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39-543: Smart Road features and operations include, but are not limited to: In 1994, VDOT unveiled two alternate routes for the Smart Road partially to avoid smooth purple coneflower populations in Ellett Valley. This Virginia road or road transport-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Smooth purple coneflower Echinacea laevigata , the smooth purple coneflower ,

78-543: A criminal culture" wrote Klossowski after quoting Nietzsche. In a proposal to the International Conference for Unification of Criminal Law held in Madrid in 1933, Raphael Lemkin envisaged the creation of two new international crimes (delicta juris gentium ): the crime of barbarity, consisting in the extermination of racial, religious, or social collectivities, and the crime of vandalism, consisting in

117-765: A culture respecting history, archeology : Nietzsche spoke of monumental history . As destruction of monumental history, vandalism was assured a long life (as Herostratus proved): Performance art could make such a claim, as well as Hakim Bey 's poetic terrorism or Destroy 2000 Years of Culture from Atari Teenage Riot . Gustave Courbet's declaration stated: Attendu que la colonne Vendôme est un monument dénué de toute valeur artistique, tendant à perpétuer par son expression les idées de guerre et de conquête qui étaient dans la dynastie impériale, mais que réprouve le sentiment d'une nation républicaine, [le citoyen Courbet] émet le vœu que le gouvernement de la Défense nationale veuille bien l'autoriser à déboulonner cette colonne. ('As

156-502: A form of creativity and artistry. An example of this was when the Cheltenham paint festival was cancelled due to COVID-19 , and artists still proceeded to celebrate their artistry virtually. Defacement is a type of vandalism that involves damaging the appearance or surface of something. The object of damage may be architecture, books, paintings, sculpture, or other forms of art. Examples of defacement include: Iconoclasm led to

195-414: A much smaller form, such as making small crayon drawings on walls. Criminological research into vandalism has found that it serves many purposes for those who engage in it and stems from a variety of motives. Sociologist Stanley Cohen describes seven different types of vandalism: In view of its incivility, punishment for vandalism can be particularly severe in some countries. In Singapore, for example,

234-658: A person who attempts to cause or commits an act of vandalism may be liable to imprisonment for up to three years and may also be punished with caning . Vandalism in the UK is construed as an environmental crime and may be punished with an ASBO (Anti-Social Behaviour Order). In the 1990s, former New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani cracked down on "quality of life crimes", including graffiti. NY Parks Commissioner Henry J. Stern described graffiti as "a metaphor for urban decay perhaps best shown in ' A Clockwork Orange '" adding that "New York City will not be like that". Cybervandalism

273-532: A rude Northern race, Did all the matchless Monuments deface (1694). However, the Vandals did intentionally damage statues, which may be why their name is associated with the vandalism of art . The term Vandalisme was coined in 1794 by Henri Grégoire , bishop of Blois , to describe the destruction of artwork following the French Revolution . The term was quickly adopted across Europe. This new use of

312-469: Is a federally listed threatened species of plant found in the Piedmont of the eastern United States . Most populations are found on roadsides and other open areas with plenty of sunlight, often on calcium - and magnesium - rich soils . Echinacea laevigata is a rhizomatous perennial herb that resembles its close relative, the common echinacea ( Echinacea purpurea ). The two can be told apart by

351-403: Is decorating buildings of no architectural merit. Defacing could also be one of the techniques that many graphic designers use, by applying their own hand writing on a graphic itself. Sometimes the use of this technique might be mistaken as vandalism to the original work, as exemplified by the work of Stefan Sagmeister , including his Lou Reed CD cover. A unique use of the defacement technique

390-444: Is necessary to those achievements, leading to the creation of exploited people who then fight against culture. In this case, culture cannot be legitimised by art achievements, and Nietzsche writes: "I {also} know what it means: fighting against culture". After quoting him, Klossowski writes: "The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of a criminal culture". As destruction of monument, vandalism can only have sense in

429-461: Is sometimes referred to as eco-terrorism by opponents). Vandalism is also a common tactic of black blocs . Actions of this kind can be ascribed to anger or envy, or to spontaneous, opportunistic behaviour, possibly for peer acceptance or bravado in gang cultures, or disgruntlement with the target (victim) person or society. Another common motive is to seek attention , and for personal gain. Opportunistic vandalism of this nature may also be filmed,

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468-527: Is the CD cover for A.P.C. by Jean Touitou , where the designer wrote the title, volume number, and date with her own hand writing on the pre-print blank CD. Creative vandalism of this sort is not limited to writing and sketching. For example, the spraying on the KPIST album Golden coat for MNW Records by Sweden graphic uses gold spray, which may be considered an act of vandalism, but the customer may also appreciate

