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70-592: Vinitsa is located 10 kilometers South West from Parvomay . The Maritsa river flows near the village. The geographical area, in which it is located - the Upper Thracian Plain , is fertile and enables the inhabitants to cultivate many crops. Near Vinitsa village, an endangered species of swamp snowdrop can be found. Along with Gradina village, this is one of the few places that the endangered plant can be found in Southern Bulgaria . In 1903,

140-885: A cost of 340 million euros. The Maritsa river runs to the East through the Municipality with the Mechka, Byala and Kayaliyka rivers running North into the Maritsa with thermal mineral springs in Dragoinovo, Byala Reka and Lenovo. The Mechka River runs through Lenovo, Poroyna and along the southeastern edge of Parvomay Town. Falling from the Mechkovets Hills, the Kayaliyka River runs North through villages of Iskra, Bryagovo, Dragoinovo, Ezerovo and Bodrovo joining

210-502: A long trunk and tusks breaking through the skin below an elephantine lower lip. In the early 2000s Markov and colleagues published papers on the facial soft tissue of Deinotherium contesting these ideas, instead suggesting an alternative soft tissue reconstruction. In the first of these publications the authors argue that, due to the origin of these animal's tusks, the lower lip should be situated beneath them as they evolved their classic downturned appearance. They further suggest that, while

280-409: A trunk would be present, it would likely not resemble that of modern elephants and instead be more robust and muscular, which they reason is evidenced by the lack of a proper insertion surface. Although later research concurs that the trunk or proboscis of Deinotherium was likely notably different from those of modern proboscideans, the idea of a short tapir-like trunk is questioned. In particular, it

350-466: A unique place in Bulgaria as the rare summer snowflake ( Leucojum ) grows there. Moreover, the village of Iskra hosts a special celebration known as Iskra Festival, which features Folk Music, dancing, food. A dam of the river Kayaliyka between Iskra and Bryagovo forms Bryagovo Lake. Bryagovo Lake is where local hunting clubs host clay pigeon shooting competition every September close to a Hotel overlooking

420-526: Is a celebration of Thracian Music and Songs. Many national orchestras, folklore groups and single artists take part in the centre of Parvomay town. October is Poetry month. Tourism in the Municipality is somewhat underdeveloped but growing, with new hotels opening such as the 'Tzarigrad' in Debar south of Parvomay town and 'Finest' in the centre. Local attractions include thermal mineral springs in Dragoinovo, Byala Reka and Lenovo. The surroundings of Vinitsa are

490-717: Is a town located in the Plovdiv Province of southern Bulgaria , part of the similarly named municipality ( Parvomay Municipality ). It is geographically close to the towns of Sadovo and Chirpan . The name literally means First of May, i.e., May Day , in English and is sometimes transliterated as Parvomai or Purvomai . As with many places in Bulgaria, the town has other names, such as its old name (up until 1947) of Borisovgrad (after Bulgaria's last Tsar, Boris to celebrate his birthday on 30 January 1894), as well as Borissograd, Borissovgrade, or Borissowgrad. Until 1894, it

560-457: Is interpreted to have had multiple factors influencing it. On the one hand, increased size is an effective predator deterrent, especially during the Miocene when carnivorans had reached a great diversity including hyaenodonts, amphicyonids and large cats. Secondly, continued aridification during the Miocene increasingly split up woodlands, with greater distances of open landscape stretching between

630-749: Is known from Sahabi , Libya and it's possible that both Deinotherium and Prodeinotherium coexisted in the Kenyan Ngorora Formation . The origin of deinotheriids can be found in the Oligocene of Africa with the relatively small bodied Chilgatherium . Initially restricted to Africa, the continued northward movement of the African Plate eventually caused the Proboscidean Datum Event , during which proboscideans diversified and spread into Eurasia, among them

700-591: Is located in a parkland in the centre of the Town. Following the 1928 earthquake that destroyed many buildings including the courthouse, a fund was set up to construct a new building. A small building constructed in the centre of Parvomay in 1932 has jurisdiction over Parvomay Municipality. There are two high schools in Parvomay, the Vasil Levski School of Professional Agriculture and Economics northeast of

