Cebuan
78-550: The Visayas ( / v ɪ ˈ s aɪ ə z / viss- EYE -əz ), or the Visayan Islands ( Visayan : Kabisay-an , locally [kabiˈsajʔan] ; Filipino : Kabisayaan [kɐbɪsɐˈjaʔan] ), are one of the three principal geographical divisions of the Philippines , along with Luzon and Mindanao . Located in the central part of the archipelago , it consists of several islands, primarily surrounding
156-608: A 39% share of Philippine abacá production of which an overwhelming 92% came from Catanduanes Island . Eastern Visayas, the second largest producer had 24% and the Davao Region, the third largest producer had 11% of the total production. Around 42 percent of the total abacá fiber shipments from the Philippines went to the United Kingdom in 2014, making it the top importer. Germany imported 37.1 percent abacá pulp from
234-688: A broader term. Surveys, such as those conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), often separate Bisaya and Cebuano, despite the two being mutually intelligible. Ethnologue, however, only lists Cebuano as a language. In Western Visayas, Bisaya may refer to Hiligaynon or Kinaray-a speakers, whereas in Eastern Visayas, it may denote Waray speakers. In Mindanao, migrant ethnic groups from Luzon and indigenous peoples have assimilated into predominantly Cebuano-speaking societies (or Hiligaynon-speaking communities in
312-639: A large scale in Sumatra in 1925 under the Dutch , who had observed its cultivation in the Philippines for cordage since the nineteenth century, followed up by plantings in Central America in 1929 sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture . It also was transplanted into India and Guam . Commercial planting began in 1930 in British North Borneo ; at the onset of World War II ,
390-652: A native Cebuano name). They were exported to other Spanish colonies since the 16th century. A waistcoat of a native Quechua man in Peru was recorded as being made of medriñaque as early as 1584. Abacá cloth also appear in English records, spelled variously as medrinacks , medrianacks , medrianackes , and medrinacles , among other names. They were used as canvas for sails and for stiffening clothing like skirts, collars, and doublets . Philippine indigenous tribes still weave abacá-based textiles like t'nalak , made by
468-542: A preferred growing environment. Harvesting generally includes several operations involving the leaf sheaths: When the processing is complete, the bundles of fiber are pale and lustrous with a length of 6–12 feet (1.8–3.7 m). In Costa Rica, more modern harvest and drying techniques are being developed to accommodate the very high yields obtained there. According to the Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority ,
546-805: A subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in the Philippines . They are most closely related to Tagalog and the Bikol languages , all of which are part of the Central Philippine languages . Most Bisayan languages are spoken in the whole Visayas section of the country, but they are also spoken in the southern part of the Bicol Region (particularly in Masbate and Sorsogon where several dialects of Waray are spoken), islands south of Luzon , such as those that make up Romblon , most of
624-476: A total land area of 71,503 km (27,607 sq mi). It consists of seven large and several hundred smaller islands, including Samar , Negros , Panay , Leyte , Cebu , Bohol , Guimaras , Biliran , Siquijor , Panaon and Bantayan . Some of the largest cities in the region include Cebu City (population 1,024,945 in 2023), Bacolod City (population 648,773 in 2023), and Iloilo City (population 491,641 in 2023). The following numbers are derived from
702-465: Is Iloilo City . Its provinces are: Negros Island Region consists of the islands of Negros and Siquijor. The interim regional centers are Bacolod and Dumaguete . Its provinces are: Central Visayas includes the islands of Cebu and Bohol. The regional center is Cebu City . Its provinces are: Eastern Visayas consists of the islands of Leyte , Samar and Biliran. The regional center is Tacloban City . Its provinces are: Scholars have argued that
780-457: Is stoloniferous , meaning that the plant produces runners or shoots along the ground that then root at each segment. Cutting and transplanting rooted runners is the primary technique for creating new plants, since seed growth is substantially slower. Abacá has a "false trunk" or pseudostem about 6–15 inches (15–38 cm) in diameter. The leaf stalks ( petioles ) are expanded at the base to form sheaths that are tightly wrapped together to form
