56-580: Marquess of Salisbury is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain . It was created in 1789 for the 7th Earl of Salisbury . Most of the holders of the title have been prominent in British political life over the last two centuries, particularly the 3rd Marquess , who served three times as Prime Minister in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This branch of the Cecil family descends from Sir Robert Cecil ,
112-535: A Welsh landowner , courtier , and Member of Parliament . He was born into a Welsh family, the third son of Richard Cecil ap Philip Seisyllt of Alt-yr-Ynys on the border of Herefordshire and Monmouthshire but settled near Stamford, Lincolnshire . The spelling of the family name as Seisyllt is still similar to how the name is pronounced, Sissill. Peerage of Great Britain The Peerage of Great Britain comprises all extant peerages created in
168-678: A general exception for "constitutional" or "structural" bills. The Liberals supported an exception for bills relating to the monarchy and Protestant succession, but not home rule. On 10 November, the discussions were declared to have failed. The government threatened another dissolution if the Parliament Act were not passed, and followed through on their threat when opposition in the Lords did not diminish. The December 1910 general election produced little change from January. The second dissolution of Parliament now seems to have been contrary to
224-464: A higher title in one of the other peerages are listed in italics . The ranks of the peerage are Duke , Marquess , Earl , Viscount , and Baron . Marquesses, earls, viscounts and barons are all addressed as 'Lord X', where 'X' represents either their territory or surname pertaining to their title. Marchionesses, countesses, viscountesses and baronesses are all addressed as 'Lady X'. Dukes and duchesses are addressed just as 'Duke' or 'Duchess' or, in
280-454: A majority with the help of a significant number of Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) and Labour MPs. The IPP saw the continued power of the Lords as detrimental to the prospect of securing Irish Home Rule . Following the election, the Lords relented on the budget (which had been reintroduced by the government), and it passed the Lords on 28 April, a day after the Commons vote. The Lords
336-689: A non-social context, 'Your Grace'. The last non-royal dukedom of Great Britain was created in 1766, and the last marquessate of Great Britain was created in 1796. Creation of the remaining ranks ceased when the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was formed; subsequent creations of peers were in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . The last 8 (6 non-royal and two royal) people who were created hereditary peers (from 1798 to 1800) were: Currently none Parliament Act 1911 The Parliament Act 1911 ( 1 & 2 Geo. 5 . c. 13)
392-570: A reality. Prior to the act, the Lords had had rights equal to those of the Commons over legislation but, by convention, did not utilise its right of veto over financial measures. There had been an overwhelming Conservative- Liberal Unionist majority in the Lords since the Liberal split in 1886. With the Liberal Party attempting to push through significant welfare reforms with considerable popular support, problems seemed certain to arise in
448-514: A recurrence of the budget problems, was also widely opposed in the House of Lords, and cross-party discussion failed, particularly because of the proposed act's applicability to the passage of an Irish Home Rule Bill. Following a second general election in December , the act was passed with the assent of the monarch, George V , after the House of Lords conceded due to the government's threat that
504-504: A written constitution, Parliament chose instead to legislate through the usual channels in response to the crisis. This was a pragmatic response, which avoided the further problems of codifying unwritten rules and reconstructing the entire government. It is commonly considered a statute of "constitutional importance", which gives it informal priority in Parliament and in the courts with regard to whether later legislation can change it and
560-519: Is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It is constitutionally important and partly governs the relationship between the House of Commons and the House of Lords , the two Houses of Parliament . The Parliament Act 1949 provides that the Parliament Act 1911 and the Parliament Act 1949 are to be construed together "as one" in their effects and that the two acts may be cited together as
616-557: Is the same bill that has been rejected twice. The 1911 act made clear that the life of a parliament could not be extended without the consent of the Lords. Parliament had been limited to a maximum of seven years under the Septennial Act 1716 , but the Parliament Act 1911 amended the Septennial Act to limit Parliament to five years, reckoned from the first meeting of Parliament after the election. In practice, no election
