some of the most prominent modern village ensembles: Marcinkonys (Varėna dst.), Žiūrai (Varėna dst.), Kalviai-Lieponys (Trakai dst.), Luokė (Telšiai dst.), Linkava (Linkuva, Pakruojis dst.), Šeduviai (Šeduva, Radviliškis dst.), Užušiliai (Biržai dst.), Lazdiniai-Adutiškis (Švenčionys dst.). Some of

5520-432: The most important characteristics of the sutartinės is the wide variety of vocables used in the refrains ( sodauto, lylio, ratilio, tonarilio, dauno, kadujo, čiūto , etc.). Different vocal and instrumental forms developed, such as lyrical, satirical, drinking and banqueting songs, musical dialogues, wedding laments , games, dances and marches. Chronicles and historical documents of the 13th through 16th centuries contain

5612-409: The most influential hardcore punk band of Lithuania, which in its time was well received by fanzines such as Maximumrocknroll in the United States. Their first up-tempo albums reminded listeners of early records from Scottish hardcore punk legends The Exploited , while later Turboreanimacija embarked on the power-punk road. Turboreanimacija disbanded in 1997 after granting a cult status among

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5704-489: The most powerful magnate families originating from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later also prominent in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland . The family was founded by Radvila Astikas , but over time it split into many branches, such as the Biržai-Dubingiai and Goniądz-Meteliai lines. However, most of the branches became extinct by the 18th century, with only the Nesvizh-Kleck-Ołyka line surviving to this day. Their descendants were highly prominent for centuries, first in

5796-604: The most prominent town folklore groups: Ratilio , Ūla , Jievaras , Poringė ( Vilnius ), Kupolė ( Kaunas ), Verpeta ( Kaišiadorys ), Mėguva ( Palanga ), Insula ( Telšiai ), Gastauta ( Rokiškis ), Kupkiemis ( Kupiškis ), Levindra ( Utena ), Sūduviai ( Vilkaviškis ). Children folk groups: Čiučiuruks ( Telšiai ), Kukutis (Molėtai), Čirulis ( Rokiškis ), Antazavė ( Zarasai dst.) [1] . Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (September 22 [ O.S. September 10] 1875 in Varėna —April 10 [ O.S. March 28] 1911 in Pustelnik near Warsaw )

5888-477: The musical and cultural development was constantly interrupted with historical turmoils. The Russian invasion in 1655 was especially grueling - many manors were destroyed, Vilnius was looted and demolished. The war with Sweden was started as well. The period was called Tvanas ( The Deluge ). Eventually it led to a partition of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1785 in Vilnius was the first city theatre created, which hosted operas as well. Musical life continued in

5980-440: The next generation as Mikołaj 's descendants consisted of one male heir, Mikołaj III , who entered the priesthood and became the Bishop of Samogitia , thus bearing no known offspring to extend the line. The Biržai-Dubingiai line was moderately more successful and produced some very notable state officials and politicians, but it also became extinct after Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł 's death in 1695. The Nesvizh-Kletsk-Olyka line

6072-708: The oldest principles of multivoiced vocal music: heterophony , parallelism , canon and free imitation . Most of the sutartinės' repertoire was recorded in the 19th and 20th centuries, but sources from the 16th century on show that they were significant along with monophonic songs. At present the sutartinės have almost become extinct as a genre among the population, but they are fostered by many Lithuanian folklore ensembles. The topics and functions of sutartinės encompass all major Lithuanian folk song genres. Melodies of sutartinės are not complex, containing two to five pitches . The melodies are symmetrical, consisting of two equal-length parts; rhythms are typically syncopated , and

6164-405: The patronym's etymology associates it with a child found by krivis Lizdeika in a wolf's den ( rado vilko... = "found wolf's...", implying "rado vilko vaikas" = "found wolf's child"). The name has been primarily written in, and recognized by, the polonized version and spelling for several centuries. The family descends from Lithuanian bajorai-ducal courtiers who advanced considerably in

6256-433: The political life of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Its importance is manifested by family relations with such famous nobility dynasties in Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, the Great Duchy of Lithuania, Samogitia , and Rus like Zaslawski , Rohatinski, Lukomski, and Olshanski -Dobrowicki. The Radziwiłł family joined the rest of the nobility as the state's elite after the signing of the Union of Krewo in 1385. The significance of

6348-654: The possession of one line, represented by the sons of Michal Hieronim , Ludwik Mikolaj of Kletsk and Antoni Henryk of Nesvizh and Olyka. The descendants of Antoni Henryk formed the beginning of the so-called Ordynant branch, out of the younger Kletsk line, in whose possession, other than the three older ordynats of Nesvizh, Kletsk, and Olyka, they also received the two additional titles of Przygodzice and Davyd-Haradok. The Radziwiłł family owned 23 castles and palaces. The most fortified of them were in Nesvizh , Olyka , Biržai , Biała, Slutsk, Zolkow, Pomorzany and Zolochiv . The Radziwiłłs possessed palaces in most important cities of