858-446: Is a species of banana , Musa textilis , endemic to the Philippines . The plant grows to 13–22 feet (4.0–6.7 m), and averages about 12 feet (3.7 m). The plant has great economic importance, being harvested for its fiber extracted from the leaf-stems. The lustrous fiber is traditionally hand-loomed into various indigenous textiles ( abaca cloth or medriñaque ) in the Philippines. They are still featured prominently as
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#1732765694823936-421: Is black, long, and drawn into a knot on the head. Their robes are wrapped about the waist and fall downward. These are made of all colors, and they wear collarless jackets of the same material. Both men and women go naked and without any coverings, and barefoot, and with many gold chains, earrings, and wrought bracelets. Their weapons consist of large knives curved like cutlasses, spears, and caraças . They employ
1014-429: Is called tagal or tagal straw . The fiber is also exceptionally strong, stronger than hemp and naturally salt-resistant, making it ideal for making twines and ropes (especially for maritime shipping). It became a major trade commodity in the colonial era for this reason. The abaca industry declined sharply in the mid-20th century when abaca plantations were decimated by World War II and plant diseases, as well as
1092-700: Is celebrated in Iloilo City on the fourth Sunday of January. This festival marked the baby Jesus Senior Sto. Nino. At Ati-Atihan Festival in Aklan , Dinagyang also has Ati's dancing to celebrate the entry of Malay in Panay Island , colorful costumes, and a Pageant for Miss Iloilo ; Sadsad is a procession with a decorated float. Schools and businesses in Barangays in this city participate in dancing competitions at this festival. Administratively,
1170-773: Is generally known as sinamáy in most of the islands. Abacá cloth with a more delicate texture is called tinampipi . While especially fine lace-like abacá cloth is called nipis or lupis . Fine abacá fibers may also be woven with piña , silk , or fine cotton to create a fabric called jusi . Traditional abacá textiles were often dyed in various colors from various natural dyes . These include blue from indigo ( tarum , dagum , tayum , etc.); black from ebony ( knalum or batulinao ) leaves; red from noni roots and sapang ; yellow from turmeric ( kalawag , kuning , etc.); and so on. They were often woven into specific patterns, and further ornamented with embroidery, beadwork, and other decorations. Most clothing made from abacá took
1248-443: Is normally grown in well-drained loamy soil, using rhizomes planted at the start of the rainy season. In addition, new plants can be started by seeds. Growers harvest abacá fields every three to eight months after an initial growth period of 12–25 months. Harvesting is done by removing the leaf-stems after flowering but before the fruit appears. The plant loses productivity between 15 to 40 years. The slopes of volcanoes provide
1326-483: Is not a wanted feature, it should be well taken into account. Since shrinkage is more pronounced the first time the rope becomes wet, new rope is usually immersed into water and put to dry before use so that the shrinkage is less than it would be if the rope had never been wet. A major disadvantage in this shrinkage is that many knots made with manila rope became harder and more difficult to untie when wet, thus becoming subject of increased stress. Manila rope will rot after
1404-489: Is one and the same, by which they understand one another when talking, or when writing with the letters and characters of their own which they possess. These resemble those of the Arabs. The common manner of writing among the natives is on leaves of trees, and on bamboo bark. From the 1950s to 1960s there were spurious claims by various authors that "Bisaya" is derived from the historical empire of " Sri Vijaya " which came from
1482-469: Is the strongest of the natural fibers. It is used by the paper industry for such specialty uses such as tea bags , banknotes and decorative papers. It can be used to make handcrafts such as hats, bags, carpets, clothing and furniture. Lupis is the finest quality of abacá. Sinamay is woven chiefly from abacá. Abacá fibers were traditionally woven into sturdy textiles and clothing in the Philippines since pre-colonial times. Along with cotton , they were
1560-478: Is very durable, flexible, and resistant to salt water damage, allowing its use in rope, hawsers , ships' lines, and fishing nets . A 1 inch (2.5 cm) rope can require 4 metric tons (8,800 lb) to break. Manilla rope is still the only material specified for lifeboat falls (the ropes with which a ship's lifeboat is lowered) in the United Kingdom. Manila ropes shrink when they become wet. This effect can be advantageous under certain circumstances, but if it
