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102-584: Ali al-Timimi was found guilty of exhorting his followers to join the Taliban and fight US troops. Ali Asad Chandia was a teacher at a school in Maryland and was accused of providing material support to Lashkar-e-Taiba , a U.S.-designated Pakistani terrorist organization . Chandia was sentenced to 15 years in prison, with three years of supervised release at the end of his incarceration Randall Todd Royer pleaded guilty to two counts of aiding and abetting

204-495: A cascading waterfall with Italian Renaissance -style architecture. Modern , Postmodern , contemporary , and other non-classical architectural styles are also seen in the city. The National Museum of African American History and Culture deeply contrasts the stone-based neoclassical buildings on the National Mall with a design that combines modern engineering with heavy inspiration from African art . The interior of

306-486: A 2023 population of 6.3 million residents. A locally elected mayor and 13-member council have governed the district since 1973, though Congress retains the power to overturn local laws. Washington, D.C., residents are, on the federal level, politically disenfranchised since the city's residents do not have voting representation in Congress; the city's residents elect a single non-voting congressional delegate to

408-532: A Microarray Data Warehouse,” International Conference on Information Technology, IEEE, Las Vegas, NV. After returning from Medina , Al-Timimi began to deliver lectures on Salafiyya at Islamic conferences throughout the 1990s, and gradually developed an audience. Dozens of his lectures have been published on the internet. Viorst writes that Al-Timimi avoided contemporaneous political issues, but instead reflected on "the Islamic vision of Judgment Day , prophecy,

510-617: A Middle Eastern Legal Scholarship" . Indiana Law Journal . 82 (1): 1–48 . Retrieved November 10, 2022 . Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. , formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C. , is the capital city and federal district of the United States . The city is on the Potomac River , across from Virginia , and shares land borders with Maryland to its north and east. It

612-479: A Time of Terror" . Notre Dame Law Review . 84 (2): 655–732 . Retrieved November 10, 2022 . McCormack, W. (2005). "Inchoate Terrorism: Liberalism Clashes with Fundamentalism". Georgetown Journal of International Law , 37 (1), 1–60. Tanenbaum, R. S. (2005). "Preaching Terror: Free Speech or Wartime Incitement?" . American University Law Review . 55 (3): 785–820 . Retrieved November 10, 2022 . Tehranian, J. (2007). "Compulsory Whiteness: Towards

714-518: A Tweet on August 18, 2020, CBS national security correspondent, Catherine Herridge argued that the entire case was motivated by the Awlaki visit to Al-Timimi's home. Prior to Al-Timimi's prosecution, a group of young Muslim men that prosecutors described as a " Virginia Jihad Network " were convicted on charges related to their travels to a militant training camp in Pakistan called Lashkar-e-Taiba ,

816-487: A center of the nation's internal slave trade . After its survey, the new federal city was constructed on the north bank of the Potomac River, to the east of Georgetown centered on Capitol Hill . On September 9, 1791, three commissioners overseeing the capital's construction named the city in honor of President Washington. The same day, the federal district was named Columbia, a feminine form of Columbus , which

918-469: A federal town". In Federalist No. 43 , published January 23, 1788, James Madison argued that the new federal government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance and safety. The Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. Article One, Section Eight of the Constitution permits

1020-408: A garden-lined grand avenue about 1 mile (1.6 km) long and 400 feet (120 m) wide in an area that is now the National Mall inspired by the grounds at Versailles and Tuileries Gardens. In March 1792, President Washington dismissed L'Enfant due to conflicts with the three commissioners appointed to supervise the capital's construction. Andrew Ellicott , who worked with L'Enfant in surveying

1122-728: A good community spirit from another angle. I was very impressed with this unique mix that made me see him as being similar to the martyr Sayyid Qutb." At his parents' urging, Al-Timimi returned to the United States after a year of study and earned a second undergraduate degree in computer science from the University of Maryland . He later earned a Ph.D. in computational biology from George Mason University in 2004, after defending his doctoral thesis titled "Chaos and Complexity in Cancer." His doctoral thesis reflected, in large part,

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1224-668: A government sting." The Al-Timimi case has generated some legal commentary, including: Davis, T. (2006). "The Suffocation of Free Speech Due to the Gravity of Danger of Terrorism" . Modern American . 2 (3): 3–9 . Retrieved November 10, 2022 . Freivogel, W. H. (2007). "Tom Eagleton and 'the Curse to our Constitution' " . St. Louis University Law Journal . 52 (1): 109–136 . Retrieved November 10, 2022 . Goldberger, D. (2005). "Protecting Speech We Hate". Litigation , 32 (2), 40–44. Healy, T. (2008). "Brandenburg in