770-619: Is not chosen randomly. Beginning of February is the time when the vines and abandon Trifon's Day celebrates the feast of-grower. St. Trifon, as patron saint of vineyards is unique to the Balkans and mainly where Bulgarians and Greeks live. During the month of May the May Cultural Festival is held in the town of Parvomay, where the people of Parvomay and their guests gather at the halls of the Community Centre to meet

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840-415: Is pointed out that the tall stature and still relatively short neck of Deinotherium would render it very difficult for the animal to drink without assuming a more complex posture. Thus it is suggested that the trunk must have been at least long enough for the animal to effectively drink. Throughout the long history of deinotheriid research, 31 species have been described and assigned to the family, many on

910-606: Is relatively longer, though still quite short compared to other modern browsers like giraffes . The permanent tooth formula of D. giganteum was 0.0.2.3. 1.0.2.3. {\displaystyle {\frac {0.0.2.3.}{1.0.2.3.}}} ( deciduous 0.0.3. 1.0.3. {\displaystyle {\frac {0.0.3.}{1.0.3.}}} ), with vertical cheek tooth replacement. Two sets of bilophodont and trilophodont teeth were present. The molars and rear premolars were vertical shearing teeth, and suggest that deinotheres became an independent evolutionary branch very early on;

980-625: The Arabian Peninsula and South to East Asia . In Europe fossils are especially common in the southeast, with up to half of known specimens in the region originating in Bulgaria. Especially significant specimens include those found in Ezerovo, Plovdiv Province (type specimen of D. thraceiensis ) and near Varna . Romania likewise yielded significant remains, with one notably large specimen being found by Grigoriu Ștefănescu near Mânzați (type specimen of D. gigantissimum ). The fossils of

1050-675: The Czech Republic (Františkovy Lázně), Austria (Gratkorn Locality), Switzerland ( Jura Mountains ), France ("Field of Giants"), Portugal , Spain and Germany. Some of the earliest and most significant finds in Germany have been made in the Dinotheriensande ( Eppelsheim Formation ) of the Mainz Basin , named for their great abundance of deinothere remains. The holotype specimen of Deintherium , described by Kaup in

1120-680: The Middle East , with the holotype of D. indicum being found on the island of Perim ( Yemen ) in the Red Sea . Fossils are also known from Iran and multiple localities on the Indian Subcontinent such as the Siwalik Hills . The easternmost occurrence of the genus appears to be in the province of Gansu , Northwest China . The western range of Deinotherium spans most of West and Central Europe including Hungary ,

1190-580: The Ottoman Empire after the Treaty of Berlin in 1878. After the revolution of September 6, 1885, the province was annexed by the Principality of Bulgaria. On 14 April 1928, a sequence of two earthquakes with a magnitude of approximately 7 in central Bulgaria destroyed 74,000 buildings and killed 114 people in the nearby cities of Plovdiv , Chirpan (to the north) and Parvomay. A newspaper at

1260-544: The South Shetland Islands , Antarctica is named after Parvomay. Deinotherium Deinotherium is an extinct genus of large, elephant -like proboscideans that lived from about the middle- Miocene until the early Pleistocene . Although its appearance is reminiscent of modern elephants, Deinotherium possessed a notably more flexible neck, with limbs adapted to a more cursorial lifestyle, as well as tusks which grew down and curved back from

1330-668: The Thracians on high mountain peaks. Sanctuaries of this type originated and developed as religious centres in the period between the Late Bronze Age and the end of the Roman Empire . The sanctuary complex on Dragoyna peak was first studied and recorded in the first half of the 20th century since when the site has suffered at the hands of numerous treasure hunters. No formal archaeological excavations were conducted until 2004. Two periods of occupation have been identified from