507-507: Is vandalism on the internet. For example, vandalism on Misplaced Pages involves adding questionable content, removing content, or changing content in order to make it questionable, generally with the objective of harming Misplaced Pages's reputation. Forms of online vandalism have been recorded, the most common of which is website defacement . Vandalism on web maps has been called "cartographic vandalism". Certain kinds of malware without financial intent also count. Cybervandalism could be said to be

546-448: The extirpation of several historical populations. Habitat has also been destroyed outright during development, agricultural operations , road construction, and installation of utilities such as gas lines. Conservation efforts underway include research on the most effective method of restoring the natural cycle of disturbance to the land, for example, by initiating controlled burns . The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reclassified

585-436: The grazing activity of animals. The plant's preferred soils are rich in calcium and magnesium, and include limestone and marble , gabbro , and diabase . Plants that share the habitat included eastern red cedar ( Juniperus virginiana ) and rattlesnake master ( Eryngium yuccifolium ). There are several species of oak , but these are stunted allowing sunlight to reach the understory . When human impacts began to reduce

624-422: The pharmaceutical echinacea trade, but there is little evidence of this threat so far. Populations of Echinacea laevigata were lost when the habitat was destroyed, or when it was degraded as natural processes of disturbance were prevented. The plant requires open habitat where it can receive sunlight. When fire suppression is practiced, the habitat becomes overgrown, and the open areas close; this has led to

663-578: The 1871 Paris Commune , to dismantle the Vendôme column , a symbol of the past Napoleon III authoritarian Empire, was one of the most celebrated events of vandalism. Nietzsche himself would meditate after the Commune on the "fight against culture", taking as example the intentional burning of the Tuileries Palace on 23 May 1871. "The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of

702-518: The Vendôme column is a monument devoid of any artistic value, whose expression tends to perpetuate the ideas of war and conquest from the imperial dynasty, but that reject the sentiment of a republican nation, citizen Courbet declares that the government of National Defense should allow him to dismantle this column.) Hence, painter Courbet justified the dismantlement of the Vendôme column on political grounds, downgrading its artistic value. Vandalism poses

741-428: The amount of forest habitat remaining in the region, the plant survived in other open, sunny habitat types, such as cedar barrens, clearcuts , roadsides, cleared areas around utility equipment, and limestone bluffs. Two-thirds of the populations known since the plant was first discovered are now gone. The plant is pollinated by a number of insects, including honeybee ( Apis mellifera ), bumblebees ( Bombus spp.),

780-782: The bees Psithyrus citrinus and Xylocopa virginica , a number of butterflies , and Lygaeus kalmii , a bug . Its current range is within the states of Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia , and it was historically also found in Pennsylvania and Maryland . It has been rare as long as it has been known, but a number of human activities and associated processes have reduced its range further. Today there are about 100 occurrences, and many of these are in poor condition. The amount of appropriate habitat available for this plant has been greatly reduced and it continues to decline. Continuing threats to Echinacea laevigata include further destruction and degradation of

819-563: The center are dark purple. Blooming occurs in May through July. The fruit is an achene about half a centimeter long which is likely dispersed by birds and small mammals that collect them for food. Some vegetative reproduction has been observed with more than one stem coming from a shared rhizome or aboveground rosette of leaves. The natural habitat for Echinacea laevigata is sunny openings in forested habitat. Open areas of this kind were made by wildfire , fires set by Native Americans , and

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858-442: The corporate logos . Many skateparks and similar youth-oriented venues are decorated with commissioned graffiti-style artwork, and in many others patrons are welcome to leave their own. There is still, however, a fine line between vandalism as an artform, as a political statement , and as a crime. Bristol -born guerrilla artist Banksy 's claim is that official vandalism is far worse than that perpetrated by individuals, and that he

897-400: The defacement of many religious artworks. Though vandalism in itself is illegal, it is often also an integral part of modern popular culture. French painter Gustave Courbet 's attempt to disassemble the Vendôme column during the 1871 Paris Commune was probably one of the first artistic acts of vandalism, celebrated at least since Dada performances during World War I . The Vendôme column

936-460: The destruction of cultural and artistic works of these groups. The proposal was not accepted. A figurative accusation of vandalism was applied towards the theology of Marcion of Sinope . Private citizens commit vandalism when they willfully damage or deface the property of others or the commons . Some vandalism may qualify as culture jamming or sniggling : it is thought by some to be artistic in nature even though carried out illegally or without

975-522: The expenses. In 1974, Norman Mailer glorified the art of vandalism in his essay "The Faith of Graffiti", which likened tagging in New York City to the work of Giotto and Rauschenberg . New York Authorities responded by coating subway walls with Teflon paint, jailing taggers and requiring hardware stores to keep spray paint under lock and key. Tags , designs, and styles of writing are commonplace on clothing, and are an influence on many of

1014-444: The government in response to at least unapproved graffiti are not the most effective. Examples of vandalism include salting lawns, cutting trees without permission, egg throwing , breaking windows, arson, spraying paint on others' properties, tagging , placing glue into locks, tire slashing, keying (scratching) paint, ransacking a property, flooding a house by clogging a sink and leaving the water running, and pulling up plants from