1326-446: A group of followers at a private dinner shortly after 9/11 . He was subsequently sentenced to life in prison in 2005. His direct appeal has not yet completed and has been pending for more than nineteen years. Al-Timimi was held in solitary confinement for more than fifteen years including over a decade under special administrative measures at the maximum security United States Penitentiary ADX Florence , Colorado . In August 2020,

1428-410: A group that the United States would later designate as a Foreign Terrorist Organization on December 26, 2001. Al-Timimi was named as an unindicted co-conspirator in that case. According to prosecutors, Al-Timimi told his followers at a private gathering on September 16, 2001, that he believed that the 9/11 attacks had been an omen that foreshadowed a looming end-of-times battle between Muslims and

1530-465: A holy war. Masoud Khan, Seifullah Chapman and Hammad Abdur-Raheem all were convicted of conspiring to provide material support to Lashkar-e-Taiba, a designated Foreign Terrorist Organization , and to attack India in violation of the Neutrality Act of 1794 , as well as of various firearms related offenses, for conduct that spanned from 2000 to 2003. U.S. District Judge Leonie Brinkema considered

1632-480: A hundred attendees a week. According to Umar Lee , Al-Timimi's lectures "became 'the place to be' for the youth of the masjids [mosques] throughout the D.C. area," who were attracted to the fact that "this was a man who was born and raised in America, spoke in clear English, and not only had a great knowledge of the dīn (religion) but was college educated, a cancer researcher, and a very serious intellectual. This

1734-747: A mental health specialist with a doctorate in special education, initially taught at St. John's Child Development Center for intellectually disabled children. Later in the mid-1970s, she was a dean at Mt. Vernon College for Women . One of Al-Timimi's teenage friends was the son of journalist Milton Viorst , who later wrote in The Atlantic that the family was "not particularly ethnic or religious," and that Al-Timimi celebrated holidays such as Halloween and Christmas with his brother and other friends at school. Viorst writes that Al-Timimi's parents were both practicing Muslims, but spoke English rather than Arabic at home and "did not push religious observance on

1836-502: A modern glass exterior and heavy curvature. CityCenterDC is home to Palmer Alley, a pedestrian-only walkway, and houses several apartment buildings, restaurants, and luxury-brand storefronts with streamlined glass and metal facades. Outside Downtown D.C., architectural styles are more varied. Historic buildings are designed primarily in the Queen Anne , Châteauesque , Richardsonian Romanesque , Georgian Revival , Beaux-Arts , and

1938-474: A recent Supreme Court case that overturned a law that was found to be unconstitutionally vague in the way it described a crime. Chapman argued his initial conviction of violating a law was vague in the way it described "a crime of violence". A month later, the same judge vacated the convictions of Masoud Khan, a second man from the case serving a life-sentence, based on the same argument made by Chapman. On January 13, 2009, Yong Ki Kwon testified by video link in

2040-431: A relatively high homelessness rate, despite its high living standard compared to many American cities. Washington, D.C., is divided into four quadrants of unequal area: Northwest (NW) , Northeast (NE) , Southeast (SE) , and Southwest (SW) . The axes bounding the quadrants radiate from the U.S. Capitol. All road names include the quadrant abbreviation to indicate their location. House numbers generally correspond with

2142-493: A scientific researcher, Al-Timimi worked for the United States Navy and at George Mason University where he held the rank of Assistant Professor . In October 2002, the former Dar al-Hijrah imam Anwar al-Awlaki visited Al-Timimi and inquired about recruiting men for "violent jihad." But Al-Timimi became suspicious of al-Awlaki's motives, believing it to be an entrapment attempt and asked al-Awlaki to leave. In

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2244-533: A snowstorm in January 1772. Hurricanes or their remnants occasionally impact the area in late summer and early fall. However, they usually are weak by the time they reach Washington, partly due to the city's inland location. Flooding of the Potomac River , however, caused by a combination of high tide, storm surge, and runoff, has been known to cause extensive property damage in the Georgetown neighborhood of

2346-676: A special committee charged with beautifying Washington's ceremonial core. What became known as the McMillan Plan was finalized in 1901 and included relandscaping the Capitol grounds and the National Mall, clearing slums, and establishing a new citywide park system. The plan is thought to have largely preserved L'Enfant's intended design for the city. By law, the city's skyline is low and sprawling. The federal Height of Buildings Act of 1910 prohibits buildings with height exceeding

2448-473: A variety of Victorian styles. Rowhouses are prominent in areas developed after the Civil War and typically follow Federal and late Victorian designs. Georgetown 's Old Stone House , built in 1765, is the oldest-standing building in the city. Founded in 1789, Georgetown University features a mix of Romanesque and Gothic Revival architecture . The Ronald Reagan Building is the largest building in