1400-584: The history of Bulgaria the area has been Thracian, Greek, Roman, Byzantium, Slav, Bulgar and Ottoman. Archaeological finds in 2004 2005 and 2006 relate to a Thracian cult complex of a collection of tribes known as the Odrysian kingdom in an area to the south of Dragoynovo at the Goliama Dragoyna peak. The peak of Goliama Dragoyna is the highest point in the area at 813,60 m. A high concentration of Thracian tumulus (burial mounds) have been found in

1470-561: The 3rd century BC, this area became part of the Thracian Odrysian kingdom . In the quarters of Debar and Liybenovo on the outskirts of Parvomay town, archeologists have found Thracian mounds. By the 1st century AD, this part of Thrace was annexed by the Roman empire, and later it remained a part of its Eastern Roman Empire . Roman graves dating to the period of the 1st–4th centuries have been also discovered around Parvomay. Through

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1540-465: The Country. There are over 500 acres (2.0 km ) greenhouses and over 60% of the arable land is irrigated. There are considerable crops of commercially grown grapes in the south around the village of Iskra, also Oriential (often known as Turkish Tobacco) and Large Leaf Tobacco in the area. The soils are predominantly black humus. There are also vast areas of oak and conifer forests on higher ground in

1610-449: The Debar school. In the churchyard is one of the first secular schools in the country. Both are monitored by UNESCO . St. Archangel Michael (Архангел Михаил) church sits in the heart of the district of Liybenovo on the northeastern edge of the town and restored golden domed St. Georges Church (Църквата Св. Георги) in the centre. In contrast the Debar district of Parvomay is a modern designed Evangelical Catholic Church. The village of Iskra in

1680-518: The Marista 8 km to the east of Parvomay Town. The Byala River runs through Byala Reka village and Karadzhalovo. The main crops in the region of Municipality Parvomay are grain production, with 75 000 decares of wheat, barley 7,500 decares, and sunflower 13,200 decares. Agriculture and especially vegetable growing are of great importance for the Parvomay region it is one of the biggest producers of tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers and aubergine (egg-plant)in

1750-811: The North east. The municipality is situated in the most Eastern area of the Plovdiv Pazardzhik plain– part of the Upper Thracian lowlands, with total area of 470,057 decares. The Municipality encompasses 17 settlements with population of 32,131 people. Villages in Parvomay Municipality in the Plovdiv Province are; Bryagovo (789 inhabitants to 02/05/2006), Bukovo, Byala Reka , Dalbok Izvor, Dobri Do, Dragoynovo, Ezerovo, Gradina, Iskra , Karadjalovo, Vinitsa, Voden. Iskra being

1820-589: The North-West, mainly in May and June, when it blows for weeks with average velocity of about 3 м/s. Short thunderstorms and hailstorms are quite common in summer and you may get some thick fogs in the North of the District along the Maritsa river but this is quite uncommon. Parvomay town contains G. Karaslavov museum house and St. Dimiter Church (built in the period 1841–43) displays iconostasis and mural paintings of

1890-451: The anatomical differences, the difference in size in particular, are not enough to properly distinguish the two, which would subsequently render species of Prodeinotherium as Deinotherium instead. This would create the combinations D. bavaricum , D. cuvieri (both European), D. hobleyi (Africa), P. pentapotamiae , and possibly D. sinense (Asia). Deinotherium was a widespread genus, found across vast areas of East Africa, Europe,

1960-505: The ancestral Prodeinotherium , thought to be the direct predecessor of the larger Deinotherium . Generally, Deinotherium displays relatively little change in morphology throughout its evolution, but a steady increase in body size from 2 meters shoulder height in Prodeinotherium to up to 4 meters in later Deinotherium species and a mass far exceeding even large African elephants . The reasons for this rapid increase in body size

2030-464: The archaeological evidence: Four churches were discovered by archaeological excavations near the village of Iskra. The oldest documented reference to the city of Parvomay is from 1576 in the register of Ottoman taxes in Bulgaria. In 1671 the Turkish travel writer Evliya Celebi mentions the village of Iskra to the south. Parvomay was for a time part of Eastern Rumelia , an autonomous province within