1638-650: The 2010 Philippine general election results for Palawan as a part of the Region IV-B results. As of 30 June 2011, the abeyance was still in effect, with Palawan and its capital city remaining under Mimaropa (Region IV-B). On May 29, 2015, the twin provinces of Negros Occidental (including its highly urbanized capital city, Bacolod ) and Negros Oriental were joined to form the Negros Island Region under Executive Order No. 183 , signed by President Benigno Aquino III . It separated both,
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#17327656948231716-569: The Bisaya ethnic group of Borneo , the latter incidentally recounted in the controversial Maragtas epic as the alleged origins of the ancestral settlers in Panay. However historical, archeological, and linguistic evidence for this are still paltry. The languages of the Bisaya of Borneo and of the Bisaya of the Philippines do not show any special correlation, apart from the fact that they all belong to
1794-598: The Calamianes . All the natives of these islands, both men and women, are well-featured, of a good disposition, and of better nature, and more noble in their actions than the inhabitants of the islands of Luzon and its vicinity. They differ from them in their hair, which the men wear cut in a cue, like the ancient style in España. Their bodies are tattooed with many designs, but the face is not touched. They wear large earrings of gold and ivory in their ears, and bracelets of
1872-586: The Pi-sho-ye , who raided the coasts of Fujian and Penghu during the late 12th century using iron javelins attached to ropes as their weapons. Visayans were first referred to by the general term Pintados ("the painted ones") by the Spanish, in reference to the prominent practice of full-body tattooing ( batok ). The word "Bisaya", on the other hand, was first documented in Spanish sources in reference to
1950-594: The Sanskrit term "Śrīvijaya" (श्रीविजय), arguing that the Visayans were either settlers from Sri Vijaya or were subjects of it. This claim is largely based only on the resemblance of the word Bisaya to Vijaya . But as the linguist Eugene Verstraelen pointed out, Vijaya would evolve into Bidaya or Biraya , not Bisaya , based on how other Sanskrit -derived loanwords become integrated into Philippine languages. The name has also been hypothesized to be related to
2028-559: The Secretary of Budget and Management . On June 13, 2024, the Negros Island Region was re-established, with the inclusion of Siquijor . Historical documents written in 1907 by Visayan historian Pedro Alcántara Monteclaro in his book Maragtas tell the story of the ten leaders ( Datus ) who escaped from the tyranny of Rajah Makatunaw from Borneo and came to the islands of Panay. The chiefs and followers were said to be
2106-418: The Spanish colonial era , it was referred to as " medriñaque " cloth. By 1897, the Philippines were exporting almost 100,000 tons of abacá, and it was one of the three biggest cash crops, along with tobacco and sugar. In fact, from 1850 through the end of the 19th century, sugar or abacá alternated with each other as the biggest export crop of the Philippines. This 19th-century trade was predominantly with
2184-675: The Tiboli tribe of South Cotabato , and dagmay , made by the Bagobo people. Abacá cloth is found in museum collections around the world, like the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the Textile Museum of Canada. The inner fibers are also used in the making of hats, including the "Manila hats", hammocks, matting, cordage , ropes, coarse twines, and types of canvas. Manila rope is a type of rope made from manila hemp. Manila rope
2262-658: The United States and the making of ropes was done mainly in New England , although in time rope-making shifted back to the Philippines. From 1898 to 1946, the United States colonized the Philippines following the Spanish-American War . The Guggenheim claims the "colonial government found ways to prevent Filipinos from profiting off of the abaca crops, instead favoring the businesses of American expats and Japanese immigrants, as well as ensuring that
2340-630: The Visayan Sea , although the Visayas are also considered the northeast extremity of the entire Sulu Sea . Its inhabitants are predominantly the Visayan peoples . The major islands of the Visayas are Panay , Negros , Cebu , Bohol , Leyte and Samar . The region may also include the provinces of Palawan , Romblon , and Masbate , whose populations identify as Visayan and whose languages are more closely related to other Visayan languages than to
