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86-653: Settled during the period of the early Iberian Castro culture , the territory of Viseu was populated by a series of cultures including the Romans, Suebs, Visigoths and Moors. During the Roman occupation of Iberia, Viriathus , the rebel leader of the Lusitanians , is assumed to have lived for a time in the vicinity. During the Middle Ages, the city often served as a seat for Visigothic nobles (such as King Roderic ), and

172-417: A Mediterranean climate ( Csb , bordering Csa ), with the 1981–2010 averages indicating it just below the 22 °C (72 °F) isotherm. Its inland position and relative altitude contribute to cooler winters than in coastal areas of the country, with an average of 31 days with frost per year; as well as a relatively large diurnal temperature variation and lower averages than more low-lying inland cities in

258-611: A famed artist of the Portuguese Renaissance , was born in the city, In 1513, King Manuel I of Portugal renewed the charter of Viseu and a series of works were taken on throughout the city, with the opening of the first square of the city, the Rossio . In the 19th century, a new Municipal Palace was built in the Rossio, significantly altering the flow of the city, moving it away from the medieval center to newer parts of

344-693: A male deity, was worshipped in the coastal areas where the Celtici dwelt, from the region around Aveiro , Porto and to Northern Galicia, but seldom inland, with the exception of the El Bierzo region in Leon, where this cult has been attributed to the known arrival of Galician miners, most notably from among the Celtici Supertamarici . This deity has not been recorded in the same areas as Bandua, Reue and Nabia deities occur, and El Bierzo follows

430-515: A male heir, leaving just one daughter, Joanna . However, her paternity was questioned; it was rumored that his wife, Queen Joan of Portugal (Afonso's sister) had an affair with a nobleman named Beltrán de La Cueva . The death of Henry ignited a war of succession , with one faction supporting Joanna and the other supporting Isabella , Henry's half-sister. Afonso V was persuaded to intervene on behalf of Joanna, his niece. He betrothed himself to her, proclaimed himself king of Castile and led troops into

516-526: A noble elite who celebrated ritual banquets and who participated in an extensive network of interchange of prestige items, from the Mediterranean and up to the British Isles . These villages were closely related to the open settlements which characterized the first Bronze Age, frequently established near the valleys and the richer agricultural lands. From the beginning of the first millennium,

602-505: A number of cereals: ( wheat , millet , possibly also rye ) for baking bread, as well as oats and barley which they also used for beer production. They also grew beans , peas and cabbage , and flax for fabric and clothes production; other vegetables were collected: nettle , watercress . Large quantities of acorns have been found hoarded in most hill-forts , as they were used for bread production once toasted and crushed in granite stone mills. The second pillar of local economy

688-569: A senate. Under Roman influence the tribes or populi apparently ascended to a major role, at the expense of the minor entities. From the beginning of our era a few Latin inscriptions are known where some individuals declare themselves princeps or ambimogidus of a certain populi or civitas . The name of some of the castles and oppida are known through the declaration of origin of persons mentioned in epitaphs and votive Latin inscriptions ( Berisamo, Letiobri, Ercoriobri, Louciocelo, Olca, Serante, Talabriga, Aviliobris, Meidunio, Durbede.. ), through

774-400: A series of emporia , commercial posts which sometimes included temples and other installations. At the same time, the archaeological register shows, through the finding of large quantities of fibulae , pins , pincers for hair extraction, pendants , earrings , torcs , bracelets , and other personal objects, the ongoing importance of the individual and his or her physical appearance. While

860-597: A transformation, as a result of the Roman conquest and formation of the Roman province of Gallaecia in the heart of the Castro cultural area; by the 2nd century AD most hill-forts and oppida had been abandoned or reused as sanctuaries or worshipping places, but some others kept being occupied up to the 5th century, when the Germanic Suevi established themselves in Gallaecia. As stated, while Bronze Age economy

946-634: A warlike character and a defender of local communities. The worship of these two gods do not overlap but rather complement each other, occupying practically the whole of the western territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Supporting the idea, no evidence has been found of any women worshipping at any of the monuments dedicated to Cosus. Cosus sites are found near settlements, such as in Sanfins and the settlement near A Coruña, Galicia. Nabia had double invocation, one male and one female. The supreme Nabia

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1032-599: Is twinned with: The city and the region are famous for its wine ( Dão Wine ) and the Dão Wine Institute, the Solar do Vinho do Dão can be found in the city. There is also an annual fair, the Feira de São Mateus . Furthermore, Viseu is also known for local handicrafts which include black pottery, bobbin lace, embroidery, and copper and wrought iron articles. With the good connections to major industrial centers and to

