34-602: Viscount Dillon , of Costello - Gallen in the County of Mayo , is a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1622 for Theobald Dillon , Lord President of Connaught . The Dillons were a Hiberno-Norman landlord family from the 13th century in a part of County Westmeath called 'Dillon's Country'. His great-grandson, the seventh Viscount, was a supporter of the Catholic King James II of England and
68-504: A divided linguistic geography, as the people of the countryside continued to use forms of Norman French , and many did not even know English. English became seen in the Channel Islands as "the language of commercial success and moral and intellectual achievement". The growth of English and the decline of French brought about the adoption of more values and social structures from Victorian era England. Eventually, this led to
102-595: A large part of the country's population due to language revival measures aimed at countering historical anglicisation measures such as the Welsh not . In the early parts of the 19th century, mostly due to increased immigration from the rest of the British Isles, the town of St Helier in the Channel Islands became a predominantly English-speaking place, though bilingualism was still common. This created
136-613: A number of grants to outlawed Norman lords at this time by Cathal Crobhdearg, King of Connacht , Gilbert and his brothers were given Máenmaige and Cairbre Drom Cliabh . The first reference to this family is in the Annals of the Four Masters in 1193. The sons of one of the first Nangles, Gilbert de Nangle, became known as the Oistealb, and gave rise to the surname Mac Oisdealbh, later MacOisdealbhaigh, anglicised to MacCostello. It
170-520: Is a form of cultural assimilation whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into or influenced by the culture of England . It can be sociocultural, in which a non-English or place adopts the English language or culture; institutional, in which institutions are influenced by those of England or the United Kingdom ; or linguistic , in which a non-English term or name is altered due to
204-461: Is one of the ancient baronies of Ireland . Unusually for an Irish barony, it straddles two counties : County Mayo and County Roscommon . It comprises the modern day districts of Kilkelly , Kilmovee , Killeagh, Kilcolman, and Castlemore. Prior to the Norman conquest of Ireland , the area was called Sliabh Lugha and was ruled by the Ó Gadhra dynasty. In the 12th century, Milo de Angelo removed
238-899: The Danish city København ( Copenhagen ), the Russian city of Moskva ( Moscow ), the Swedish city of Göteborg ( Gothenburg ), the Dutch city of Den Haag ( The Hague ), the Spanish city of Sevilla ( Seville ), the Egyptian city of Al-Qāhira ( Cairo ), and the Italian city of Firenze ( Florence ). The Indian city of Kolkata used to be anglicised as Calcutta , until the city chose to change its official name back to Kolkata in 2001. Anglicisation of words and names from indigenous languages occurred across
272-616: The English-speaking world in former parts of the British Empire . Toponyms in particular have been affected by this process. In the past, the names of people from other language areas were anglicised to a higher extent than today. This was the general rule for names of Latin or (classical) Greek origin. Today, the anglicised name forms are often retained for the more well-known persons, like Aristotle for Aristoteles, and Adrian (or later Hadrian ) for Hadrianus. During
306-462: The Welsh educational system . English "was perceived as the language of progress, equality, prosperity, mass entertainment and pleasure". This and other administrative reforms resulted in the institutional and cultural dominance of English and marginalisation of Welsh, especially in the more urban south and north-east of Wales. In 2022, the Commission for Welsh-speaking Communities warned that
340-564: The British Isles became increasingly anglicised. Firstly, the ruling classes of England, who were of Norman origin after the Norman Conquest of 1066, became anglicised as their separate Norman identity, different from the identity of the native Anglo-Saxons , became replaced with a single English national identity . Secondly, English communities in Wales and Ireland emphasised their English identities, which became established through
374-601: The Channel Islands and Britain, but also provide economic prosperity and improved "general happiness". During the 19th century, there was concern over the practise of sending young Channel Islanders to France for education, as they might have brought back French culture and viewpoints back to the Islands. The upper class in the Channel Islands supported anglicising the Islands, due to the social and economic benefits it would bring. Anglophiles such as John Le Couteur strove to introduce English culture to Jersey . Anglicisation
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#1732780925570408-543: The Channel Islands's culture becoming mostly anglicised, which supplanted the traditional Norman-based culture of the Islands. From 1912, the educational system of the Channel Islands was delivered solely in English, following the norms of the English educational system . Anglicisation was supported by the British government , and it was suggested that anglicisation would not only encourage loyalty and congeniality between