1053-407: The land, collecting of the plant by flora enthusiasts, vandalism , herbicides , and exotic plant species . When the plant was listed as an endangered species in 1992, most of the populations were small, with many containing fewer than 100 plants each, and half were located on roadsides where they are vulnerable to destruction. There is a fear that this plant may be targeted for commercial harvest in

1092-428: The leaves, which are cordate ( heart-shaped ) in the common species. E. laevigata grows up to about 1.5 meters (5 feet) in height with a mostly naked, smooth, leafless stem. Any leaves are roughly lance-shaped. On top of the stem is a flower head containing narrow pink or purplish ray florets up to 8 centimeters (3.2 inches) long. The florets droop away from the center of the head. The small, tubular disc florets in

1131-533: The listing for Echinacea laevigata in 2022 under the Endangered Species Act to threatened. This means it has made a significant recovery since 1992, when it was declared in danger of extinction. Vandalism Vandalism is the action involving deliberate destruction of or damage to public or private property. The term includes property damage , such as graffiti and defacement directed towards any property without permission of

1170-466: The mentality of which can be akin to happy slapping . The large-scale prevalence of gang graffiti in some inner cities has almost made it acceptable to the societies based there, so much so that it may go unnoticed, or not be removed, possibly because it may be a fruitless endeavour, to be graffitied on once again. Greed can motivate vandalism as can some political ideologies , wish to draw attention to problems, frustration , even playfulness. Youngsters,

1209-476: The most common vandals, frequently experience low status and boredom . Vandalism enables powerless people to attack those above them, take control and frighten others. Unpunished vandalism can provide relief which reinforces the behaviour. Vandalism by one person can lead to imitation. Teenage boys and men in their 20s are most likely to vandalize, but older adults and females are also known to sometimes vandalize, with young children occasionally vandalizing, but in

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1248-775: The owner. The term finds its roots in an Enlightenment view that the Germanic Vandals were a uniquely destructive people as they sacked Rome in 455 AD. The Vandals , an ancient Germanic people , are associated with senseless destruction as a result of their sack of Rome under King Genseric in 455. During the Enlightenment , Rome was idealized, while the Goths and Vandals were blamed for its destruction. The Vandals may not have been any more destructive than other invaders of ancient times, but they did inspire English poet John Dryden to write, Till Goths, and Vandals,

1287-498: The presumed candidate whose supporters are engaging in the vandalism. In addition, activists may use the tactic of property destruction as means of protest, e.g. by smashing the windows of banks, shops and government institutions and setting fire to cars. This often takes place during riots but can also happen as a stand-alone event, e.g. by animal rights activists destroying property owned by farmers, hunters, biotech companies, and research facilities and setting free animals (which

1326-485: The problem of the value of art compared to life's hardships: Courbet thought that the political values transmitted by this work of art neutralized its artistic value. His project was not followed; however, on 12 April 1871, the Commune voted to dismantle the imperial symbol, and the column was taken down on 8 May. After the assault on the Paris Commune by Adolphe Thiers , Gustave Courbet was condemned to pay part of

1365-418: The property owner's permission. Examples include at least some graffiti art, billboard "liberation", and possibly crop circles . Criminal vandalism takes many forms. Graffiti on public property is common in many inner cities as part of a gang culture, where they might be used as territorial markers. More serious forms of vandalism that may take place during public unrest such as rioting can involve

1404-431: The roots without permission. In elections, opposing candidates' supporters may engage in "political vandalism"⁠—the act of defacing opponents' political posters, bumper stickers , billboards, and other street marketing material. Although the nature of this material is temporary, its effect can be long-lasting as it may reflect both negatively and positively on the candidate whose material is being vandalized as well as on

1443-429: The term was important in colouring the perception of the Vandals from later Late Antiquity, popularizing the pre-existing idea that they were a barbaric group with a taste for destruction. Historically, vandalism has been justified by painter Gustave Courbet as destruction of monuments symbolizing "war and conquest". Therefore, it is often done as an expression of contempt, creativity, or both. Courbet's attempt, during

1482-429: The willful destruction of public and private property . Vandalism per se is sometimes considered one of the less serious common crimes, but it can become quite serious and distressing when committed extensively, violently, or as an expression of hatred and intimidation. In response, local governments have adopted various legal measures to prevent vandalism, but research has shown that the conventional strategies employed by

1521-447: Was considered a symbol of the recently deposed Second Empire of Napoleon III , and dismantled as such. After the burning of the Tuileries Palace on 23 May 1871, Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche himself meditated about the "fight against culture", wondering what could justify culture if it were to be destroyed in such a "senseless" manner (the arguments are: culture is justified by works of art and scientific achievements; exploitation

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