2550-513: A version of Where's Waldo. We could not find him." After an internal investigation, BOP found that a prison official had "verbally harassed" Al-Timimi, but concluded that it had insufficient evidence to substantiate Al-Timimi's other claims. In September 2015, the Fourth Circuit again remanded the case, this time on the grounds that "the FBI withheld evidence of its 2002 investigation into

2652-585: A week of deliberation, the jury found Al-Timimi guilty of all 10 counts in April 2005. At a sentencing hearing on July 14, 2005, he received a mandatory lifetime prison sentence . Judge Brinkema described the sentence as "very draconian," but said "I don't think any well-read person can doubt the truth that terrorist camps are a crucial part of the new terrorism that is perpetrated in the world today. People of good will need to do whatever they can to stop that." At sentencing, Al-Timimi "made an eloquent statement to

2754-911: Is generally popular among tourists and locals. In 2007, six of the top ten buildings in the American Institute of Architects ' ranking of America's Favorite Architecture were in the city: the White House , Washington National Cathedral , the Jefferson Memorial , the United States Capitol , the Lincoln Memorial , and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . The neoclassical , Georgian , Gothic , and Modern styles are reflected among these six structures and many other prominent edifices in

2856-501: Is water. The district is bordered by Montgomery County, Maryland , to the northwest; Prince George's County, Maryland , to the east; Arlington County, Virginia , to the west; and Alexandria, Virginia , to the south. The south bank of the Potomac River forms the district's border with Virginia and has two major tributaries, the Anacostia River and Rock Creek . Tiber Creek , a natural watercourse that once passed through

2958-633: The American Civil War in 1861 led to the expansion of the federal government and notable growth in the city's population, including a large influx of freed slaves. President Abraham Lincoln signed the Compensated Emancipation Act in 1862, which ended slavery in the district, freeing about 3,100 slaves in the district nine months before the Emancipation Proclamation . In 1868, Congress granted

3060-435: The Anacostia River to the east. Washington, D.C.'s street grid was extended, where possible, throughout the district starting in 1888. Georgetown's streets were renamed in 1895. Some streets are particularly noteworthy, including Pennsylvania Avenue , which connects the White House to the Capitol; and K Street, which houses the offices of many lobbying groups. Constitution Avenue and Independence Avenue , located on

3162-544: The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park , the National Mall and Memorial Parks , Theodore Roosevelt Island , Columbia Island , Fort Dupont Park , Meridian Hill Park , Kenilworth Park and Aquatic Gardens , and Anacostia Park . The District of Columbia Department of Parks and Recreation maintains the city's 900 acres (3.6 km ) of athletic fields and playgrounds, 40 swimming pools, and 68 recreation centers. The U.S. Department of Agriculture operates

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3264-483: The Eastern District of Virginia , and charged Al-Timimi with 10 criminal counts, including solicitation of treason and attempting to aid the Taliban . Al-Timimi's defense lawyers argued his case was an attack on the freedom of speech and religious freedom , arguing that their client only told young Muslims that it might be better to emigrate from the United States to better practice their faith. After

3366-584: The House of Representatives in 2021 but was not adopted by the U.S. Senate . To become law it would have to be passed by the Senate and signed by president; it would have renamed the city Washington, Douglas Commonwealth and shrunk the Federal District to about the size of the national mall. Designed in 1791 by Pierre Charles L'Enfant , the city is divided into quadrants , which are centered around

3468-628: The International Monetary Fund , the Organization of American States , and other international organizations. Home to many of the nation's largest industry associations, non-profit organizations, and think tanks , D.C. is known as a lobbying hub, with K Street as the industry center. The city had 20.7 million domestic visitors and 1.2 million international visitors, ranking seventh among U.S. cities as of 2022. The Algonquian -speaking Piscataway people , also known as

3570-536: The National Mall , was fully enclosed underground during the 1870s. The creek also formed a portion of the now-filled Washington City Canal , which allowed passage through the city to the Anacostia River from 1815 until the 1850s. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal starts in Georgetown and was used during the 19th century to bypass the Little Falls of the Potomac River, located at the northwest edge of

3672-558: The Quran and Sunna (the teachings of the Prophet). In 1981, Al-Timimi returned to the United States and enrolled in a premed program at The George Washington University , while spending much of his time networking with different groups in the local Muslim community. Al-Timimi was quoted as saying that he "flirted with each group, only quickly to become disinterested in their rhetoric and what I perceived as their being out of touch with

3774-623: The Washington Metro stations and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden are designed with strong influence from the 20th-century Brutalism movement. The Smithsonian Institution Building is built of Seneca red sandstone in the Norman Revival style. The Old Post Office building, located on Pennsylvania Avenue and completed in 1899, was the first building in the city to have a steel frame structure and