1118-748: Is associated with Viriathus , since it is thought that the Lusitanian hero may have been born in this region. After the Roman occupation of the peninsula, under the Visigoths , the settlement was elevated to the status of city and to the seat of a diocese by at least the 6th century. The origins of Viseu extend to proto-history, when migrating groups settled the territory, including the Celts and Lusitanians. Roman colonists settled in these territories during eras of prosperity and peace, leading eventually to Suebic, Gothic and Muslim cultures. The Suebic peoples, by

1204-487: Is considered one of the probable birthplaces of Afonso Henriques , first King of Portugal. Viseu is a regional economic hub with a strong wine industry and is the seat of the international conglomerate Visabeira . The city is also a cultural center, home to the nationally acclaimed Grão Vasco Museum , the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Viseu , and a center for higher learning institutions, namely

1290-478: Is evident—through inscriptions, numismatic and other archaeological findings—the submission of the local powers to Rome. While the 1st century BC represents an era of expansion and maturity for the Castro Culture, under Roman influence and with the local economy apparently powered more than hindered by Roman commerce and wars, during the next century the control of Roma became political and military, and for

1376-407: Is related to Jupiter and another incarnation of the deity, identified with Diana, Juno or Victoria or others from the Roman pantheon, linked to the protection and defence of the community or health, wealth and fertility. Bandua, Reue, Arentius - Arentia , Quangeius , Munidis , Trebaruna , Laneana , and Nabia worshipped in the heart of Lusitania vanishes almost completely outside the boundary with

1462-452: The cividades (from Latin civitas 'city'), some known as citânias by archaeologists, due to their city-like structure: Cividade de Bagunte ( Civitas Bogonti ), Cividade de Terroso ( Civitas Terroso ), Citânia de Briteiros , and Citânia de Sanfins. The Castro culture emerged during the first two centuries of the first millennium BC, in the region extending from the Douro river up to

1548-580: The Catholic University of Portugal and the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu . The origins of the city of Viseu date back to the pre-Roman period, with its name being reconstructed from the indigenous word ' Vissaîegobor ' as *Vissaium, perhaps with a latinised suffix. With its Romanisation the settlement gained importance, being at the intersection of a series of Roman roads linking Mérida , Lisbon , and Galicia . Viseu

1634-695: The Duke of Alba . The fight was fierce and confusing but the result was a stalemate: While the forces of Cardinal Mendoza and the Duke of Alba won over their opponents led by the Portuguese king—who left the battlefield to take refuge in Castronuño —the troops commanded by Prince John defeated and persecuted the troops of the Castilian right wing and recovered the Portuguese royal standard, remaining ordered in

1720-480: The Escola Secundária de Viriato , Escola Secundária Alves Martins and Escola Secundária Emídio Navarro . Castro culture Castro culture ( Galician : cultura castrexa , Portuguese : cultura castreja , Asturian : cultura castriega , Spanish : cultura castreña , meaning "culture of the hillforts") is the archaeological term for the material culture of the northwestern regions of

1806-723: The Iberian Peninsula (present-day northern and central Portugal together with the Spanish regions of Galicia , Asturias , and western León ) from the end of the Bronze Age (c. 9th century BC) until it was subsumed by Roman culture (c. 1st century BC). It is the culture associated with the Gallaecians and Astures . The most notable characteristics of this culture are its walled oppida and hillforts , known locally as castros , from Latin castrum 'castle', and

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1892-495: The Matres , and Sulis or Suleviae (SULEIS NANTUGAICIS). More numerous are the votive inscriptions dedicated to the autochthonous Cosus , Bandua , Nabia , and Reue . Hundreds of Latin inscriptions have survived with dedications to gods and goddesses. Archaeological finds such as ceremonial axes decorated with animal sacrificial scenes, together with the severed head sculptures and the testimonies of classical authors, confirms

1978-569: The Minho , but soon expanding north along the coast, and east following the river valleys, reaching the mountain ranges which separate the Atlantic coast of the Iberian peninsula from the central plateau or meseta . It was the result of the autonomous evolution of Atlantic Bronze Age communities, after the local collapse of the long range Atlantic network of interchange of prestige items. From