2100-529: The area. A golden ring was found in Ezerovo, near to Dragoyna archaeological site. The ring has an inscription in Thracian Language with Greek letters. It indicates that the relatives dedicate the ring to the deceased. Numerous dice were also found. A settlement was located close to the village of Dragoynovo near to Iskra . This religious complex is one of the many sacred places, established by

2170-682: The art of the visiting theatres, the local dramatic and music-folklore teams, national favorite and local artists and a lot more interesting additional events. In May 2010 Parvomay Rock Fest was held in the centre of the town, a one-day event of rock music sponsored by the Municipality and local company, EcoGas. As well as the Dragoynovo Festival in June and Iskra Festival in August, the city of Parvomay Festival takes place in September which

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2240-429: The basis of poorly sampled material, especially teeth of varying size. The amount of species recognized by authors differs depending on researchers, but the three species most commonly considered valid are listed below. One hypothesis opposing this three-species model suggests that, rather than being a single consistent species lasting throughout the Miocene, D. giganteum actually represents multiple chronospecies, with

2310-477: The centre, and Prof. Dr. Asen Zlatarov High School west of the town centre. There are also three elementary schools: St. Cyril and Methodius and Georgi Karaslavov and Hristo Botev, just south of the town centre and two kindergartens, Osmi Mart and Maritsa. All of the schools in the town of Parvomay were extensively renovated in 2010 by the municipality. In the area of Parvomay there are also eight more elementary schools and five kindergartens. In 1994 Bulgaria began

2380-947: The early 1800s, stems from this part of Europe. Outside of Eurasia , Deinotherium bozasi is found in East Africa, with specimens known from the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania , the Omo Basin and Middle Awash of Ethiopia , and multiple localities in Kenya . D. bozasi remains have also been found in the Kenyan Chemoigut Beds around Lake Baringo , as well as the Kubi Algi Formation and Koobi Fora Formation in East Rudolf . An additional tooth

2450-420: The food sources of browsers such as Deinotherium . This also accounts for the morphological adaptations seen in the limbs of Deinotherium , better suited for long distance travel. Furthermore, the appearance of Deinotherium coincided with falling temperatures during the middle Miocene. According to Bergmann's rule , these circumstances favor increased body mass for maintaining heat in cold temperatures. Despite

2520-754: The foothills of Dragoyna. The ridge's name comes from a legend about Dragoy, prince of the Slavonic tribe that inhabited the region and his daughter Dragoyna, who built a white stone castle on the peak that the Byzantines later conquered and destroyed. This range is in turn the foothills of the Rhodopi mountains, passing to the South-West into the Novakovski Balkan mountain. In 1926, it had a population of 4,425 which rose to 5,050 in 1946. By 1985,

2590-483: The gasification of the country. The city of Parvomay had the first cubic meter of natural gas sold. There are limited charter flights to the nearby Plovdiv International Airport just to the east of the Plovdiv Asenovgrad highway (12 km SE of Plovdiv). In 2010, scheduled flights began to London and Moscow in 2011 routes were expanded to Frankfurt. The international European road Е-80 passes through

2660-831: The genus Prodeinotherium . These additional remains also helped solidify Deinotherium's position within Proboscidea and finds in India described as D. indicum extended the range of the genus outside of Europe. Fossils of an exceptionally large specimen found in Manzati , Romania between the late 19th and early 20th century were described as D. gigantissimum . In Bulgaria Deinotherium remains have been found from 1897 onward, with one particular fossil of an almost complete animal found in 1965. These remains were officially described in December of 2006 as D. thraceiensis , making it

2730-561: The lake. There has been a recent development of water-motor sports and fishing tourism at this lake and the nearby Mechka River. A second dam of the Kayaliyka river at Ezerovo forms a sizable lake which is a popular summer spot for local visitors and fishing. Furthermore, in Tatarevo and Iskra there has been a growth and development in business tourism related to production and tasting of local wines. Parvomay Neck on Greenwich Island in