442-687: The O'Gadhra seat from Airtech Mór to Costello. He built a castle there, known as Castlemore. The Ó Céirín (Kearns) family also had a presence as lords of Ciarraige Locha na nÁirne . The Costello family who gave their name to the Barony were originally Nangles, or de Angulos, who came to Connacht with the Anglo Normans in the 12th century. Gilbert de Angulo , Baron of Navan , arrived with his brothers who had been outlawed and expelled from their lands in Meath in 1195. They were later pardoned in 1206. In
476-603: The Restoration and disappointed by his failure to recover the family estates, he devoted the rest of his life to wreaking vengeance on the new Dillon proprietors until his death in 1667. Loughglynn , built circa 1715, was the seat, or main residence, of the Dillon family in Costello who became absentee landlords in the nineteenth-century. The land remained with the Dillon family until Harold Dillon, 17th Viscount Dillon sold
510-584: The continued prominence of the Welsh language and customs within them. However, other scholars argue that industrialisation and urbanisation led to economic decline in rural Wales, and given that the country's large towns and cities were anglicised, this led to an overall anglicisation of the nation. The Elementary Education Act 1870 and the Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 introduced compulsory English-language education into
544-529: The cultural influence of the English language. It can also refer to the influence of English soft power , which includes media, cuisine, popular culture, technology, business practices, laws and political systems. Anglicisation first occurred in the British Isles , when Celts under the sovereignty of the king of England underwent a process of anglicisation. The Celtic language decline in England
578-533: The development of the Connacht holdings, now the Barony of Costello. The MacCostello land was in the part of Mayo now known as the Barony of Costello until the end of the 16th century. In 1565, their seat of power was near Ballaghaderreen (now part of County Roscommon ). Their name, although the Mac has now been dropped, is a common surname in both Mayo and County Galway where it is usually spelt with an extra 'e' at
612-554: The emigration of Anglophones to Welsh-speaking villages and towns was putting the Welsh language at risk. During the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a nationwide effort in the United States to anglicise all immigrants to the US . This was carried out through methods including (but not limited to) mandating the teaching of American English and having all immigrants change their first names to English-sounding names. This movement
646-454: The end. The Costellos were one of the many great Irish families which, during the seventeenth century destruction of everything Gaelic, produced famous rapparees who fought against Oliver Cromwell and the parliamentarians . The local Costello landholders lost title to their lands to Theobald Dillon, 1st Viscount Dillon in some sharp practices during the period of the Tudor reconquest in
680-766: The estate in counties Mayo and Roscommon, amounting to 93,652 acres, to the Congested Districts' Board on 11 May 1899. Civil parishes located in County Mayo: Civil parishes located in County Roscommon: By the terms of the County of Roscommon Act, 1840 , two townlands of the parish of Kilcoman were detached from the barony of Costello in Mayo and transferred to the barony of Frenchpark in Roscommon. The townlands remained in
714-528: The land the English settled was not intensively used or densely populated. The culture of settling English populations in Wales and Ireland remained heavy influenced by that of England. These communities were also socially and culturally segregated from the native Irish and Welsh, a distinction which was reinforced by government legislation such as the Statutes of Kilkenny . During the Middle Ages , Wales
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#1732780925570748-579: The parish of Kilcolman. The townlands moved to Frenchpark are Banada and Keelbanada The 1840 Act also transferred four townlands of the parish of Castlemore to the barony of Frenchpark: Aghalustia, Cappagh, Lissian and Roosky The four lay to the right bank or southern side of the River Lung , detached from the other townlands of the parish. 53°49′35″N 8°47′48″W / 53.826419°N 8.796782°W / 53.826419; -8.796782 Anglicise Anglicisation or Anglicization
782-687: The power of the Welsh Tudor dynasty in the rest of England. Scholars have argued that industrialisation prevented Wales from being anglicised to the extent of Ireland and Scotland, as the majority of the Welsh people did not move abroad in search of employment during the early modern era, and thus did not have to learn to speak English. Furthermore, migration patterns created a cultural division of labour, with national migrants tending to work in coalfields or remain in rural villages, while non-national migrants were attracted to coastal towns and cities. This preserved monocultural Welsh communities, ensuring