2418-526: The banana family, Musaceae ; it resembles the closely related wild seeded bananas, Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana . Its scientific name is Musa textilis . Within the genus Musa , it is placed in section Callimusa (now including the former section Australimusa ), members of which have a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 20. The Philippines, especially the Bicol region in Luzon, has
Visayas - Misplaced Pages Continue
2496-479: The 'national language' based on Tagalog , is widely understood but occasionally used. English, another official language, is more widely known and is preferred as the second language most especially among urbanized Visayans. For instance, English rather than Tagalog is frequently used in schools, public signs, and mass media. There has been ongoing contention regarding the use of the word Bisaya among speakers of Visayan languages. The term Bisaya broadly refers to
2574-657: The 2015 Philippine census. After the defeat of the Magellan expedition at the Battle of Mactan by Lapu-Lapu , King Philip II of Spain sent Miguel López de Legazpi in 1543 and 1565 to colonize the islands for Spain. Subsequently, the Visayas region and many kingdoms began converting to Christianity and adopting western culture. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the effects of colonization on various ethnic groups turned sour and revolutions such as those of Francisco Dagohoy began to emerge. Various personalities who fought against
2652-593: The Bisayan language family but spoken natively in places outside of the Visayas do not use the self-reference Bisaya or Binisaya . To speakers of Cuyonon , Surigaonon , Butuanon and Tausug , the term Visayan usually refers to either Cebuano or Hiligaynon. There have been no proven accounts to verify the origins of Bisaya . However, there is an ethnic group in Malaysia and Brunei who call themselves with
2730-598: The Philippines provided 87.4% of the world's abacá in 2014, earning the Philippines US$ 111.33 million. The demand is still greater than the supply. The remainder came from Ecuador (12.5%) and Costa Rica (0.1%). The Bicol region in the Philippines produced 27,885 metric tons of abacá in 2014, the largest of any Philippine region . The Philippine Rural Development Program (PRDP) and the Department of Agriculture reported that in 2009–2013, Bicol Region had
2808-481: The Philippines, importing around 7,755 metric tons (MT). Sales of abacá cordage surged 20 percent in 2014 to a total of 5,093 MT from 4,240 MT, with the United States holding around 68 percent of the market. Abacá is vulnerable to a number of pathogens, notably abaca bunchy top virus , abaca bract mosaic virus , and abaca mosaic virus . Due to its strength, it is a sought after product and
2886-485: The Seafood Capital of the Philippines , located at Roxas, City Province of Capiz . You can taste fresh seafood daily, like shrimp, crabs, prawns, seashells, and fish. Visayans honor their traditions and culture by celebrating festivals as they are known to be Roman Catholic or Christianity in religion. These festivals are celebrated in tribute to their saints, to share peace and happiness, to give thanks for
2964-529: The Spanish colonial government arose within the archipelago. Among the notable ones are Teresa Magbanua , Graciano Lopez Jaena and Martin Delgado from Iloilo , Aniceto Lacson , León Kilat and Diego de la Viña from Negros , Venancio Jakosalem Fernandez from Cebu , and two personalities from Bohol by the name of Tamblot , who led the Tamblot Uprising in 1621 to 1622 and Francisco Dagohoy ,
3042-600: The Spanish did not use the term generally until the later decades of the 1500s is due to the fact that people were more likely to identify themselves with more specific ethnic names like Sugbuanon . In Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609) by Antonio de Morga , he specifies that the name " Biçaya " is synonymous with Pintados . "South of this district lie the islands of Biçayas, or, as they are also called, Pintados. They are many in number, thickly populated with natives. Those of most renown are Leite , Ybabao , Çamar , Bohol , island of Negros , Sebu , Panay , Cuyo , and
3120-774: The Visayas capital and was composed of three governments: the Provisional Government of the District of Visayas ( Panay ), the Cantonal Government of Negros , the Cantonal Government of Bohol, and the island of Cebu, which was under revolutionary control. On May 23, 2005, Palawan (including its highly urbanized capital city of Puerto Princesa ) was transferred from Mimaropa (Region IV-B) to Western Visayas (Region VI) under Executive Order No. 429 , signed by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , who