2800-562: The largest in the area with a population of 1829 (to 02/05/2006) in the Dragoyna foothills to the south of Parvomay. Fossils of sea shells have been found in the limestone rocks near the village of Ezerovo (to the south east of Parvomay town) a full skeleton of a prehistoric Deinotherium was also found in this area which is on display in Asenovgrad Paleontological Museum. Sometime from the 5th century BC to

2870-530: The latter half of the Neogene . Deinotherium thrived the longest in Africa, where they were found into the early Pleistocene. Deinotherium has a long history, possibly dating back as early as the 17th century when a French surgeon named Matsorier found the bones of large animals in an area known as the "field of giants" near Lyon . Matsorier is said to have exhibited these bones across France and Germany as

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2940-450: The lower incisors, with upper incisors and upper and lower canines missing entirely. The curvature is initially formed by the mandible itself, with the teeth themselves erupting at only the halfway point of the curve. The degree to which the tusks follow the direction predetermined by the mandible varies between specimens, with some tusks following the curve and pointing backwards, forming an almost semicircular shape, while in other specimens

3010-490: The mandible, as opposed to the forward-growing maxillary tusks of extant elephants. Deinotherium was a widespread genus, ranging from East Africa , north to Southern Europe , and east to the Indian subcontinent . They were primarily browsing animals, with a diet largely consisting of leaves. The genus most likely went extinct due to environmental changes, such as forested areas gradually being replaced by open grasslands, during

3080-564: The many key adaptations deinotheres developed for effective foraging, the continued aridification that progressed throughout the Miocene eventually led to the extinction of the group, which failed to survive without readily available food sources matching their diet. Populations in Western Europe were the first to disappear, followed later by those in Eastern Europe. While European lineages of Deinotherium had gone extinct with

3150-499: The most enigmatic features of Deinotherium are their downturned tusks and their function. Research conducted on Deinotherium suggests that these tusks were likely not used for digging, nor are they sexually dimorphic , leaving use in feeding as their most likely function. These tusks exhibit patterns of wear, in particular on their medial and caudal sides. In a 2001 paper Markov and colleagues argue that Deinotherium could have used its tusks to remove branches that would have gotten in

3220-518: The most recently named species, although later studies synonymize it with the other European species'. The name Deinotherium is derived from the Ancient Greek δεινός , deinos meaning "terrible" and θηρίον , therion meaning "beast"). Some authors have on occasion referred to Deinotherium as Dinotherium , following latinization of the first element of the name. Although pronunciation remains unchanged, Deinotherium remains

3290-415: The occiput that gives Deinotherium a slightly more raised head posture, and their teeth, which strongly resemble those of modern tapirs, animals that predominantly feed on fruits, flowers, bark and leaves. Their limbs show some notable differences to Prodeinotherium , allowing for a more agile mode of locomotion and allowing for easier travel across open landscapes in the search of food, which coincides with

3360-572: The onset of the Pliocene, the genus managed to survive notably longer in its southern range in Africa. The last known Deinotherium remains, assigned to D. bozasi , were found in sediments dating to the Pleistocene, approximately 1 million years ago. Sirenia Eritherium Numidotherium Barytherium Deinotheriidae Phiomia Mammut Gomphotherium Elephantidae Several key adaptations suggest that Deinotherium

3430-408: The other premolars were used for crushing. The cranium was short, low, and flattened on the top, in contrast to more advanced proboscideans, which have a higher and more domed forehead, with very large, elevated occipital condyles . The largest skulls of Deinotherium reached a length of 120–130 cm (47–51 in). The nasal opening was retracted and large, indicating a large trunk. The rostrum

3500-546: The population had risen to 17,136; and by 1992, it had dropped to 16,826. By 2009, Parvomay's population had further declined to 16,630 and by the end of 2010 it fell to 13,733. Parvomay was ranked as the 57th largest city of Bulgaria in 2011. The administrative center of the Parvomay Municipality is the town of Parvomay. It comprises three areas, major urban and two suburbs Debar to the South and Liybenovo to