3876-607: The White House , the Capitol, the Supreme Court Building , and multiple federal departments and agencies . The city is home to many national monuments and museums , located most prominently on or around the National Mall , including the Jefferson Memorial , the Lincoln Memorial , and the Washington Monument . It hosts 177 foreign embassies and serves as the headquarters for the World Bank ,

3978-545: The 1830s, the district's southern territory of Alexandria declined economically, due in part to its neglect by Congress. Alexandria was a major market in the domestic slave trade and pro-slavery residents feared that abolitionists in Congress would end slavery in the district . Alexandria's citizens petitioned Virginia to retake the land it had donated to form the district, a process known as retrocession . The Virginia General Assembly voted in February 1846, to accept

4080-472: The 446-acre (1.80 km ) United States National Arboretum in Northeast Washington, D.C. Washington's climate is humid subtropical ( Köppen : Cfa ), or oceanic ( Trewartha : Do bordering Cf downtown). Winters are cool to cold with some snow of varying intensity, while summers are hot and humid. The district is in plant hardiness zone 8a near downtown, and zone 7b elsewhere in

4182-535: The 9,122 acres (36.92 km ) of city land owned by the U.S. government. Rock Creek Park is a 1,754-acre (7.10 km ) urban forest in Northwest Washington, which extends 9.3 miles (15.0 km) through a stream valley that bisects the city. Established in 1890, it is the country's fourth-oldest national park and is home to a variety of plant and animal species, including raccoon, deer, owls, and coyotes. Other National Park Service properties include

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4284-641: The Canadas , the British set fire to government buildings in the city, gutting the United States Capitol , the Treasury Building , and the White House in what became known as the burning of Washington . However, a storm forced the British to evacuate the city after just 24 hours. Most government buildings were repaired quickly, but the Capitol, which was largely under construction at the time, would not be completed in its current form until 1868. In

4386-488: The Capitol Building and include 131 neighborhoods . As of the 2020 census , the city had a population of 689,545. Commuters from the city's Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area , which includes parts of Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia , is the country's seventh-largest metropolitan area , with

4488-513: The City of Washington in 1895. However, the city had poor housing and strained public works, leading it to become the first city in the nation to undergo urban renewal projects as part of the City Beautiful movement in the early 20th century. The City Beautiful movement built heavily upon the already-implemented L'Enfant Plan , with the new McMillan Plan leading urban development in

4590-521: The Conoy, inhabited the lands around the Potomac River and present-day Washington, D.C., when Europeans first arrived and colonized the region in the early 17th century. The Nacotchtank , also called the Nacostines by Catholic missionaries , maintained settlements around the Anacostia River in present-day Washington, D.C. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes ultimately displaced

4692-645: The Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland . Nine cities served as capitals to the Continental Congress and under the Articles of Confederation . New York City was the first capital upon the adoption of the Constitution , succeeded by Philadelphia , which was capital from 1790 to 1800. On October 6, 1783, after the capital

4794-526: The Sydney trial of five men accused of planning a terrorist attack in Australia. Ali al-Timimi Ali Al-Tamimi (also Ali Al-Timimi ; born December 14, 1963) is an American computational biologist and Islamic teacher from Fairfax County, Virginia , who was convicted of soliciting treason and attempting to contribute services to the Taliban based on comments he is alleged to have made to

4896-542: The U.S. House of Representatives. The city's voters choose three presidential electors in accordance with the Twenty-third Amendment , passed in 1961. Washington, D.C. anchors the southern end of the Northeast megalopolis . As the seat of the U.S. federal government , the city is an important world political capital . The city hosts the buildings that house federal government headquarters, including

4998-640: The Virginia Jihad prosecution before the 9/11 Commission as follows: "The Lackawanna 6 was a good case. The other prosecutions for terrorism are B.S. They would never have investigated the Virginia jihad group before 9/11". After the conclusion of the Virginia Jihad Network trials, prosecutors tried Al-Timimi for helping to inspire their travel to Lashkar-e-Taiba. The case was tried before U.S. District Judge Leonie M. Brinkema in

5100-605: The West, and that "the time had come for them to go abroad and join the mujaheddin engaged in violent jihad in Afghanistan." Another attendee at the gathering, Randall Royer, advised the men that they could receive military training from Lashkar-e-Taiba, and put the men in contact with the group. Several of the attendees went on to travel to Lashkar-e-Taiba and participate in military training exercises, though none ultimately did any fighting. FBI Special Agent Tim Ervin described

5202-504: The area. Blizzards affect Washington once every four to six years on average. The most violent storms, known as nor'easters , often impact large regions of the East Coast . From January 27 to 28, 1922 , the city officially received 28 inches (71 cm) of snowfall, the largest snowstorm since official measurements began in 1885. According to notes kept at the time, the city received between 30 and 36 inches (76 and 91 cm) from