3198-400: The Visayas is divided into 4 regions , namely Western Visayas , Negros Island Region , Central Visayas , and Eastern Visayas . The Visayas is composed of 16 provinces , each headed by a Governor. A governor is elected by popular vote and can serve a maximum of three terms consisting of three years each. Western Visayas consists of the islands of Panay and Guimaras. The regional center
Visayas - Misplaced Pages Continue
3276-588: The abundant harvest, and to advertise their products. Visayans are known for their different festivals celebrated in other cities of Visayan Island. Sinulog Festival is celebrated every third Sunday in January in Cebu City . This festival is a tribute to their saint, Senior Santo Nino de Cebu. The Sinulog festival includes parades, fluvial processions, dances, Cebu beauty pageants, and sometimes arts contests. Some other parts of Cebu provinces participated in
3354-763: The ancestors (from the collapsing empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit) of the Visayan people . The documents were accepted by Filipino historians and found their way into the history of the Philippines. As a result, the arrival of Bornean tribal groups in the Visayas (From Vijayapura a Srivijayan vassal state in Borneo) is celebrated in the festivals of the Dinagyang in Iloilo City , Ati-Atihan in Kalibo , Aklan , and Binirayan in San Jose de Buenavista , Antique . Foreign historians such as William Henry Scott maintains that
3432-766: The areas of Mindanao and the province of Sulu located southwest of Mindanao. Some residents of Metro Manila also speak one of the Bisayan languages. Over 30 languages constitute the Bisayan language family. The Bisayan language with the most speakers is Cebuano , spoken by 20 million people as a native language in Central Visayas , parts of Eastern Visayas , and most of Mindanao . Two other well-known and widespread Bisayan languages are Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) , spoken by 9 million in most of Western Visayas and Soccsksargen ; and Waray-Waray , spoken by 6 million in Eastern Visayas region. Prior to colonization,
3510-641: The book contains a Visayan folk tradition. A contemporary theory based on a study of genetic markers in present-day populations is that Austronesian peoples from Taiwan populated the larger island of Luzon and headed south to the Visayas and Mindanao, and then to Indonesia and Malaysia, then to Pacific Islands and finally to the island of Madagascar, at the west of the Indian Ocean . The study, though, may not explain inter-island migrations, which are also possible, such as Filipinos migrating to any other Philippine provinces. There has even been backmigration to
3588-412: The bulk of the abaca harvests were exported to the United States" for use in military initiatives. In the early 1900s, a train running from Danao to Argao would transport Philippine abacá from the plantations to Cebu City for export. The railway system was destroyed during World War II; the abaca continues to be transported to Cebu by road. Outside the Philippines, abacá was first cultivated on
3666-529: The case of Soccsksargen) over the years. Many of these individuals now identify as Visayans after learning Cebuano, though they often retain knowledge of their non-Visayan roots and may still speak their ancestral languages fluently as a second or third language. 11°00′N 123°30′E / 11.000°N 123.500°E / 11.000; 123.500 Bisayan languages Central Bisayan West Bisayan Asi South Bisayan Other legend The Bisayan languages or Visayan languages are
3744-588: The celebration by performing traditional dances and decorating a float, or Higantes, to represent their patron. Ati-Atihan Festival is celebrated every third Sunday in January, like Sinulog Festival . It is held in Kalibo, Aklan , on Panay Island , where the first indigenous people settled, called Aestas , or Ati's . This festival devotes to the mystery of baby Jesus and Indigenous people. The people who participated painted their bodies and face and wore indigenous costumes and props. This festival plays music, drums, and parades for several days. Dinagyang Festival
3822-533: The cemetery. Aside from celebrations, Visayas has sweet and delicious mangoes that you can find in Guimaras near Iloilo City . White Beach Resort is called Boracay . It is a well-known beautiful beach located in Western Visayas at Caticlan Province. Many foreign people love to visit this beach, which is full of fun summer activities and beachside restaurants, bars, and souvenir shops. You can also find