2064-577: The Mondego river up to the Minho river , along the coastal areas of northern Portugal, during the last two centuries of the second millennium BC a series of settlements were established in high, well communicated places, radiating from a core area north of the Mondego, and usually specializing themselves in the production of Atlantic Bronze Age metallurgy: cauldrons , knives, bronze vases, roasting spits, flesh-hooks , swords, axes and jewelry relating to

2150-561: The Palácio do Gelo (2008)), and numerous hostels and hotels in all categories. The city of Viseu has a bus network – MUV – which operates several lines within the entire municipality and a recently installed funicular connecting the lower city with the upper city. The A25 motorway (formerly called IP5) connects Viseu to the seaport of Aveiro and Guarda and then on to Salamanca in Spain. The IP3 and A24, connecting Coimbra with Chaves on

2236-492: The Vettones . Bandua , Reue and Nabia were worshipped in the core area of Lusitania (including Northern Extremadura to Beira Baixa and Northern Lusitania) and reaching inland Galicia , the diffusion of these gods throughout the whole of the northern interior area shows a cultural continuity with Central Lusitania. Funerary rites are mostly unknown except at few places, such as Cividade de Terroso , where cremation

2322-745: The network appears to collapse , possibly because the Iron Age had outdated the Atlantic tin and bronze products in the Mediterranean region, and the large-scale production of metallic items was reduced to the elaboration of axes and tools, which are still found buried in very large quantities all along the European Atlantic coast. During the transition of the Bronze to the Iron Age, from the Douro in modern northern Portugal and up along

2408-655: The papal bull Dum Diversas , which granted Afonso V the right to reduce "Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery. This was reaffirmed and extended in the Romanus Pontifex bull of 1455 (also by Nicholas V). These papal bulls came to be seen by some as a justification for the subsequent era of slave trade and European colonialism. When the campaigns in Africa were over, Afonso V found new grounds for battle in neighboring Castile . On 11 December 1474 King Henry IV of Castile died without

2494-588: The sobriquet the African ( Portuguese : o Africano ), was king of Portugal from 1438 until his death in 1481, with a brief interruption in 1477. His sobriquet refers to his military conquests in Northern Africa . Afonso was born in Sintra , the second son of King Edward of Portugal by his wife Eleanor of Aragon . Following the death of his older brother, Infante João (1429–1433), Afonso acceded to

2580-434: The 6th century BC onward, would have occasioned an increase in social inequality, bringing many importations (fine pottery , fibulae , wine , glass and other products) and technological innovations, such as round granite millstones , which would have merged with the Atlantic local traditions. Ancient Roman military presence in the south and east of the Iberian Peninsula since the 2nd century BC would have reinforced

2666-543: The Castro people complete name was composed as this: So, a name such as Caeleo Cadroiolonis F Cilenvs > Berisamo would stand for Cailios son of Cadroyolo, a Cilenian, from the hill-fort named Berisamos . Other similar anthroponymical patterns are known referring mostly to persons born in the regions in-between the rivers Navia in Asturias and Douro in Portugal, the ancient Gallaecia, among them: The religious pantheon

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2752-502: The Duke of Coimbra (despite being his half-brother), eventually became the king's favourite uncle and began a constant struggle for power. In 1442, the king made his uncle Afonso the first Duke of Braganza . With this title and its lands, he became the most powerful man in Portugal and one of the richest men in Europe. To secure his position as regent, Pedro had Afonso marry his daughter, Isabella of Coimbra , in 1445. On 9 June 1448, when

2838-656: The Linha da Beira Alta (broad gauge; international). The Dão line closed to passengers in 1988. The municipality has an airfield – the Viseu Airport (code VSE) also known as Lobato, parish of Lordosa, Viseu – that offers scheduled commercial flights to some domestic destinations with Aero VIP . Viseu is the location of the state-run Instituto Politécnico de Viseu which has higher education polytechnic schools of education, technology and management, and agronomy. The city's political and civic groups have been pressuring

2924-527: The Navigator , but after Henry's death in 1460, he did nothing to continue Henry's work. Administratively, Afonso V was a passive king. He chose not to pursue the revision of laws or development of commerce, preferring instead to preserve the legacy of his father Edward and grandfather John I . In 1469, Afonso Vgranted Fernão Gomes the monopoly of trade in the Gulf of Guinea. In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued

3010-589: The Roman general Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus led a successful punishment expedition into the North in 137 BC; the victory he celebrated in Rome granted him the title Callaicus (“Galician”). During the next century Gallaecia was still theatre of operation for Perpenna (73 BC), Julius Caesar (61 BC) and the generals of Augustus (29-19 BC). But only after the Romans defeated the Asturians and Cantabrians in 19 BC

