17-636: See text . Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus Viola , the violets and pansies . Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed the Violaceae in an order named after it, the Violales or the Parietales . However, molecular phylogeny studies place the family in
34-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
51-505: A number of species in temperate regions. Many genera have a very restricted distribution. Though the best-known genus, Viola , is herbaceous , most species are shrubs , lianas or small trees . The simple leaves are alternate or opposite, often with leafy stipules or the stipules are reduced in size. Some species have palmate or deeply dissected leaves. Many species are acaulescent . The flower are solitary in panicles . Some species have cleistogamous flowers produced after or before
68-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
85-485: Is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family
102-1126: Is placed in a clade of 10 families within the order. Its place within the parietal clade reflects its earlier position in Parietales, those families with parietal placentation . There it forms a sister group to Goupiaceae . Oxalidales ( outgroup ) Euphorbiaceae Peraceae Picrodendraceae Phyllanthaceae Linaceae Ixonanthaceae Salicaceae Scyphostegiaceae Samydaceae Lacistemataceae Passifloraceae Turneraceae Malesherbiaceae Violaceae Goupiaceae Achariaceae Humiriaceae Hypericaceae Podostemaceae Calophyllaceae Clusiaceae Bonnetiaceae Ochnaceae Quiinaceae Medusagynaceae Rhizophoraceae Erythroxylaceae Ctenolophonaceae Pandaceae Irvingiaceae Chrysobalanaceae Euphroniaceae Dichapetalaceae Trigoniaceae Balanopaceae Malpighiaceae Elatinaceae Centroplacaceae Caryocaraceae Putranjivaceae Lophopyxidaceae Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae )
119-521: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Cronquist system The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants . It
136-587: The Malpighiales as reflected in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification, with 41 other families, where it is situated in the parietal clade of 11 families. Most of the species are found in three large genera, Viola , Rinorea and Hybanthus . The other genera are largely monotypic or oligotypic. The genera are grouped into four clades within the family. The species are largely tropical or subtropical but Viola has
153-525: The Violaceae, as a suprageneric rank under the name of Violariae (1802), and as the first formal description, bears his name as the botanical authority . Batsch included eight genera in this family . Although Violariae continued to be used by some authors, such as Don (1831) and Bentham and Hooker (1862) (as Violarieae), most authors, such as Engler (1895), adopted the alternative name Violaceae, proposed by de Lamarck and de Candolle in 1805, and later by Gingins (1823) and Saint-Hilaire (1824). With
170-447: The establishment of higher suprafamiliar orders, which he called "Alliances", Lindley (1853) placed his Violaceae within the Violales . 24 genera are accepted. Historically, Violaceae has been placed within a number of orders since Lindley's treatment, principally Violales ( Hutchinson , Takhtajan , Cronquist , Thorne ) and the equivalent Parietales ( Bentham and Hooker , Engler and Prantl , Melchior ), although such placement
187-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
SECTION 10
#1732780187214204-476: The ovary superior and containing many ovules. The fruits are capsules split by way of three seams. Seeds have endosperm . That Viola , previously included by Jussieu (1789) under Cisti , should have its own family was first proposed by Ventenat in 1799, and in 1803 placed the Viola species in a new genus, Ionidium which he described as "Famille des violettes." However, in the meantime Batsch established
221-484: The production of typical flowers with petals. Flowers are bisexual or unisexual (e.g. Melicytus ), actinomorphic but typically zygomorphic with a calyx of five sepals that are persistent after flowering. Corollae have five mostly unequal petals, and the anterior petal is larger and often spurred. Plants have five stamens with the abaxial stamen often spurred at the base. The gynoecium is a compound pistil of three united carpels with one locule . Styles are simple, with
238-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
255-549: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
272-471: Was considered unsatisfactory, but also Polygalinae ( Hallier ) and Guttiferales ( Bessey ). Of these, that of Melchior (1925), within the Engler and Prantl system, has been considered one of the most influential. Molecular phylogenetics resulted in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) places it as one of a large number of families within the eudicot order Malpighiales . Violaceae, as one of 42 families,
289-474: Was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) and An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981) ( see Bibliography ). Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two broad classes, Magnoliopsida ( dicotyledons ) and Liliopsida ( monocotyledons ). Within these classes, related orders are grouped into subclasses. While
#213786