Misplaced Pages

#853146

64-508: The Order of the Visitation was founded in 1610 by Francis de Sales and Jane Frances de Chantal in Annecy , Haute-Savoie , France . At first, the founder had not a religious order in mind; he wished to form a congregation without external vows, where the cloister should be observed only during the year of novitiate , after which the sisters should be free to go out by turns to visit

128-712: A gentleman. A very rare combination". While in Paris, he also met Cardinal Berulle and Madame Acarie . They consulted with him on matters such as the introduction of Teresa of Ávila 's Carmelites into France and plans for the reforming of monasteries and convents. He was consulted on matters of conscience by persons at court. In 1602, Bishop Granier died, and Sales was consecrated Bishop of Geneva by Vespasien Gribaldi , assisted by Thomas Pobel and Jacques Maistret, O.Carm., as co-consecrators. He resided in Annecy (now in France) because Geneva remained under Calvinist control and

192-510: A girls' school and a home for nursing mothers at Beuerberg Abbey, and afterwards an old people's convalescent home. The abbey still belongs to the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary. The nine Visitation Sisters from Madrid, Spain came to Colombia in 1892 and founded the first Monastery at Santa Fe, Bogotá . The Visitation Sisters came to Ireland in 1955 and founded a Monastery at Stamullen, Co. Meath. When Mother Mary Teresa O’ Dwyer, Superior of

256-563: A part of the diocese that had been returned to France. He was invited to give the Lenten sermons at the Chapel Royal . The morals at court reflected those of the King, which were notorious, but King Henry became personally attached to Francis and is said to have observed, "A rare bird, this Monsieur de Genève, he is devout and also learned; and not only devout and learned but at the same time

320-476: A particular point of duty, a specific virtue or the correction of some vice. The cathedral chapter recommended that although he was only twenty-seven years of age, the provost be named Grand Penitentiary of the diocese, with the result that de Sales found himself taking many more confessions. In 1594, the Duke of Savoy requested the bishop of Geneva to send a missionery to Chamblais, an area that had been long held by

384-584: A patron of writers and journalists because de Sales made extensive use of broadsheets and books in spiritual direction and in his efforts to convert the Calvinists of the region. Sales developed a sign language to teach a deaf man about God. That has made him the patron saint of the deaf. Having been founded as one of the first non-cloistered group of sisters, after attempts had been with the Visitation Sisters founded by de Sales and de Chantal,

448-621: A priest tutor, Abbé Déage. To please his father, he took lessons in the gentlemanly pursuits of riding, dancing, and fencing. De Sales is described as intelligent and handsome, tall and well built with blue-grey eyes, somewhat reserved and quiet, and a welcome guest in the homes of the nobility among whom his father had connections. In 1586, Francis de Sales attended a theological discussion about predestination that convinced him of his damnation to hell . A personal crisis of despair resulted. That conviction lasted through December 1586. His great despair made him physically ill and even bedridden for

512-516: A privileged education in the nearby town of La Roche-Sur-Foron , and at the age of eight at the Capuchin college in Annecy . In 1578, de Sales went to the Collège de Clermont , then a Jesuit institution, to study rhetoric and humanities . On this first visit to Paris, he lived near the Église Sainte-Geneviève with his three cousins. As a nobleman, he was accompanied by his servant and by

576-460: A royal residence. The nuns were officially enclosed the same year, 1654, however soon after, they would have to leave their cloister twice due to threats from hostile armies - this would happen again some centuries later, when the sisters were driven out to house Napoleonic soldiers. Since their founding, Wizytki , as they are called, managed schools and pensions for girls, taking care of the urban poor. The sisters were forbidden from teaching after

640-588: A rural area in the Eastern Hills where Monserrate and Guadalupe are prominent landmarks. The locality of La Candelaria which was the original site of the founding of Santa Fe de Bogotá, is now an enclave within Santa Fe. La Candelaria was separated from Santa Fe following the establishment of the Capital District . Bogotá was founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada on August 6, 1538, under

704-612: A time. Sometime in either late December or early January 1587, he visited the old parish of Saint-Étienne-des-Grès, Paris , where he prayed the " Memorare " before a famed statue of Our Lady of Good Deliverance, a Black Madonna . He consecrated himself to the Blessed Virgin Mary and decided to dedicate his life to God with a vow of chastity. He then became a tertiary of the Minim Order . De Sales ultimately concluded that God had good in store for him because "God

SECTION 10

#1732772198854

768-646: Is 13 °C (55 °F). It has a total area of 4,487.74 hectares (11,089.4 acres) and an urban area of 662.06 hectares (1,636.0 acres). To the north, Santa Fe is bordered by the Canal Arzobispo or Calle 39, bordering the locality of Chapinero . To the south, it is bordered by Avenida Primera, with San Cristóbal . In the east, it is bordered by the Eastern Hils , bordering with the municipalities of Choachí and Ubaque in Cundinamarca . Lastly,