3096-566: The Spanish border, cross Viseu from south to north. Until the nineteen eighties Viseu had railway connections with the coast, but these were closed. Viseu is now one of the largest cities in Europe without a railway connection. Once it was connected to Aveiro (via the Vouga line , a narrow gauge railway), and Santa Comba Dão (on the Dão line , another narrow gauge railway), where it had a connection to

3182-662: The Vouga, the Dão and the Paiva. Situated in a zone of transition, the concelho has several micro-climates. The Serra do Caramulo , located to the west of the city, plays an important role in climatic terms by lessening the influences of the western air masses (although the Mondego River 's basin makes the penetration easier). Consequently, Viseu's climate is characterized by the existence of high temperature extremes, with cold and wet winters and hot and dry summers. Viseu has

3268-655: The archaeological record of the Castro Iron Age suggests a very egalitarian society, these findings imply the development of a privileged class with better access to prestige items. From the 2nd century BC, specially in the south, some of the hill-forts turned into semi-urban fortified towns, oppida ; their remains are locally known as cividades or cidades , cities, with populations of some few thousand inhabitants, such as Cividade de Bagunte (50 ha), Briteiros (24 ha), Sanfins (15 ha), San Cibrao de Lás (20 ha), or Santa Tegra (15 ha); some of them were even larger than

3354-403: The area of the oppida, were composed of 24 civitates : Helleni, Grovi, Leuni, Surbi, Bracari, Interamnici, Limici, Querquerni, Coelerni, Tamagani, Bibali, Callaeci, Equasei, Caladuni ... Each populi or civitas was composed of a number of castella , each one comprehending one or more hill-forts or oppida, by themselves an autonomous political chiefdom, probably under the direction of a chief and

3440-524: The battlefield where they collected the fugitives of Afonso. Both sides claimed victory, but Afonso's prospects for obtaining the Castilian crown were severely damaged. After the battle, Afonso sailed to France hoping to obtain the assistance of King Louis XI in his fight against Castile. But finding himself deceived by the French monarch, he returned to Portugal in 1477. Disillusioned, he abdicated for

3526-456: The capital of the Roman province of Gallaecia , which encompassed all the lands once part of the Castro culture. The first meeting of Rome with the inhabitants of the castros and cividades was during the Punic wars, when Carthaginians hired local mercenaries for fighting Rome in the Mediterranean and into Italy. Later on, Gallaecians backed Lusitanians fighting Romans, and as a result

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3612-536: The central-north area of the country such as Castelo Branco . In spite of its inland position, the maritime influence is strong enough for there to be a seasonal lag resulting in September averaging similar temperatures as June for the 1981–2010 reference period. This also applies to October and May. However, temperatures drop sharply in November, resulting in a smaller lag for the winter season. July and August are

3698-520: The ceremonial sacrifice of animals, and probably including human sacrifice as well, as among Gauls and Lusitanians. The largest number of indigenous deities found in the whole Iberian Peninsula are located in the Galician and Lusitanian regions and models proposing a fragmented and disorganized pantheon have been discarded, since the number of deities occurring together is similar to other Celtic peoples in Europe and ancient civilizations. Cosus ,

3784-982: The cities, Bracara Augusti and Lucus Augusti, that Rome established a century later. These native cities or citadels were characterised by their size and by urban features such as paved streets equipped with channels for stormwater runoff , reservoirs of potable water, and evidence of urban planning. Many of them also presented an inner and upper walled space, relatively large and scarcely urbanised, called acrópole by local scholars. These oppida were generally surrounded by concentric ditches and stone walls, up to five in Briteiros, sometimes reinforced with towers. Gates to these oppida become monumental and frequently have sculptures of warriors. The oppida's dwelling areas are frequently externally walled, and kitchens, sheds, granaries, workshops and living rooms are ordered around an inner paved yard, sometimes equipped with fountains, drains and reservoirs. Cividade de Bagunte ( Norte Region )

3870-404: The city in 1123. Viseu is one of the possible birthplaces of their son Afonso Henriques in 1109. Following the successful defense of his hereditary rights, and supported by nobles and clergy, Afonso Henriques founded the kingdom of Portugal. Viseu was granted a new charter 1187, that was later reinforced by his grandson, King Afonso II of Portugal , in 1217. During the 1383–85 Crisis , the city