3900-521: The country, though this practice is context-dependent and varies across regions. Cebuano-speaking settlers in Mindanao and other areas outside Cebu frequently refer to themselves and their language as Bisaya to distinguish themselves from the people of Cebu and their dialect. To address this ambiguity, some propose using the term Sinugbuanong Binisaya (which has been the term used in basic education) to specify Cebuano, while others suggest Binisaya as
3978-429: The cultivated varieties of Catanduanes even more competitive in local and international markets. This results in the optimum production of the island which had a consistent highest production throughout the archipelago. Europeans first came into contact with Abacá fibre when Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippines in 1521, as the natives were already cultivating it and utilizing it in bulk for textiles. Throughout
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#17327656948234056-405: The following internal classification for the Bisayan languages (Zorc 1977:32). The five primary branches are South, Cebuan, Central, Banton, and West. However, Zorc notes that the Bisayan language family is more like a dialect continuum rather than a set of readily distinguishable languages. The South Bisayan languages are considered to have diverged first, followed by Cebuan and then the rest of
4134-696: The following names and locations of Bisayan languages. The recently documented languages Karolanos , Magahat , and Kabalian are not listed in Zorc (1977). The following comparisons are from data gathered by Zorc (1997). siláng níang sa ílang David Zorc 's reconstruction of Proto-Bisayan had 15 consonants and 4 vowels (Zorc 1977:201). Vowel length, primary stress (penultimate and ultimate), and secondary stress (pre-penultimate) are also reconstructed by Zorc. Medri%C3%B1aque Abacá ( / ɑː b ə ˈ k ɑː / ah-bə- KAH ; Filipino : abaka [ɐbɐˈka] ), also known as Manila hemp ,
4212-479: The form of the baro (also barú or bayú , literally "shirt" or "clothing"), a simple collar-less shirt or jacket with close-fitting long sleeves worn by both men and women in most ethnic groups in the pre-colonial Philippines . These were paired with wraparound sarong-like skirts (for both men and women), close-fitting pants, or loincloths ( bahag ). During the Spanish colonial era , abacá cloth became known as medriñaque in Spanish (apparently derived from
4290-572: The former province and its capital city from Western Visayas and the latter province from Central Visayas . On August 9, 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Executive Order No. 38 , revoking the Executive Order No. 183 signed by his predecessor, President Benigno Aquino III, on May 29, 2015, due to the reason of the lack of funds to fully establish the NIR according to Benjamin Diokno ,
4368-417: The invention of nylon in the 1930s. Today, abaca is mostly used in a variety of specialized paper products including tea bags , filter paper and banknotes . Manila envelopes and Manila paper derive their name from this fiber. Abaca is classified as a hard fiber , along with coir , henequin and sisal . Abaca is grown as a commercial crop in the Philippines, Ecuador, Costa Rica. The abacá plant
4446-551: The island of Taiwan, as the historian Efren B. Isorena, through analysis of historical accounts and wind currents in the Pacific side of East and Southeast Asia, concluded that the Pisheye of Taiwan and the Bisaya of the Visayas islands in the Philippines, were closely related people as Visayans were recorded to have travelled to Taiwan from the Philippines via the northward windcurrents before they raided China and returned south after
4524-692: The leader of the Bohol Rebellion that lasted from 1744 to 1829. Negros briefly stood as an independent nation in the Visayas in the form of the Cantonal Republic of Negros , before it was absorbed back to the Philippines because of the American takeover of the archipelago. The short-lived Federal State of the Visayas was established as a revolutionary state during the Philippine Revolution. It designated Iloilo City as
4602-427: The main source of textile fibers used for clothing in the pre-colonial Philippines. Abacá cloth was often compared to calico in terms of texture and was a major trade commodity in the pre-colonial maritime trade and the Spanish colonial era . There are multiple traditional types and names of abaca cloth among the different ethnic groups of the Philippines . Undyed plain abacá cloth, woven from fine fibers of abaca,