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5304-592: The borders of the federal district and placed boundary stones at every mile point; many of these stones are still standing. Both Maryland and Virginia were slave states , and slavery existed in the District from its founding. The building of Washington likely relied in significant part on slave labor, and slave receipts have been found for the White House, Capitol Building, and establishment of Georgetown University. The city became an important slave market and

5406-597: The case back to the district court, giving broad latitude to the trial judge. The Justice Department did not confirm or deny the use of NSA wiretaps against Al-Timimi. In 2006, Al-Timimi's attorneys also challenged his treatment by the Federal Bureau of Prisons , claiming that it had repeatedly moved him to new facilities to block him from meeting with his legal counsel. Attorney Jonathan Turley told NPR that Al-Timimi "was transferred to at least six different prisons in four states in less than six months. It became

5508-420: The children." At age fifteen, in 1978, Al-Timimi's parents moved the family to Riyadh , Saudi Arabia for three years to expose them to their Arabic and Islamic heritage. Al-Timimi attended Manarat Riyadh High School, where he learned Arabic and studied Islam under Bilal Phillips . In Saudi Arabia, Al-Timimi became influenced by Salafism , a reform branch of Sunni Islam that advocates strict adherence to

5610-462: The city , primarily in the U ;Street, 14th Street, 7th Street, and H Street corridors, which were predominantly black residential and commercial areas. The riots raged for three days until more than 13,600 federal troops and Washington, D.C., Army National Guardsmen stopped the violence. Many stores and other buildings were burned, and rebuilding from the riots was not completed until

5712-480: The city at the Atlantic Seaboard fall line . The highest natural elevation in the district is 409 feet (125 m) above sea level at Fort Reno Park in upper northwest Washington, D.C. The lowest point is sea level at the Potomac River. The geographic center of Washington is near the intersection of 4th and L streets NW. The district has 7,464 acres (30.21 km ) of parkland, about 19% of

5814-490: The city but bankrupted its government. In 1874, Congress replaced the territorial government with an appointed three-member board of commissioners. In 1888, the city's first motorized streetcars began service. Their introduction generated growth in areas of the district beyond the City of Washington's original boundaries, leading to an expansion of the district over the next few decades. Georgetown's street grid and other administrative details were formally merged with those of

5916-819: The city throughout the movement. Much of the old Victorian Mall was replaced with modern Neoclassical and Beaux-Arts architecture ; these designs are still prevalent in the city's governmental buildings today. Increased federal spending under the New Deal in the 1930s led to the construction of new government buildings, memorials, and museums in the district, though the chairman of the House Subcommittee on District Appropriations, Ross A. Collins of Mississippi , justified cuts to funds for welfare and education for local residents by saying that "my constituents wouldn't stand for spending money on niggers." World War II led to an expansion of federal employees in

6018-730: The city's classical-style architecture include buildings constructed in the French Second Empire style, including the Eisenhower Executive Office Building , and the modernist Watergate complex . The Thomas Jefferson Building , the main Library of Congress building, and the historic Willard Hotel are built in Beaux-Arts style , popular throughout the world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Meridian Hill Park contains

6120-416: The city's total area, the second-highest among high-density U.S. cities after Philadelphia . The city's sizable parkland was a factor in the city being ranked as third in the nation for park access and quality in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the park systems of the nation's 100 most populous cities, according to Trust for Public Land , a non-profit organization. The National Park Service manages most of

6222-421: The city, was then tasked with completing its design. Though Ellicott revised the original L'Enfant plans, including changing some street patterns, L'Enfant is still credited with the city's overall design. By the early 20th century, however, L'Enfant's vision of a grand national capital was marred by slums and randomly placed buildings in the city, including a railroad station on the National Mall. Congress formed

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6324-408: The city. Summers are hot and humid with a July daily average of 79.8 °F (26.6 °C) and average daily relative humidity around 66%, which can cause moderate personal discomfort. Heat indices regularly approach 100 °F (38 °C) at the height of summer. The combination of heat and humidity in the summer brings very frequent thunderstorms, some of which occasionally produce tornadoes in

6426-530: The city. Many of the government buildings, monuments, and museums along the National Mall and surrounding areas are heavily inspired by classical Roman and Greek architecture. The designs of the White House, the U.S. Capitol, Supreme Court Building , Washington Monument , National Gallery of Art , Lincoln Memorial, and Jefferson Memorial are all heavily drawn from these classical architectural movements and feature large pediments, domes, columns in classical order, and heavy stone walls. Notable exceptions to

6528-469: The city. Precipitation occurs throughout the year. The highest recorded temperature was 106 °F (41 °C) on August 6, 1918, and on July 20, 1930. The lowest recorded temperature was −15 °F (−26 °C) on February 11, 1899 , right before the Great Blizzard of 1899 . During a typical year, the city averages about 37 days at or above 90 °F (32 °C) and 64 nights at or below