6440-465: The rhythm and process of the work to be done. Later work songs sing more of a person's feelings, experiences and aspirations. The older work songs more accurately relate the various stages of the work to be done. They are categorized according to their purpose on the farm, in the home, and so on. The rateliai ( round dances ) have long been a very important part of Lithuanian folk culture, traditionally performed without instrumental accompaniment . Since

6532-458: The saloons of the aristocrats and nobleman. The house of singer Kristina Gerhardi-Frank and physician Joseph Frank was especially well known in Vilnius. Development of national Lithuanian opera is related with national revival in the 20th century. Themes of the operas were taken from the national history or mythology. Lithuanian language was considered as language of singing. First Lithuanian national opera Birutė by composer Mikas Petrauskas

6624-695: The song Zombiai (Zombies), the band indirectly sang about the Red Army soldiers who occupied the state and its military base in Ukmergė . Vytautas Kernagis ' song Kolorado vabalai ( Colorado beetles ) was also a favorite due to its lyrics in which true meaning of the Colorado beetles was intended to be the Soviets decorated with the Ribbons of Saint George . In the early independence years, rock band Foje

6716-410: The sutartinės attests to their importance in the social fabric. Sutartinės were sung at festivals, gatherings, weddings , and while performing various chores. The poetic language while not being complex is very visual, expressive and sonorous. The rhythms are clear and accented. Dance sutartinės are humorous and spirited, despite the fact that the movements of the dance are quite reserved and slow. One of

6808-543: The title of princes of the Radziwiłł dynasty and the rights of its members at the family properties. In addition, many members of the Radziwiłł family held high civil and military posts. They had family ties with the Dukes of Castellane , the Clary-Aldringen and Sayn-Wittgenstein princes and most importantly with Frederick William II, King of Prussia and his son Frederick William III . Prince Antoni Radziwiłł of

6900-475: The younger sister of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy . Prince Antoni Radziwiłł was a music and art aficionado and he transformed his properties in Berlin to serve as artistic salons, where aristocrats mingled among artists, painters and composers. Radziwiłł's Berlin properties hosted frequent amateur theatre play productions. Another property Antoni Radziwiłł owned in Prussian-Poland was Antonin ,

6992-1245: Was a Lithuanian painter and composer . During his short life he created about 200 pieces of music. His works have had profound influence on modern Lithuanian culture. Čiurlionis studied piano and composition at the Warsaw Conservatory (1894–1899). Later he attended composition lectures at the Leipzig Conservatory (1901–1902). His symphonic poems In the Forest ( Miške ) and The Sea ( Jūra ) were performed only posthumously . The Čiurlionis String Quartet performs in Lithuania and abroad. Every several years junior performers from Lithuania and neighbouring countries take part in The Čiurlionis Competition . Modern classical composers emerged in seventies - Bronius Kutavičius , Feliksas Bajoras , Osvaldas Balakauskas , Onutė Narbutaitė , Vidmantas Bartulis and others. Most of those composers explored archaic Lithuanian music and its harmonic combination with modern minimalism and neoromanticism. Osvaldas Balakauskas (born 1937, Miliūnai) Graduated from

7084-626: Was a first book of the trilogy, devoted to Gregorian chant - other books include Graduale pro exercitatione studentium and Antifonale ad psalmos, iuxta ritum S. Romanae Ecclesiae, decantandos, necessarium . The books were published at the University of Vilnius - S.R.M. Academicis Societatis Jesu. Recent findings - The Sapieha Album ( Sapiegos albumas ) and the Diary of the Kražiai Organist ( Kražių vargoninko dienoraštis ) demonstrated that

7176-481: Was a leading opponent of reform and King Stanisław II Augustus and his allies, the members of the so-called Familia political party headed by the Czartoryski family . After the three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century, towns and estates owned by the Radziwiłłs became parts of territories that belonged to Russia, Prussia and Austria. However, all three states recognized

7268-498: Was a renowned scenic designer. Prominent theatre director Eimuntas Nekrošius has staged several operas in Lithuania ( Otello ) and Italy ( Macbeth ). Fashion designer Juozas Statkevičius (b. 1968) created costumes for numerous operas. The diversity of the modern national opera is represented by: Lokys ( The Bear , 2000), Geros dienos ( Have a Godd Day! , 2011), Cornet (2014), Post Futurum (2018), Prūsai ( The Prussians , 2018). Modern opera Sun & Sea (Marina) (2019)

7360-585: Was connected to the ideology of Sąjūdis and independence movement of Lithuania. 1986–1987 marked the appearance of the punk scene in Lithuania. Bands like Už Tėvynę ( For the Fatherland ), Genocidas Raudonajam Interventui ( A Genocide for The Red Intervents ), SKAT , and Erkė maiše were leaning towards the classic punk rock of the 1970s, while others like 33% kiaulių pakeliui į Vatikaną and Turboreanimacija were more inclined towards hardcore punk (HC) stylistics. Turboreanimacija can be regarded as