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#1732765450207672-576: The 2010 general election was held five years and one day after the 2005 general election ; the 1992 general election was held on 9 April 1992 and the next general election was not held until 1 May 1997. The reduction in the maximum length of a parliament was seen as a counterbalance to the new powers granted to the Commons. The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 , in contrast, called for general elections every five years (unless called sooner, as in 2017 ), and provided for an earlier dissolution of Parliament only by certain specified legal procedures. The act
728-521: The Conservative majority in the Lords could be overcome by creating many new Liberal peers. Until the Parliament Act 1911, there was no way to resolve disagreements between the two houses of Parliament except through the creation of additional peers by the monarch. Queen Anne had created twelve Tory peers to vote through the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. The Reform Act 1832 had been passed when
784-497: The House of Lords . Some peerages of Great Britain were created for peers in the Peerage of Scotland and Peerage of Ireland as they did not have an automatic seat in the House of Lords until the Peerage Act 1963 which gave Scottish Peers an automatic right to sit in the Lords. In the following table of peers of Great Britain, holders of higher or equal titles in the other peerages are listed. Those peers who are known by
840-584: The Kingdom of Great Britain between the Acts of Union 1707 and the Acts of Union 1800 . It replaced the Peerage of England and the Peerage of Scotland , but was itself replaced by the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1801. The ranks of the Peerage of Great Britain are Duke , Marquess , Earl , Viscount and Baron . Until the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999 , all peers of Great Britain could sit in
896-487: The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 . The act effectively removed the right of the House of Lords to veto money bills completely, and replaced its right of veto over other public bills with the ability to delay them for a maximum of two years (the Parliament Act 1949 reduced this to one). It also reduced the maximum term of a parliament from seven years (as set by the Septennial Act 1716 ) to five. Following
952-416: The Commons and the Lords as a means by which to enforce Commons superiority in controversial areas; the number of members of the Lords present would be limited so that a Liberal majority of fifty or more in the House of Commons could overrule the Lords. However, the issue of home rule for Ireland was the main contention, with Unionists looking to exempt such a law from the Parliament Act procedure by means of
1008-434: The Commons dropped it. This led to a resolution in the House of Commons on 26 June 1907, put forward by Liberal Prime Minister Henry Campbell-Bannerman , declaring that the Lords' power ought to be curtailed. In 1909, hoping to force an election , the Lords rejected the financial bill based on the government budget (the " People's Budget ") put forward by David Lloyd George , by 350 votes to 75. This action, according to
1064-455: The Commons, was "a breach of the constitution and a usurpation of the rights of the Commons". The Lords suggested that the Commons demonstrate at the polls the veracity of its claim that the bill represented the will of the people. The Liberal government sought to do so through the January 1910 general election . Liberal representation in the House of Commons fell steeply, but the party retained
1120-470: The Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners and as Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire and Dorsetshire . His great-grandson, the fourth Earl, converted to Roman Catholicism and in 1689 the House of Commons decided to impeach him for high treason . However, the charges were not brought any further and he was succeeded by his son, the fifth Earl, Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire. The seventh Earl
1176-698: The House of Lords but was forced to see the Parliament Act 1949 even further limit the power of the House of Lords. However, Lord Salisbury was also behind the Salisbury Convention of 1945, which states that the House of Lords shall not oppose the second reading of any government legislation promised in its election manifesto. The fifth Marquess was succeeded by his eldest son, the sixth marquess. Although he briefly represented Bournemouth West in Parliament he did not take such an active role in national politics as his predecessors. As of 2012,
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#17327654502071232-401: The House of Lords dropped their opposition to it: King William IV had threatened to create eighty new peers by request of the prime minister, Earl Grey . This created an informal convention that the Lords would give way when the public was behind the House of Commons. For example, Irish disestablishment , which had been a major point of contention between the two main parties since the 1830s,