3956-581: The city. Viseu is approximately 50 km (31 mi) East of the Atlantic Ocean. Surrounded by a number of mountains – Leomil, Montemuro , Lapa, Arada, Estrela and Caramulo – the tops of which are covered with thick layers of snow in Winter time, the district is crossed by a network of rivers and streamlets. The city of Viseu has an almost central position in relation to the District lying on

4042-466: The coasts of Galicia until the central regions of Asturias, the settlement in artificially fortified places substituted the old open settlement model. These early hill-forts were small (1 ha at most), being situated in hills, peninsulas or another naturally defended places, usually endowed with long range visibility. The artificial defences were initially composed of earthen walls, battlements and ditches, which enclosed an inner habitable space. This space

4128-471: The communitarian open spaces, which in turn would have been substituted by other facilities such as saunas , communitarian halls, and shared forges. Although most of the communities of this period had self-sufficient isolated economies, one important change was the return of trade with the Mediterranean by the now independent Carthage , a thriving Western Mediterranean power. Carthaginian merchants brought imports of wine, glass, pottery and other goods through

4214-471: The composites Verotius , Vesuclotus , Cadroiolo , Veroblius , among other composite and derivative names. Very characteristic of the peoples of the Castro culture (Gallaecians and western Astures) is their onomastic formula. Whilst the onomastic formula among the Celtiberians usually is composed by a first name followed by a patronymic expressed as a genitive, and sometimes a reference to the gens ,

4300-498: The driest and hottest months, with daytime highs averaging 29.6 °C (85.3 °F) for both months. Winters are much wetter with an average December precipitation of 203.4 millimetres (8 in). Administratively, the municipality is divided into 25 civil parishes : Due to migration in the 1960s, Viseu suffered a great decline in its population. After the end of the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974), with

4386-625: The epithets of local Gods in votive altars ( Alaniobrica, Berubrico, Aetiobrigo, Viriocelense ...), and the testimony of classic authors and geographers ( Adrobrica, Ebora, Abobrica, Nemetobriga, Brigantium, Olina, Caladunum, Tyde, Glandomirum, Ocelum... ). Some more names can be inferred from modern place names, as those containing an evolution of the Celtic element brigs meaning "hill" and characteristically ligated to old hill-forts ( Tragove, O Grove < Ogrobre, Canzobre < Caranzobre, Cortobe, Lestrove, Landrove, Iñobre, Maiobre ...) Approximately half

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4472-400: The first time in more than a millennium new unfortified settlements were established in the plains and valleys, at the same time that numerous hill-forts and cities were abandoned. Strabo wrote, probably describing this process: " until they were stopped by the Romans, who humiliated them and reduced most of their cities to mere villages " (Strabo, III.3.5). The culture went through somewhat of

4558-1576: The initial Iron Age, the local artisans stopped producing some of the most characteristic Bronze Age items such as carp tongue, leaf-shaped and rapier swords , double-ringed axes, breastplates and most jewellery. From this time, the Castro culture develops jewellery of the Hallstatt type, but with a distinctive Mediterranean influence, especially in the production of feminine jewellery. Some 120 gold torcs are known, produced in three main regional styles frequently having large, void terminals, containing little stones which allowed them to be also used as rattles. Other metal artefacts include antenna-hilted swords and knives, Montefortino helmets with local decoration and sacrificial or votive axes with depictions of complex sacrificial scenes (similar to classical suovetaurilia ), with torcs, cauldrons, weapons, animals of diverse species and string-like motifs. Decorative motifs include rosettes , triskelions , swastikas , spirals , interlaces , as well as palm tree, herringbone and string motifs, many of which were still carved in Romanesque churches, and are still used today in local folk art and traditional items in Galicia, Portugal and northern Spain. These same motifs were also extensively used in stone decoration. Castro sculpture also reveals that locals carved these figures in wood items, such as chairs, and wove them into their clothes. While

4644-503: The king came of age, Pedro had to surrender his powers to Afonso V. The years of conspiracy by the Duke of Braganza finally came to a head. On 15 September of the same year, Afonso V nullified all the laws and edicts approved under the regency. In the following year, led by what were later discovered to be false accusations, Afonso declared Pedro a rebel and defeated his army in the Battle of Alfarrobeira , in which his uncle (and father-in-law)