7452-494: Was created Reichsfürst of Biržai and Dubingiai . The same year King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland married Barbara Radziwiłł and confirmed these titles in 1549. So high a title was rare among the szlachta (the Polish nobility): just five Polish families, including the Radziwiłłs, received the title of imperial prince from the Holy Roman emperor. The Radziwiłł family also divided on religious grounds. Following

7544-474: Was made by Italian architects and engineers Agostino Locci, Bartolomeo Bolzoni and Giovanni Battista Gisleni . The cultural life of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania was especially intense during the reign of Sigismund II Augustus . The Vilnius residence was a place to host many chamber concerts, music and dance festivities and carnivals, and music has become an integral part of the public life of

7636-530: Was married to a Prussian princess) he was able to keep the family trust properties, mainly Nesvizh Castle and Olyka Castle with vast lands, while Mir Castle and 18,000 km of land passed to Dominik's only legitimate child, Stephania, who had to marry a Russian subject, according to the Czar's order, whom she found in Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg . In this way, all three Radziwiłł ordynats ended up in

7728-399: Was particularly popular and gathered tens of thousands of spectators to the concerts. After disbanding in 1997, Foje vocalist Andrius Mamontovas remained one of the most prominent Lithuanian performers and an active participant in various charity events. Marijonas Mikutavičius is famous for creating unofficial Lithuania sport anthem Trys milijonai (Three million) and official anthem of

7820-612: Was presented at Venice Biennale , Lithuanian pavilion and was awarded The Golden Lion for best national participation. Currently operas are staged in Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre , Vilnius City Opera , Kaunas State Musical Theatre , Klaipėda State Musical Theatre and by company Operomanija and by Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago . Opera is a highly popular genre in Lithuania, collecting full halls. The annual NOA (New Opera Action) - contemporary alternative opera and multidisciplinary art festival

7912-577: Was staged in 1906 in Vilnius City Concert Hall . After regaining the Independence of Lithuania in 1918 opera Gražina (1933) by composer Jurgis Karnavičius (1884 - 1941) was the first staged in a new Kaunas State Musical Theatre . It was followed in 1937 by the next opera of J.Karnavičius Radvila Perkūnas . In Boston in 1924 Lithuanian emigrants music lovers staged opera by M.Petrauskas Eglė žalčių karalienė ( Eglė

8004-787: Was staged in the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in 1636. Marco Scacchi and Virgilio Puccitelli were the opera's impresarios. The appearance of the opera in Lithuania is quite early, especially considering the fact that Italian opera phenomena was formed at about 1600 and first opera staged in Paris was just before 1650. In the 17th century in Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, three Italian operas were staged – all by palace composer Marco Scacchi, to librettos by Virgilio Puccitelli - Il ratto d’Elena ( The Elena Kidnapping ) (1636), L'Andromeda ( Andromeda ) (1644), Circe Delusa ( Disillusioned Circe ) (1648). The scenography and stage machinery

8096-607: Was the deputy to the Grand Prince when the latter was abroad. From that time on, the Radziwiłłs were also granted the privilege of keeping legal acts and other state documents in Nesvizh. In 1583 bishop Jerzy Radziwiłł was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Gregory XIII , established a closer relationship with the influential noble banking families Altoviti and Strozzi . Later prince Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł married Lucrezia Maria Strozzi, great-granddaughter of Bindo Altoviti and Filippo Strozzi . During this time until

8188-581: Was the most important source of information about the music on other side of the Iron Curtain . It was very common for Lithuanian hippies or band players to listen to this radio. Radio Luxemburg bears strong associations in Lithuania with the Romas Kalanta generation ( Kalantos karta ). Another means was to smuggle LPs of popular Western bands into Lithuania and copy them onto magnetic tape . The records then spread further by making recordings to

8280-559: Was the most successful and was further divided into smaller family lines to maintain clarity and specificity of descent and the passing of titles. Since the 18th century, all Radziwiłł family members have been descendants of this line. Three sons of Mikołaj "the Black" , Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" , Albrycht, and Stanisław "the Pious" , are said to be the progenitors of the three smaller branches. The branches are as follows: Possibly both

8372-661: Was thus denied the title and inheritance of his forefathers. He and his descendants had their princely title confirmed by the Austrian Empire . Thus, the ordynat of Nesvizh and Olyka fell into the hands of the younger Kletsk line. This, however, cost the new owner, Antoni Radziwiłł , some diplomatic effort at the Congress of Vienna , as his cousin Dominik had fought in the Polish Legion on Napoleons' side, and Alexander I of Russia had therefore confiscated his whole property. Only because of Prussia's intervention (since Antoni

8464-492: Was written in 1782 to celebrate the birth of Pedro III , King of Portugal. I Lituani ( The Lithuanians ) - is an opera consisting by Amilcare Ponchielli to an Italian libretto by Antonio Ghislanzoni , based on the historical poem Konrad Wallenrod written by Adam Mickiewicz . It premiered at La Scala in Milan on 7 March 1874. One of the first professional Lithuanian musicians was Juozas Kalvaitis (1842-1900). He composed

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