1288-579: The House of Lords from 1994 to 1997. As Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords after 1997, he played a leading role in negotiating the terms of the House of Lords Act 1999 , in which the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the upper chamber of Parliament was abolished. Salisbury managed to obtain a compromise with the Labour government of Tony Blair , whereby 92 selected hereditary peers were allowed to remain on an interim basis. However,
1344-456: The House of Lords' rejection of the 1909 " People's Budget ", the House of Commons sought to establish its formal dominance over the House of Lords, which had broken convention in opposing the bill. The budget was eventually passed by the Lords, after the Commons' democratic mandate was confirmed by holding a general election in January 1910 . The following Parliament Act, which looked to prevent
1400-468: The House of Lords. He continued to sit under his life peerage until 8 June 2017, when he retired from the House under Section 1 of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014 . Several other members of the Cecil family have gained distinction. Lord Eustace Cecil , fourth son of the second Marquess, was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army and Member of Parliament. His son Evelyn Cecil was a Conservative politician and
1456-499: The Lords were rejected by the Commons, and opposition to the bill showed little sign of reducing. This led H. H. Asquith to declare the King's intention to overcome the majority in the House of Lords by creating sufficient new peers. The bill was finally passed in the Lords on 11 August 1911, by 131 votes to 114, a majority of 17. This reflected a large number of abstentions. At the request of prominent Cabinet member Sir Edward Grey ,
1512-481: The Parliament Act 1949 without direct permission from the House of Lords. Since it was passed under the 1911 act, the 1949 act had never received the required consent of the Lords. However, the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords found that the 1911 act was not primarily about empowering the Commons, but rather had the purpose of restricting the ability of the Lords to reject legislation, i.e. altering
1568-464: The additional surname of Gascoyne. He was succeeded by his third but eldest surviving son, the third marquess. The third marquess was Prime Minister three times, from 1885 to 1886, 1886 to 1892 and 1895 to 1902 and also served four times as foreign secretary . His time as Prime Minister coincided with a great expansion of the British Empire . Lord Salisbury is also remembered as an adherent of
1624-452: The compromise was agreed without the knowledge of Conservative leader William Hague and Salisbury was dismissed as Conservative Leader in the House of Lords. The same year, along with all former Leaders of the House of Lords, he was given a life peerage as Baron Gascoyne-Cecil , of Essendon in the County of Rutland, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , so that he could remain a member of
1680-607: The duration of Parliament." Section 8 defined the short title as the "Parliament Act 1911". The bill was also an attempt to place the relationship between the House of Commons and House of Lords on a new footing. As well as the direct issue of money Bills, it set new conventions about how the power the Lords continued to hold would be used. It did not change the composition of the Lords, however. The Lords would only be able to delay money bills for one month, effectively ending their ability to do so. These were defined as any public bill which contained only provisions dealing with
1736-539: The fifth marquess, was also a Conservative politician. In 1941 he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Cecil. During his career Lord Salisbury notably held office as Paymaster General , Secretary of State for the Dominions , Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords. He was an opponent of attempts to reform
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1792-499: The fourth or fifth years of a parliament could be delayed until after the next election, which could prove an effective measure to prevent it being passed. Specifically, two years had to elapse between the second reading in the House of Commons in the first session and the passing of the bill in the House of Commons in the third session. The Speaker also has to certify that the conditions of the bill have been complied with. There are significant restrictions on amendments to ensure that it
1848-467: The imposition, repeal, remission, alteration, or regulation of taxation ; the imposition for the payment of debt or other financial purposes of charges on the Consolidated Fund , or on money provided by Parliament, or the variation or repeal of any such charges; supply; the appropriation, receipt, custody, issue or audit of accounts of public money; and the raising or guarantee of any loan or