4730-596: The king the nickname of the African or Africano . After the capture of Alcácer Ceguer in 1458, Afonso gave himself the title "king of Portugal and the Algarves", where the plural form of Algarve was meant to refer to both the original Kingdom of the Algarve in southern Portuguese as well as the new territories in Africa. The king also supported the exploration of the Atlantic Ocean led by Prince Henry

4816-479: The kingdom. Because of their close blood-relationship, a formal marriage had to wait for papal dispensation. On 12 May 1475 Afonso entered Castile with an army of 5,600 cavalry and 14,000 foot soldiers. In March 1476, after several skirmishes and much maneuvering, the 8,000 men of Afonso and Prince João , faced a Castilian force of similar size in the Battle of Toro . The Castilians were led by Isabella's husband, Prince Ferdinand II of Aragon , Cardinal Mendoza and

4902-404: The kingdom. Eleanor attempted to resist, but without support in Portugal she fled to Castile. Pedro's main policies were concerned with restricting the political power of the great noble houses and expanding the powers of the crown. The country prospered under his rule, but not peacefully, as his laws interfered with the ambitions of powerful nobles. Afonso, Count of Barcelos, a personal enemy of

4988-542: The middle of the 6th century, had already established a community, with a bishop that existed at the suffrage of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Braga . With the arrival of North African Muslims , the Visigoths escaped the territory to the distant mountains of Asturias. The lands of Viseu frequently switched hands between the Christians and Moors , who referred to Viseu as Bazu, and was definitely taken in 1058, due to

5074-406: The most common ores mined. Castro metallurgy refined the metals from ores and cast them to make various tools. During the initial centuries of the first millennium BC, bronze was still the most used metal, although iron was progressively introduced. The main products include tools (sickles, hoes, ploughs, axes), domestic items (knives and cauldrons), and weapons (antenna swords, spearheads). During

5160-1069: The most frequent names are Reburrus , Camalus (related to Old Irish cam 'battle, encounter'), Caturus (to Celtic *katu- 'fight'), Cloutius (to Celtic *klouto- 'renown', with the derivatives Clutamus 'Very Famous' and Cloutaius , and the composite Vesuclotus '(He who have) Good Fame'), Medamus , Boutius , Lovesius , Pintamus , Ladronus , Apilus , Andamus (maybe to Celtic and-amo- 'The Undermost'), Bloena , Aebura / Ebura , Albura , Arius , Caelius and Caelicus (to Celtic * kaylo- 'omen'), Celtiatis , Talavius , Viriatus , among others. A certain number of personal names are also exclusive to Gallaecia, among these Artius (to Celtic *arktos 'bear'), Nantia and Nantius (to Celtic *nant- 'fight'), Cambavius (to Celtic *kambo- 'bent'), Vecius (probably Celtic, from PIE *weik- 'fight'), Cilurnius (to Celtic *kelfurn- 'cauldron'), Mebdius , Coralius (to PIE *koro- 'army'), Melgaecus (to PIE * hmelg- 'milk'), Loveius , Durbidia , Lagius , Laucius , Aidius (to Celtic *aidu- 'fire'), Balcaius ; and

5246-751: The national government to upgrade this school into a university , but its desire was never achieved. However, there are 2 private university institutions, the Universidade Católica Portuguesa and the Instituto Piaget . Furthermore, since the Bologna process , the difference between universities and polytechnics is less relevant, with the exception of some degrees like medicine, economics or law, that are only awarded in universities. There are three secondary education (the Portuguese equivalent of High School) establishments:

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5332-401: The number of settlements grow during this period, but also their size and density. First, the old familiar huts were frequently substituted by groups of family housing, composed generally of one or more huts with hearth, plus round granaries, and elongated or square sheds and workshops. At the same time, these houses and groups tended to occupy most of the internal room of the hill-forts, reducing

5418-472: The people of northern Iberia used boats made of leather, probably similar to Irish currachs and Welsh coracles , for local navigation. Archaeologists have found hooks and weights for nets , as well as open seas fish remains, confirming inhabitants of the coastal areas as fishermen. Mining was an integral part of the culture, and it attracted Mediterranean merchants, first Phoenicians , later Carthaginians and Romans . Gold, iron, copper, tin and lead were

5504-404: The ports of Aveiro and Leixões , several industries have been installed in Viseu. Visabeira , a Portugal-based international conglomerate with interests in telecommunications, construction, industry, tourism, real estate and diversified services is headquartered in the city. Viseu also hosts a central hospital (Hospital of São Teotónio), two shopping & cinema complexes (the Fórum (2005) and