816-408: The province of Connacht . To save expense and ensure the smooth legal transfer he persuaded them to allow him surrender their lands for them in one land-title in the surrender and regrant process and have it regranted in his name, becoming the legal landowner in the process. He never returned the land-title to the native owners as had been intended. The title of Viscount Dillon of Costello-Gallen,
850-563: The settlement of various parts of Wales and Ireland between the 11th and 17th centuries under the guidance of successive English kings. In Wales, this primarily occurred during the conquest of Wales by Edward I , which involved English and Flemish settlers being "planted" in various newly established settlements in Welsh territory. English settlers in Ireland mostly resided in the Pale , a small area concentrated around Dublin . However, much of
884-476: The thirteenth Viscount, sat as a Member of Parliament for Harwich and County Mayo . His great-grandson, the nineteenth Viscount, was a Brigadier in the Army. As of 2014 the title is held by the latter's great-grandson, the twenty-second Viscount, who succeeded his father in 1982. The heir apparent is the present holder’s son, Hon. Francis Charles Robert Dillon (b. 2013) Barony of Costello Costello
918-589: Was an essential element in the development of British society and of the development of a unified British polity. Within the British Isles , anglicisation can be defined as influence of English culture in Scotland , Wales , Ireland , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . Until the 19th century, most significant period for anglicisation in those regions was the High Middle Ages . Between 1000 and 1300,
952-583: Was especially created for him in the Peerage of Ireland in 1622 when Lord President of Connaught confirming his position. This would lead to rapparee actions by Dudley (or Dubhaltach Caoch) Costello against the Dillons in the seventeenth century. Dudley was an officer in the army of the Confederate Catholics in 1642, and later became a colonel in the Spanish army. Returning to Ireland after
986-793: Was given the French title of Count Dillon in 1711 and was also created "Viscount Dillon" and "Earl of Dillon" by James Francis Edward Stuart , the Jacobite claimant to the throne. His son Henry, the eleventh Viscount, was a Colonel in the French Army , but Dillon's Regiment was disbanded in 1793 due to the turmoils of the French Revolution . His son Charles, the twelfth Viscount, notably represented Westbury in Parliament and conformed to Anglicanism in 1767. His son Henry Augustus,
1020-700: Was gradually conquered by the English. The institutional anglicisation of Wales was finalised with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 , which fully incorporated Wales into the Kingdom of England . This not only institutionally anglicised Wales, but brought about the anglicisation of the Welsh culture and language. Motives for anglicising Wales included securing Protestant England against incursions from Catholic powers in Continental Europe and promoting
1054-713: Was known as Americanization and is considered a subset of Anglicization due to English being the dominant language in the United States. Linguistic anglicisation is the practice of modifying foreign words, names, and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce or understand in English . The term commonly refers to the respelling of foreign words, often to a more drastic degree than that implied in, for example, romanisation . Non-English words may be anglicised by changing their form and/or pronunciation to something more familiar to English speakers. Some foreign place names are commonly anglicised in English. Examples include
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1088-565: Was mostly complete by 1000 AD, but continued in Cornwall and other regions until the 18th century. In Scotland , the decline of Scottish Gaelic began during the reign of Malcolm III of Scotland to the point where by the mid-14th century the Scots language was the dominant national language among the Scottish people . In Wales , however, the Welsh language has continued to be spoken by
1122-671: Was outlawed after the Glorious Revolution . He founded ' Dillon's Regiment ' of the Irish Brigade in the French Army, which was supported by the Wild Geese and achieved success at Fontenoy in 1745. However, his son Henry, the eighth Viscount, managed to obtain a reversal of the outlawry in 1694 and later served as Lord Lieutenant of County Roscommon . His younger brother, Lieutenant-General Arthur Dillon ,
1156-469: Was the first recorded instance of a Norman family assuming an Irish 'Mac' name. From that time forward, they became thoroughly Irish. The family had focused their interests on grants in Breifne from 1221 until their expulsion in 1248 and after Gilbert's brother William de Angulo received the grant of Sliabh Lugha in the conquest of Connacht of Richard Mór de Burgh, 'Lord of Connacht' this focus shifted to
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