3570-481: The snowfall in the north of the area is thin and does not last being a little heavier in the south, although the snow of the Winter of 2009 was unusually heavy (50–60 cm). The total precipitation is below the average for the country, about 532 L/m . The precipitation is highest in December and May and lowest in August and February–March. The relative humidity is particularly low– up to 60%.The strongest wind comes from

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3640-403: The south has St. Georges Chapel (църквата Св. Георги,) built in 2010, St. Mary Church (църквата Св. Богородица) restored 2006. On the north western edge of the town Parvomay has a stadium with a capacity to seat 5,000 and nearby 'Fiesta' swimming complex, with "Hristo Boltev" football stadium (Стадион "Христо Ботев) on the south eastern edge. Preserved ancient relics are displayed in a museum in

3710-572: The south. The lowland of the Maritsa river are mainly meadows with cinnamon soils. The territory of Municipality Parvomay belongs to the area of transitive Mediterranean climate. The average temperature in January is 1˚С, and about 25˚ С in July. The summer is dry and hot and the winter is comparatively mild. Unlike the nearby winter resort of Pamporovo to the south in the Rhodope Mountains

3780-610: The southern edge of the town and a branch of the Trakia highway (A1) passes very near on the way to Burgas . The railway line from Belovo to Dimitrovgrad, running through Parvomay officially opened in 1873 and now run by the Bulgarian State Railways as part of the line from Sofia to Istanbul . The upgrading of the Plovdiv-Svilengrad line was the biggest local project financed by EU's ISPA program at

3850-414: The southwest of Stara Zagora , 34 km to the west of city of Haskovo and 360 km to the northwest of Istanbul, the northern edge of the town is 700m south of the Maritza River. The topography of the Parvomay Municipality is predominantly a flat plain, except for the fields of the Voden and Bukovo villages and the rolling hills around Iskra , Bryagovo, Dragoinovo, and Ezerovo which are part of

3920-474: The supposed bones of a French monarch, until he was exposed and the bones were handed over to the French National Museum of Natural History . In 1775 researchers recognized the bones as belonging to an animal "similar to a mammoth " and during the late 18th/early 19th century George Cuvier hypothesized that they actually belonged to a large tapir with upwards curving tusks which he named Tapir gigantesque . Another early hypothesis suggested that Deinotherium

3990-406: The time reported that 1000 buildings in Parvomay collapsed. Parvomay's post office opened in 1881, its first hospital opened with one doctor and 10 hospital beds in 1882, and its first doctors clinic in 1886. Parvomay's hospital is located just to the southwest of the town centre and there is also a sizable medical centre just to the north of the centre. The St. Cyril and Methodius Community Center

4060-476: The town the Primary School St. Cyril and Methodius and also the House of Culture in the village of Iskra. For the fifth year in February 2009 the Municipality of Parvomai and the St. Cyril and Methodius Community Centre organized a Wine and Wine-Production Fair together with a prize for best home-made wine. It was attended by a panel of technologists from visiting wineries – Asenovgrad AD Winery, Wine Cellar Reggina Estate Iskra, winery Zagreus AD Parvomai. The date

4130-438: The tusks continue down almost vertically. The tusks have a roughly oval cross-section and could reach a length of 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in). Although the presence of an elephant-like proboscis or trunk in Deinotherium is evident thanks to the size and shape of the external nares, the exact shape and size of this trunk is a matter that has long been debated. Historic depictions commonly portray it as very elephantine with

4200-504: The two now-invalid species are displayed at the National Museum of Natural History, Bulgaria and the Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History , Romania respectively. Multiple specimens have also been found in Greece and even on the island of Crete, indicating that the large animal had traveled there over a potential landbridge. Towards the east Deinotherium is known from finds in Russia ( Rostov-on-Don ), Georgia , and Turkey . The range of Deinotherium furthermore extends over