6630-680: The city; by 1950, the district's population reached its peak of 802,178 residents. The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1961, granting the district three votes in the Electoral College for the election of president and vice president, but still not affording the city's residents representation in Congress. After the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968, riots broke out in

6732-411: The court, quoting from the Constitution and Socrates. [He] pointed out that he had 'never owned or used a gun, never traveled to a military camp, never set foot in a country in which a war was taking place, never raised money for any violent organization.' For his conviction to stand, he said: '[T]wo hundred and thirty years of America's tradition of protecting the individual from the tyrannies and whims of

6834-405: The creation of the capital district along the Potomac River. The city was founded in 1791, and the 6th Congress held the first session in the unfinished Capitol Building in 1800 after the capital moved from Philadelphia . In 1801, the District of Columbia, formerly part of Maryland and Virginia and including the existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria , was officially recognized as

6936-491: The district court ordered his conditional release into home confinement pending appeal after concluding that his case raised substantial legal issues. Al-Timimi was born in 1963 and grew up in the Palisades neighborhood of Washington, DC , where he attended Georgetown Day School until age fifteen. His father (d. 2010), an attorney, was the cultural attaché at the embassy of the then Kingdom of Iraq . His mother,

7038-486: The district's African American male residents the right to vote in municipal elections. By 1870, the district's population had grown 75% in a decade to nearly 132,000 people, yet the city still lacked paved roads and basic sanitation. Some members of Congress suggested moving the capital farther west, but President Ulysses S. Grant refused to consider the proposal. In the Organic Act of 1871 , Congress repealed

7140-454: The east and north of the Potomac and the County of Alexandria to the west and south. After the Act's passage, citizens in the district were no longer considered residents of Maryland or Virginia, which ended their representation in Congress. On August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812 , British forces invaded and occupied the city after defeating an American force at Bladensburg . In retaliation for acts of destruction by American troops in

7242-483: The establishment of a "District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States". However, the constitution does not specify a location for the capital. In the Compromise of 1790 , Madison, Alexander Hamilton , and Thomas Jefferson agreed that the federal government would pay each state's remaining Revolutionary War debts in exchange for establishing

7344-556: The federal district was a square measuring 10 miles (16 km) on each side and totaling 100 square miles (259 km ). Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown , founded in 1751, and the port city of Alexandria, Virginia , founded in 1749. In 1791 and 1792, a team led by Andrew Ellicott , including Ellicott's brothers Joseph and Benjamin and African American astronomer Benjamin Banneker , whose parents had been enslaved, surveyed

7446-408: The federal district; initially, the city was a separate settlement within the larger district. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria. In 1871, it created a single municipality for the remaining portion of the district. There have been several unsuccessful efforts to make the district into a state since the 1880s; a statehood bill passed

7548-580: The first American on the CIA's kill or capture list , Anwar al-Awlaki ". Between 2016 and 2019, Al-Timimi's attorneys further argued that several of his convictions have been rendered invalid by the Supreme Court 's intervening decisions in Johnson v. United States and United States v. Davis . On April 27, 2020, Al-Timimi's attorneys filed a motion for his conditional release from prison pending

7650-684: The first to use electrical wiring in its design. Notable contemporary residential buildings, restaurants, shops, and office buildings in the city include the Wharf on the Southwest Waterfront , Navy Yard along the Anacostia River , and CityCenterDC in Downtown . The Wharf has seen the construction of several high-rise office and residential buildings overlooking the Potomac River . Additionally, restaurants, bars, and shops have been opened at street level. Many of these buildings have

7752-404: The freezing mark (32 °F or 0 °C). On average, the first day with a minimum at or below freezing is November 18 and the last day is March 27. Washington, D.C., was a planned city , and many of the city's street grids were developed in that initial plan. In 1791, President George Washington commissioned Pierre Charles L'Enfant , a French-born military engineer and artist, to design

7854-436: The individual charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown , abolished Washington County , and created a new territorial government for the whole District of Columbia. These steps made "the city of Washington...legally indistinguishable from the District of Columbia." In 1873, President Grant appointed Alexander Robey Shepherd as Governor of the District of Columbia. Shepherd authorized large projects that modernized