1904-535: The outbreak of the First World War, and also that of the 1935 parliament due to the Second World War . These made special exemptions to the requirement to hold a general election every five years. Legislation passed without the consent of the Lords, under the provisions of the Parliament Act, is still considered primary legislation , i.e. a fully valid act of Parliament. The importance of this
1960-435: The policy of "splendid isolation", the desire to keep Great Britain out of European affairs and alliances. He was also "the last Prime Minister to lead a government from the Lords". Salisbury was offered a dukedom by Queen Victoria in 1886 and 1892, but declined both offers, citing the prohibitive cost of the lifestyle dukes were expected to maintain. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the fourth marquess. The fourth marquess
2016-426: The preamble included the words: Whereas it is intended to substitute for the House of Lords as it at present exists a Second Chamber constituted on a popular instead of hereditary basis, but such substitution cannot be immediately brought into operation The long title of the act was "An Act to make provision with respect to the powers of the House of Lords in relation to those of the House of Commons, and to limit
2072-481: The process by which Parliament as a whole enacts legislation. The 1949 act had therefore been lawfully enacted. This ruling also appears to mean that efforts to abolish the House of Lords (a major constitutional change) by using the act could be successful, although the issue was not directly addressed in the ruling. The Parliament Act 1911 can be seen in the context of the British constitution : rather than creating
2128-540: The relationship between the houses. Between 1906 and 1909, several important measures were considerably watered down or rejected outright: for example, Augustine Birrell introduced the Education Bill 1906 , which was intended to address nonconformist grievances arising from the Education Act 1902 , but it was amended by the Lords to such an extent that it effectively became a different bill , whereupon
2184-492: The repayment thereof. But it did not cover any sort of local taxes or similar measures. Some finance bills have not fallen within this criterion; Consolidated Fund and Appropriation bills have. The Speaker of the House of Commons would have to certify that a bill was a money bill, endorsing it with a Speaker's certificate . The Local Government Finance Act 1988 , which introduced the Community Charge ("Poll Tax"),
2240-411: The resources the monarch could call upon. This did not, however, prevent it from rejecting such bills outright. In 1860, with the repeal of the paper duties , all money bills were consolidated into a single budget. This denied the Lords the ability to reject individual components, and the prospect of voting down the entire budget was seemingly unpalatable. It was only in 1909 that this possibility became
2296-544: The son of the prominent statesman the 1st Baron Burghley , from his second marriage, to Mildred Cooke. His elder half-brother the 2nd Baron Burghley , was created Earl of Exeter in 1605 and is the ancestor of the Marquesses of Exeter . Cecil notably served under Queen Elizabeth I and later King James I as Secretary of State , Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster , Lord Privy Seal and Lord High Treasurer . In 1603 he
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2352-524: The time of his obituary he owned property around Leicester and Leicester Square, London, held by Gascoyne Holdings. All the marquesses, except the 6th marquess, have been appointed as Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter . The heir apparent is the present holder's son Robert Edward William Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne (b. 1970). The Cecils are descended from Sir David Cecil (c. 1460 – 1540),
2408-491: The titles are held by the sixth marquess's eldest son, the seventh Marquess, who succeeded in 2003. The seventh marquess is also a Conservative politician. After representing South Dorset in the House of Commons, he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Cecil in 1992 (the last time a writ of acceleration was issued). Lord Salisbury then served under his close political ally John Major as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of
2464-482: The wishes of Edward VII . Edward had died in May 1910 while the crisis was still in progress. His successor, George V , was asked if he would be prepared to create sufficient peers, which he would only do if the matter arose. This would have meant creating over 400 new Liberal peers. The King, however, demanded that the bill would have to be rejected at least once by the Lords before his intervention. Two amendments made by
2520-591: Was a politician and served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household for many years. In 1789, he was created Marquess of Salisbury in the Peerage of Great Britain . He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second marquess. He was a Conservative politician and held office as Lord Privy Seal and Lord President of the Council . Lord Salisbury married as his first wife Frances Mary Gascoyne, daughter of Bamber Gascoyne , in 1821. The same year he assumed by royal licence