5590-401: The position of heir apparent and was made the first Prince of Portugal by his father, who sought to emulate the English court's custom of a dynastic title that distinguished the heir apparent from the other children of the monarch. He was only six years old when he succeeded his father in 1438. During his minority, Afonso was placed under the regency of his mother, Eleanor, in accordance with

5676-658: The pre-Latin toponyms of Roman Gallaecia were Celtic, while the rest were either non Celtic western Indo-European, or mixed toponyms containing Celtic and non-Celtic elements. On the local personal names, less than two hundred are known, many of which are also present either in the Lusitania, or either among the Astures, or among the Celtiberians. Whilst many of them have a sure Celtic etymology, frequently related to war, fame or valour, others show preservation of /p/ and so are probably Lusitanian better than properly Celtic; in any case, many names could be Celtic or Lusitanian, or even belong to another indo-European local language. Among

5762-406: The return of refugees from the Portuguese African colonies that achieved independence, and resulting economic and demographic growth, starting at the end of the 1970s, the municipality increased its population by about 10 percent, giving it an estimated population of 83,261 people. Afterwards, a stagnation set in, confirmed by the 1991 census which showed a population of 83,601. As of 2023, Viseu

5848-418: The role of the autochthonous warrior elites, with better access to local prestige items and importations. Pollen analysis confirms the Iron Age as a period of intense deforestation in Galicia and Northern Portugal, with meadows and fields expanding at the expense of woodland . Using three main type of tools, ploughs , sickles and hoes , together with axes for woodcutting, the Castro inhabitants grew

5934-551: The same pattern as in the coast. From a theonymical point of view, this suggest some ethno-cultural differences between the coast and inland areas. With the exception of the Grovii people, Pomponius Mela stated that all the populi were Celtic and Cosus was not worshipped there. Pliny also rejected that the Grovii were Celtic, he considered them to have a Greek origin. Bandua is closely associated with Roman Mars and less frequently worshipped by women. The religious nature of Cosus had many similarities with that of Bandua. Bandua had

6020-477: The scarcity of visible burial practices, in spite of the frequent depositions of prestige items and goods, swords and other metallic riches in rocky outcrops, rivers and other aquatic contexts since the Atlantic Bronze Age . This cultural area extended east to the Cares river and south into the lower Douro river valley. The area of Ave Valley in Portugal was the core region of this culture, with many small Castro settlements, but also including larger oppida ,

6106-541: The so-called Viseu Plateau (in Portuguese Planalto de Viseu ). It is surrounded by a mountainous system constituted to the north by the Leonil, Montemuro, and Lapa hills, to the northeast by the Arado hills, to the south and southeast by the Serra da Estrela and the Lousã hills and to the west by the Caramulo hills. The Municipality is characterized by an irregular surface with altitudes ranging between 400 and 700 metres (1,300 and 2,300 feet). With rough terrain, it has numerous water courses. These are found in three basins:

6192-473: The use of stone for constructions is an old tradition in the Castro culture, dating from the 1st centuries of the 1st millennium BC, sculpture only became usual from the 2nd century BC, specially in the southern half of the territory, associated to the oppida. Five main types are produced, all of them in granite stone: Pottery was produced locally in a variety of styles, although wealthier people also possessed imported Mediterranean products. The richest pottery

6278-608: The uses of the other spaces of the room. In essence, the main characteristic of this formative period is the assumption by the community of a larger authority at the expense of the elites, reflected in the minor importance of prestige items production, while the collective invested important resources and labour in the communal spaces and defences. Since the beginning of the 6th century BC the Castro culture experienced an inner expansion: hundreds of new hill-forts were founded, while some older small ones were abandoned for new emplacements. These new settlements were founded near valleys, in

6364-411: The vicinity of the richest farmlands, and these are generally protected by several defence lines, composed of ramparts, ditches, and sound stony walls, probably built not only as a defensive apparatus but also as a feature which could confer prestige to the community. Sometimes, human remains have been found in cists or under the walls, implying some kind of foundational protective ritual. Not only did

6450-668: The victory of Ferdinand I of León . But, his siege left such destruction that only in 1147–1148, during the Reconquista , that the Diocese of Viseu had the conditions to support a bishop. For many years it had been absorbed by the Bishopric of Coimbra, due to the intervention of the priors, including S. Teotónio. Viseu began recuperating its importance as an urban centre; "rapidly, [it] recuperated its lost transitory brilliance or worsened its activities and differentiation social" . It