7956-1064: The influence of the ideas of Harold Morowitz , one of his professors, on his thinking. An FBI assessment of Al-Timimi noted that "[d]espite (Al-Timimi's) early attachment to [Bin Baz], he was open to rational methods (bin Baz famously insisted the world was flat in a 1976 fatwa) and continued his pursuit of science, eventually defending his PhD dissertation at George Mason University in Virginia in computational biology." Domeniconi, C, Barbará, D, Chaudhary, H, Al-Timimi, A., and Jamison, D.C “Data Mining Techniques for Microarray Data Analysis,” in New Generation of Data Mining Applications, eds. Kantardzic, M. and Zurada, J. (March 2005) Grant GM et al. (April 2004) “Microarrays in Cancer Research,” Anticancer Research, Mar-Apr;24(2A):441-8. Al-Timimi, A., and Jamison, D.C (April 2004) “Knowledge Discovery in

8058-437: The late 1990s. In 1973, Congress enacted the District of Columbia Home Rule Act providing for an elected mayor and 13-member council for the district. In 1975, Walter Washington became the district's first elected and first black mayor. Since the 1980s, the D.C. statehood movement has grown in prominence. In 2016, a referendum on D.C. statehood resulted in an 85% support among Washington, D.C., voters for it to become

8160-675: The militant interpretation ... found in Timimi’s speech, then, we might call it Bin Bazism." Al-Timimi also became influenced by Islamist thinkers like Sayyid Qutb , Abd al-Rahman Abd al-Khaliq , Safar Al-Hawali and Muhammad Surur . Following his April 2005 conviction, an editorial about Al-Timimi's life appeared in the Saudi newspaper Al Madina . It described his "personality as one that combines eloquence, steadfastness in times of adversity, and unique opinions from one angle, with gentleness and

8262-472: The mujahideen" was "colossally bad advice." Although Al-Timimi was convicted in 2005, his direct appeal is still ongoing. In late 2005, Al-Timimi's appellate attorneys sought discovery on whether Al-Timimi had been subjected to illegal wiretaps in light of the then-recently disclosed NSA warrantless surveillance program. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit responded by remanding

8364-497: The name Washington, Douglas Commonwealth (thus keeping the same abbreviation Washington, D.C.). The legalities, reasons, and impact of statehood have been heavily debated in the 2020s. Washington, D.C., is located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. East Coast . The city has a total area of 68.34 square miles (177 km ), of which 61.05 square miles (158.1 km ) is land and 7.29 square miles (18.9 km ) (10.67%)

8466-509: The nation's 51st state . In March 2017, the city's congressional delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton introduced a bill for statehood. Reintroduced in 2019 and 2021 as the Washington, D.C., Admission Act , the U.S. House of Representatives passed it in April 2021. After not progressing in the Senate, the statehood bill was introduced again in January 2023. The bill would have made D.C. into a state with one representative and two senators, with

8568-593: The nature of the divine , and fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)—subjects with which he grappled in Medina and in his private reading." In the late 1990s, he cofounded an Islamic center in Falls Church, Virginia with his mentor, the Sudanese Islamic scholar Jaafar Sheikh Idris, which they named Dar al-Arqam. Al-Timimi became its primary lecturer, and delivered weekly lessons on Salafiyya to approximately

8670-496: The new capital. He enlisted the help of Isaac Roberdeau, Étienne Sulpice Hallet and Scottish surveyor Alexander Ralston to help lay out the city plan. The L'Enfant Plan featured broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles, providing room for open space and landscaping. L'Enfant was also provided a roll of maps by Thomas Jefferson depicting Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Strasbourg, Paris, Orleans, Bordeaux, Lyon, Marseille, Turin, and Milan. L'Enfant's design also envisioned

8772-604: The new national capital in the Southern United States . On July 9, 1790, Congress passed the Residence Act , which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River . Under the Residence Act, the exact location was to be selected by President George Washington , who signed the bill into law on July 16, 1790. Formed from land donated by Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of

8874-552: The north and south sides of the National Mall, respectively, are home to many of Washington's iconic museums, including many Smithsonian Institution buildings and the National Archives Building . Washington hosts 177 foreign embassies ; these maintain nearly 300 buildings and more than 1,600 residential properties, many of which are on a section of Massachusetts Avenue informally known as Embassy Row . The architecture of Washington, D.C., varies greatly and

8976-404: The number of blocks away from the Capitol. Most streets are set out in a grid pattern with east–west streets named with letters (e.g., C Street SW), north–south streets with numbers (e.g., 4th Street NW), and diagonal avenues, many of which are named after states . The City of Washington was bordered on the north by Boundary Street (renamed Florida Avenue in 1890); Rock Creek to the west, and

9078-536: The purpose engaging in violent jihad in Afghanistan against the American troops that they expected would soon invade that country. Al-Hamdi also admitted to carrying a rocket-propelled grenade in furtherance of a conspiracy to undertake a military operation against India . Seifullah Chapman maintained his intention to travel to the training camp was for a grueling physical challenge, not to seek out fighting in