2576-544: Was absolutely forced by that limitation; until the Septennial Act was repealed by the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 , all parliaments were dissolved by the monarch under the royal prerogative on request of the Prime Minister. The five-year maximum duration in the amended Septennial Act referred to the lifetime of the parliament, and not to the interval between general elections. For example,
2632-463: Was also an influential Conservative politician and served as Lord Privy Seal, as President of the Board of Trade , as Lord President of the Council, as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and as Leader of the House of Lords . Like his father he was regarded as a staunch Conservative and bitterly opposed the Parliament Act 1911 , which sought to curtail the powers of the House of Lords. His eldest son,
2688-485: Was created Baron Rockley in 1934. The Right Reverend Lord William Gascoyne-Cecil , Bishop of Exeter ; Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood ; Lord Edward Cecil ; and Hugh Cecil, 1st Baron Quickswood ; were all younger sons of the third Marquess. Lord David Cecil , Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford , was the second son of the fourth Marquess, while the journalist Lord Richard Cecil
2744-476: Was highlighted in Jackson v Attorney General , in which the lawfulness of the Parliament Act 1949 was questioned. The challenge asserted that the Parliament Act 1911 had delegated power from Parliament as a whole to the Commons, and that the Parliament Act 1949 was therefore delegated rather than primary legislation. If this were the case, then the House of Commons could not further increase its own powers through
2800-464: Was not certified as a money bill and was therefore considered by the Lords. Whilst finance bills are not considered money bills, convention dictates that those parts of a finance bill dealing with taxation or expenditure (which, if in an act alone, would constitute a money bill) are not questioned. Other public bills could no longer be vetoed ; instead, they could be delayed for up to two years. This two-year period meant that legislation introduced in
2856-469: Was now faced with the prospect of a Parliament Act, which had considerable support from the Irish Nationalists. A series of meetings between the Liberal government and Unionist opposition members was agreed. Twenty-one such meetings were held between 16 June and 10 November. The discussions considered a wide range of proposals, with initial agreement on finance bills and on a joint sitting of
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#17327654502072912-417: Was passed by the Lords in 1869 after Queen Victoria intervened and W. E. Gladstone won the 1868 election on the issue. However, in practice, this gave the Lords a right to demand that such public support be present and to decide the timing of a general election. It was the prevailing wisdom that the House of Lords could not amend money bills , since only the House of Commons had the right to decide upon
2968-417: Was raised to the Peerage of England as Baron Cecil , of Essendon in the County of Rutland , and the following year he was created Viscount Cranborne . In 1605 he was further created Earl of Salisbury . The last two titles were also in the Peerage of England. The Earl of Salisbury was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He represented Weymouth in the House of Commons and also served as Captain of
3024-585: Was repealed in 2022, restoring the previous system of dissolution under the royal prerogative. The Lords continued to suggest amendments to money bills over which it had no right of veto; and in several instances these were accepted by the Commons. These included the China Indemnity Bill 1925 and the Inshore Fishing Industry Bill 1947. The use of the Lords' now temporary veto remains a powerful check on legislation. It
3080-623: Was the second son of the sixth Marquess. Also, Lady Blanche Gascoyne-Cecil, daughter of the second Marquess, was the mother of Prime Minister Arthur Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour . The family seats are Hatfield House and Cranborne Manor . The traditional burial place of the marquesses is the Salisbury Chapel in St Etheldreda Church , Hatfield, Hertfordshire . The 6th Marquess had holdings of 8,500 acres around Hatfield House, and 1,300 acres at Cranborne Manor, Dorset. At
3136-592: Was used in relation to the Government of Ireland Act 1914 , which had been under the threat of a Lords veto, now removed. Ulster Protestants had been firmly against the passing of the bill. However, the Government of Ireland Act 1914 never came into force because of the outbreak of the First World War . Amendments to the Parliament Act 1911 were made to prolong the life of the 1910 parliament following
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