6536-424: The will left by his late father. As both a foreigner and a woman, the queen was not a popular choice for regent. When the cortes met in late 1438, a law was passed requiring a joint regency consisting of Eleanor and Pedro, Duke of Coimbra , the younger brother of the late king. The dual regency was a failure and in 1439, the cortes named Pedro "protector and guardian" of the king and "ruler and defender" of

6622-438: Was animal husbandry . Gallaecians bred cattle for meat, milk and butter production; they also used oxen for dragging carts and ploughs, while horses were used mainly for human transportation. They also bred sheep and goats , for meat and wool, and pigs for meat. Wild animals like deer or boars were frequently chased. In coastal areas, fishing and collecting shellfish were important activities: Strabo wrote that

6708-565: Was another three centuries of laborious peace that allowed Viseu to grow once more. It was following the death of King Ferdinand I , the Castilians sought to enforce (by force-of-arms), its rights to the lands/territories of the County of Portugal. During Countship of Portugal , Viseu served as the seat of the Corte of Henry, Count of Portugal and Countess Teresa , who granted a foral to

6794-400: Was based on the exploitation and exportation of mineral local resources, tin and copper and on mass production and long range distribution of prestige items, Iron Age economy was based on an economy of necessity goods, as most items and productions were obtained in situ , or interchanged thought short range commerce. In the southern coastal areas the presence of Mediterranean merchants from

6880-401: Was besieged by the forces of Juan I of Castile , leading to King John I of Portugal starting construction on a series of defensive fortifications which would continue being built until the reign of King Afonso V of Portugal . The city became part of a fiefdom, when Prince Henry the Navigator , son of King John I of Portugal , was made Duke of Viseu , in 1415. In 1475, Vasco Fernandes ,

6966-421: Was extensive, and included local and pan-Celtic gods. Among the later ones the most relevant was Lugus ; 5 inscriptions are known with dedication to this deity, whose name is frequently expressed as a plural dative (LUGUBO, LUCOUBU). The votive altars containing this dedications frequently present three holes for gifts or sacrifices. Other pan-European deities include Bormanicus (a god related to hot springs),

7052-406: Was killed. Afonso V then turned his attentions to North Africa. During the reign of his grandfather John I , Ceuta had been conquered from the king of Morocco , and now the new king wanted to expand the conquests. The king's army conquered Alcácer Ceguer in 1458 and Arzila in 1471. Tangiers , on the other hand, was won and lost several times between 1460 and 1464. These achievements granted

7138-420: Was mostly left void, non urbanised, and used for communal activities, comprising a few circular, oblong, or rounded squared huts, of 5 to 15 meters (16–49 ft) in the largest dimension, built with wood, vegetable materials and mud, sometimes reinforced with stony low walls. The major inner feature of these multi-functional undivided cabins were the hearth , circular or quadrangular, and which conditioned

7224-503: Was one of the largest cities with 50 hectares. The cities are surrounded by a number of smaller castros, some of which may have been defensive outposts of cities, such as Castro de Laundos, that was probably an outpost of Cividade de Terroso. There is a cividade toponym in Braga , a citadel established by Augustus, although there are no archaeological findings apart from an ancient parish name and pre-Roman baths. Bracara Augusta later became

7310-606: Was practised. World heritage candidates in 2010. Other Castros in Asturias (Spain): The Cariaca Castro is not identified, as only a small amount of Castros are called with his old names (like Coaña). Important Castros in the Albion Territory, near the Nicer stele and Navia and Eo Rivers are: Coaña, Chao de Samartín, Pendía and Taramundi. Afonso V of Portugal Afonso V ( Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐˈfõsu] ; 15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481), known by

7396-902: Was produced in the south, from the Rias Baixas region in Galicia to the Douro , where decoration was frequently stamped and incised into pots and vases. The patterns used often revealed the town where these were produced. In the 1st century AD, more than 700,000 people were living in the main area of the Castro culture, in hill forts and oppida. Northern Gallaeci (Lucenses) were divided into 16 populi or tribes: Lemavi, Albiones, Cibarci, Egivarri Namarini, Adovi, Arroni, Arrotrebae, Celtici Neri, Celtici Supertamarci, Copori, Celtici Praestamarci, Cileni, Seurri, Baedui . Astures were divided in Augustani and Transmontani, comprising 22 populi: Gigurri, Tiburi, Susarri, Paesici, Lancienses, Zoelae , among others. Southern Gallaecians (Bracareses), comprising

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