9180-765: The questions being raised in America—about Islam and the Muslims." Stating that he was "hungry for answers to the larger philosophical questions," Al-Timimi returned to Saudi Arabia in 1987, where he studied for a year at the Islamic University of Madinah and became a student of Abdul-Aziz bin Baz . Michael Sells who has investigated Al-Timimi's belief system has written, "It is Bin Baz’s understanding of Islam, in fact, that ... guides central assumptions within Timimi’s speeches." He also stated, "Were we to name

9282-515: The remainder of his appeal, arguing that intervening Supreme Court authority had cast doubt on the charges that continued to subject him to imprisonment, and that the COVID-19 pandemic additionally presented an exceptional reason justifying his release. On August 18, 2020, Judge Brinkema granted the motion and ordered Al-Timimi's conditional release from ADX and into home confinement while he pursues his appeal. On September 1, 2020, Al-Timimi

9384-477: The return of Alexandria. On July 9, 1846, Congress went further, agreeing to return all territory that Virginia had ceded to the district during its formation. This left the district's area consisting only of the portion originally donated by Maryland. Confirming the fears of pro-slavery Alexandrians, the Compromise of 1850 outlawed the slave trade in the district, although not slavery itself. The outbreak of

9486-503: The sentences "draconian" and suggested preferring to imposing a lesser sentence for some of the convicted men. A 2011 NPR report claimed some of the people associated with this group were imprisoned in a highly restrictive Communication Management Unit . A federal judge in Virginia ordered Seifullah Chapman, one of the convicted men from the case serving a 65-year sentence, to be released from prison in July 2018. The decision stemmed from

9588-660: The sovereign will have come to an end. And that which is exploited today to persecute a single member of a minority will most assuredly come back to haunt the majority tomorrow.'" Royer was released from prison in December 2016, and now works for a nonprofit group that seeks to undermine religious extremism. Since his release, Royer has maintained that "Timimi did not specifically say join the Taliban or help al-Qaeda though he seemed to imply it." However, Royer has also said that Al-Timimi's statement that Muslim men should "go be with

9690-508: The use and discharge of a firearm and carrying of an explosion in relation to a crime and during the commission of a felony. These counts stemmed from assisting other young men to gain entry to the Lashkar-e-Taiba training camp. Three other individuals attending that meeting, Yong Kwon, Muhammed Aatique, and Khwaja Hasan—all of whom pleaded guilty—stated that they went to the Lashkar-e-Taiba camp to obtain combat training for

9792-541: The width of the adjacent street plus 20 feet (6.1 m). Despite popular belief, no law has ever limited buildings to the height of the United States Capitol or the 555-foot (169 m) Washington Monument , which remains the district's tallest structure. City leaders have cited the height restriction as a primary reason that the district has limited affordable housing and its metro area has suburban sprawl and traffic problems. Washington, D.C., still has

9894-471: Was a poetic name for the United States commonly used at that time. Congress held its first session there on November 17, 1800. Congress passed the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 , which officially organized the district and placed the entire territory under the exclusive control of the federal government. The area within the district was organized into two counties, the County of Washington to

9996-688: Was a man who could take the knowledge of the Salaf and make it applicable to your everyday life and could speak in a language we all understood." In 1995, Al-Timimi led a five-person delegation from the Islamic Assembly of North America to the United Nations 4th World Conference on Women , held in Beijing , China. Al-Timimi also translated into English a book about women in Islam that

10098-583: Was forced by the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 to move to Princeton, Congress resolved to consider a new location for it. The following day, Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts moved "that buildings for the use of Congress be erected on the banks of the Delaware near Trenton , or of the Potomac , near Georgetown , provided a suitable district can be procured on one of the rivers as aforesaid, for

10200-439: Was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States . The district is named after Columbia , the female personification of the nation . The U.S. Constitution in 1789 called for the creation of a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress . As such, Washington, D.C., is not part of any state , and is not one itself. The Residence Act , adopted on July 16, 1790, approved

10302-550: Was released from ADX Florence and placed into home confinement. On July 18, 2024, Judge Brinkema overturned three of the 10 counts on which he was convicted, including his life sentence. "But she upheld other counts that could leave him with decades of prison time beyond the 15 years he already served ... She also rejected allegations that prosecutors failed to disclose information that the government sought to use Anwar al-Awlaki ... as an informant, and that al-Awlaki tried unsuccessfully to lure Al-Timimi into illegal conduct as part of

10404-426: Was written by Abdel Rahman Abdel Khaliq . Al-Timimi has been characterized as "arguably the first American born activist Salafi preacher." As an IT specialist, Al-Timimi worked at an IT company named Xpedior, Inc. Clients he provided service to included America Online (AOL). He reportedly worked for two months for Andrew Card , while he was Secretary of Transportation under George H. W. Bush (1992–93). As

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