4680-492: The major languages of Luzon . There are four administrative regions in the Visayas: Western Visayas (pop. 4.73 million), Negros Island Region (pop. 4.76 million), Central Visayas (6.54 million) and Eastern Visayas (4.5 million). The exact meaning and origin of the name of the Visayas is unknown. The first documented use of the name is possibly by Song-era Chinese maritime official Zhao Rugua as
4758-468: The mid-1800s. A total of 36 varieties are listed below. Individual languages are marked by italics . The auxiliary language of Eskayan is grammatically Bisayan, but has essentially no Bisayan (or Philippine) vocabulary. Magahat and Karolanos , both spoken in Negros, are unclassified within Bisayan. Ethnologue classifies the 25 Bisayan languages into five subgroups: Zorc (1977: 14–15) lists
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#17327656948234836-613: The most abaca genotypes and cultivars. Genetic analysis using simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers revealed that the Philippines' abaca germplasm is genetically diverse. Abaca genotypes in Luzon had higher genetic diversity than Visayas and Mindanao. Ninety-five (95) percent was attributed to molecular variance within the population, and only 5% of the molecular variance to variation among populations. Genetic analysis by Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) revealed several clusters irrespective of geographical origin. Before synthetic textiles came into use, M. textilis
4914-510: The non- Ati inhabitants of the island of Panay . However, it is likely that the name was already used as a general endonym by Visayans long before Spanish colonization, as evidenced by at least once instance of a place named "Bisaya" in coastal eastern Mindanao as reported by the Loaisa (c.1526), Saavedra (c.1528), and the Villalobos (c.1543) expeditions. It is likely that the reason
4992-471: The people of the Visayas region in the Philippines, as well as those who have migrated to other parts of the country, including Luzon and Mindanao. The Visayas region encompasses several ethnolinguistic groups and languages, including Hiligaynon , Cebuano , Waray , and others, which are distinct and not mutually intelligible, despite belonging to the same language family. Over the years, Bisaya has often been used interchangeably with Cebuano in many parts of
5070-450: The pseudostem. There are from 12 to 25 leaves, dark green on the top and pale green on the underside, sometimes with large brown patches. They are oblong in shape with a deltoid base. They grow in succession. The petioles grow to at least 1 foot (30 cm) in length. When the plant is mature, the flower stalk grows up inside the pseudostem. The male flower has five petals, each about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) long. The leaf sheaths contain
5148-859: The region of Mimaropa and the province of Masbate are all part of the Visayas in line with the non-centric view. This is contested by a few politicians in line with the Manila-centric view. Languages spoken at home are primarily Visayan languages despite the usual misconception that these are dialects of a single macrolanguage. Cebuano is the largest native language spoken on Visayas Island, where approximately 20 million natives speak it. Major languages include Hiligaynon or Ilonggo in Western Visayas, Cebuano in Central Visayas, and Waray in Eastern Visayas. Other dominant languages are Aklanon , Kinaray-a , and Capiznon . Filipino ,
5226-469: The same Austronesian family . Similarly there are claims that it was the name of a folk hero (allegedly "Sri Visaya") or that it originated from the exclamation "Bisai-yah!" ("How beautiful!") by the Sultan of Brunei who was visiting Visayas for the first time. All these claims have been challenged and remain as mere speculations and folk etymologies . Visayas region is located in central Philippines , with
5304-468: The same kinds of boats as the inhabitants of Luzon. They have the same occupations, products, and means of gain as the inhabitants of all the other islands. These Visayans are a race less inclined to agriculture, and are skilful in navigation, and eager for war and raids for pillage and booty, which they call mangubas . This means "to go out for plunder." . . . The language of all the Pintados and Biçayas
5382-631: The same name . However, these ethnic groups in the Philippines must not be confused with those in Borneo . David Zorc lists the following innovations as features defining the Bisayan languages as a group (Zorc 1977:241). Tausug is noted to have diverged early from the group and may have avoided some sound changes that affected the others. ( Tag : ˈʔaː.raw) (Tag: ˈʔaː.sim) (Tag: ʔit.ˈlog) (Tag: ˈbaː.go) ( Naga : ˈʔal.daw) (Naga: ˈʔal.som) ( Iriga : ʔit.ˈlog) (ALL: ˈʔad.law) ( Kin : ˈʔas.ləm, Ceb : ˈʔas.lum) (MOST: ˈʔit.log) David Zorc gives