4270-399: The type species only applying to the intermediate form. Other species that have been described include: Another matter that complicates the amount of Deinotherium species recognized by science is the state of the genus Prodeinotherium . One prevailing theory is that Prodeinotherium is a distinct genus ancestral to the larger Deinotherium species. Other researchers, however, argue that

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4340-429: The valid spelling as it was coined first. Deinotherium was a large-bodied proboscidean displaying continued growth between species. Two adult males of D. giganteum were around 3.63–4.0 m (11.9–13.1 ft) tall at the shoulder and weighed 8.8–12 tonnes (8.7–11.8 long tons; 9.7–13.2 short tons). This is similar to adult males of D. proavum , one of which weighed 10.3 tonnes (10.1 long tons; 11.4 short tons) and

4410-472: The village was renamed from Badarlii to Vinitsa. There is one school in Vinitsa, a primary school named " Vasil Aprilov ", which allows students to graduate the 8th grade. Most children from the village continue their education in the nearby Municipality of Parvomay . There is a community hall with library in Vinitsa, named after Georgi Sava Rakovski . It was built during 1928. Parvomay Parvomay ( Bulgarian : Първомай [pɐrvoˈmaj] )

4480-551: The widespread breakup of forests and expansion of grasslands during the time Deinotherium lived in Europe. Fossil finds from the Austrian Gratkorn locality and the Mainz Basin in Germany indicate that Deinotherium was not a permanent resident in some areas it inhabited. In Austria it has been suggested that they traversed areas on a regular basis, while in Germany there is evidence for the animals range shifting with changing climatic conditions, present during subtropical climate conditions and absent in subboreal conditions. One of

4550-447: Was 3.59 m (11.8 ft) tall at the shoulder. The average male and female D. proavum has been estimated to have had a shoulder height of 3.65 m (12.0 ft) and a weight of 10.5 tonnes (11.6 short tons). However, both these species are smaller than a 45-year-old male of D. "thraceiensis" , at 4.01 m (13.2 ft) tall at the shoulder and 13.2 tonnes (13.0 long tons; 14.6 short tons). The most recent species, D. bozasi ,

4620-451: Was a sirenian that used its tusks to anchor itself to the sea floor while sleeping. The genus Deinotherium was coined in 1829 by Johann Jakob von Kaup to describe a fossil skull and mandible discovered in Germany. The type specimen, D. giganteum was at the time thought to be an evolutionary link between sloths and mastodonts . Further remains were discovered and named, including many that would later come to be considered part of

4690-415: Was a folivorous, browsing proboscidean that preferred open woodland habitats and fed on the leaves of the tree canopy. In Asia D. indicum has been associated with wet and warm, low-energy woodland and in Portugal deinotheriid remains were found in regions corresponding with moist, tropical to subtropical woodland conditions likened to modern Senegal . A browsing lifestyle is supported by the inclination of

4760-401: Was around 3.6 m (12 ft) tall at the shoulder and weighed 9 metric tons (9.9 short tons). The general anatomy of Deinotherium is similar to that of modern elephants with pillar-like limbs, although proportionally longer and more slender than those of other proboscideans. The bones of the toes are longer and less robust than in elephants and the neck likewise differs notably in that it

4830-421: Was known by its Turkish names of Hadzi Ejles (Bulgarian Хаджи Елес), Hadzi-Ele, Hadzi-Jeiles, Khadzhi Eiles, or Khadzhi-Eles ("Hacı İlyas" in Turkish). The municipal centre town Parvomay is situated at 134 meters above sea level, with geographic coordinates 25о13`30`` east longitude and 42о06`00`` north latitude. The town is 180 km to the east of Sofia , 39 km to the east of Plovdiv city, 50 km to

4900-416: Was long and the rostral fossa broad. The mandibular symphyses (the lower jaw-bone) were very long and curved downward, which, with the backward-curved tusks, is a distinguishing feature of the group. These tusks are without doubt the most immediately visible feature of Deinotherium . Unlike in modern proboscideans, which possess tusks that grow from the upper incisors , the tusks of Deinotherium grow from

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