5460-552: The same; certain scarfs wrapped round the head, very showy, which resemble turbans, and knotted very gracefully and edged with gold. They wear also a loose collarless jacket with tight sleeves, whose skirts reach half way down the leg. These garments are fastened in front and are made of medriñaque and colored silks . They wear no shirts or drawers, but bahaques of many wrappings, which cover their privy parts, when they remove their skirts and jackets. The women are good-looking and graceful. They are very neat, and walk slowly. Their hair
5538-663: The script and calligraphy of most of the Visayan peoples was the badlit , closely related to the Tagalog baybayin . Native speakers of most Bisayan languages, especially Cebuano , Hiligaynon and Waray , not only refer to their language by their local name, but also by Bisaya or Binisaya , meaning Bisayan language . This is misleading or may lead to confusion as different languages may be called Bisaya by their respective speakers despite their languages being mutually unintelligible . However, languages that are classified within
5616-451: The southwards monsoon during summer. Visayans are recognized as hospitable, religious, fun, and robust people. They love to party and celebrate birthdays, graduation, baptism, weddings, and holidays. Visayans like to sing ( Karaoke ) while drinking and dancing during this celebration. They love to cook traditional foods like Suman , Sapin- Sapin , and Bibingka made with sticky rice during Halloween. They visited their dead loved ones at
5694-557: The supply from the Philippines was eliminated by the Empire of Japan . After the war, the U.S. Department of Agriculture started production in Panama , Costa Rica , Honduras , and Guatemala . Today, abacá is produced primarily in the Philippines and Ecuador. The Philippines produces between 85% and 95% of the world's abacá, and the production employs 1.5 million people. Production has declined because of virus diseases. The plant
5772-486: The three branches. Also, in the Visayas section, the province of Romblon has the most linguistic diversity, as languages from three primary Bisayan branches are spoken there: Romblomanon from Central Bisayan, Inunhan from Western Bisayan and Banton (which has an independent Bisayan branch). Notably, Baybayanon and Porohanon have Warayan substrata, indicating a more widespread distribution of Waray before Cebuano speakers started to expand considerably starting from
5850-514: The traditional material of the barong tagalog , the national male attire of the Philippines, as well as in sheer lace-like fabrics called nipis used in various clothing components. Native abaca textiles also survive into the modern era among various ethnic groups, like the t'nalak of the T'boli people and the dagmay of the Bagobo people . Abaca is also used in traditional Philippine millinery , as well as for bags, shawls, and other decorative items. The hatmaking straw made from Manila hemp
5928-478: The valuable fiber. After harvesting, the coarse fibers range in length from 6–12 feet (180–370 cm) long. They are composed primarily of cellulose , lignin , and pectin . The fruit, which is inedible and is rarely seen as harvesting occurs before the plant fruits, grows to about 2–3 inches (5.1–7.6 cm) in length and 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter. It has black turbinate seeds that are 0.167 inches (0.42 cm) in diameter. The abacá plant belongs to
6006-506: Was a major source of high quality fiber: soft, silky and fine. Ancestors of the modern abacá are thought to have originated from the eastern Philippines, where there is significant rainfall throughout the year. Wild varieties of abacá can still be found in the interior forests of the island province of Catanduanes , away from cultivated areas. Today, Catanduanes has many other modern kinds of abacá which are more competitive. For many years, breeders from various research institutions have made
6084-597: Was the president at that year. However, Palaweños criticized the move, citing a lack of consultation, with most residents in Puerto Princesa and all Palawan municipalities but one, preferring to stay in Mimaropa (Region IV-B). Consequently, Administrative Order No. 129 was issued on August 19, 2005, that the implementation of E.O. 429 be held in abeyance, pending approval by the president of its Implementation Plan. The Philippine Commission on Elections reported
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