832-810: Is a saint of the Catholic Church . He became noted for his deep faith and his gentle approach to the religious divisions in his land resulting from the Protestant Reformation . He is known also for his writings on the topic of spiritual direction and spiritual formation, particularly the Introduction to the Devout Life and the Treatise on the Love of God . Francis de Sales was born two months premature on 21 August 1567 in

896-543: Is crossed by the San Francisco River , San Agustín River, Arzobispo River and San Cristóbal River . Because of its proximity to the Eastern Hills, the urban area near these mountains is tilted some 40 degrees. Santa Fe is primarily a commercial area, featuring a mix of small factories, service companies, and financial businesses. The locality also hosts several universities, including: University of

960-548: Is love", as the First Epistle of John attests. This faithful devotion to God not only expelled his doubts but also influenced the rest of his life and his teachings. His way of teaching Catholic spirituality is often referred to as the Way of Divine Love, or the Devout Life, taken from a book he wrote of a similar name: Introduction to the Devout Life . De Sales completed his studies at Collège de Clermont and enrolled at

1024-465: Is the third locality of Bogotá , the Capital District of Colombia . Santa Fe is part of the traditional downtown area where Bogotá was founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada on August 6, 1538. Historically, this area comprised the entire main urban area of Bogotá, and was known as "Santa Fe de Bogotá". Santa Fe hosts several key business districts in Bogotá, and is served by Carrera Séptima , one of

1088-512: The Château de Sales into the noble Sales family of the Duchy of Savoy , in what is today Thorens-Glières , Haute-Savoie, France. His father was François de Sales, Lord of Sales , and Novel, and by marriage, de Boisy. His mother was a noblewoman, Françoise de Sionnaz, the only child of the prominent magistrate, Melchior de Sionnaz, Seigneur de Vallières, de la Thuile, and de Boisy. This being one of

1152-491: The French city of Caen and took the name Sister Françoise-Thérèse. On the 24 January 2015, the process for Leonie's beatification began and she is now known as Servant of God. Francis de Sales Francis de Sales , C.O. , O.M. ( French : François de Sales ; Italian : Francesco di Sales ; 21 August 1567 – 28 December 1622) was a Savoyard Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Geneva and

1216-542: The Letters of Spiritual Direction . Along with Chantal, de Sales founded the women's Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary (Visitandines) in Annecy on 6 June 1610. Archbishop Denis-Simon de Marquemont required the order's members to maintain cloistered lives. Sales also established a community of men, an Oratory of St. Philip Neri , at Thonon-les-Bains , with himself as the superior, or Provost . That work, however,

1280-631: The Sisters of St. Joseph (founded in Le Puys, France, in 1650) take de Sales as one of their patrons. The Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales, founded by the Abbé Pierre Mermier in 1838, were the first Religious congregation to adopt his spirituality in the 19th century. In the 19th century, his vision for religious communities was revived. Several religious institutes were founded during that period for men and women desiring to live out

1344-683: The University of Padua , in Italy , where he studied both law and theology. He was accompanied by his twelve-year-old brother, Gallois, also a student in Padua. De Sales took Antonio Possevino , a priest in the Society of Jesus , as his spiritual director . In 1592, de Sales received his doctorate in law and theology and made up his mind to become a priest. He made a pilgrimage to Loreto , Italy, famous for its Basilica Della Santa Casa (Shrine of

SECTION 20

#1732772198854

1408-564: The first world war , the convent came to rely on goodwill for income. The aforementioned convent in Vilnius was disbanded and the sisters forcefully expelled to France in 1841 by the order of Tsar Nicholas I . In 1901, the Visitandines came from Versailles to Poland, where they found a new home in a newly-built convent in Jasło, that received them officially in 1903. Like its sister convents,

1472-659: The Devout Life , and Treatise on the Love of God , were to have a profound influence on Vincent. His work Treatise on the Love of God , also heavily features in the writings of Paul of the Cross , founder of the Passionists . His writings on the perfections of the heart of Mary as the model of love for God influenced John Eudes to develop the devotion to the Hearts of Jesus and Mary . Santa Fe, Bogot%C3%A1 Santa Fe ( Spanish pronunciation: [santaˈfe] )

1536-649: The First Federation. Sisters of the Second Federation add apostolic work to their contemplative life. The Mount de Chantal Visitation Academy was founded in 1848 as the Wheeling Female Academy in downtown Wheeling, West Virginia and in 1865 assumed its current name. While grades five through twelve were all female, Mount de Chantal's Montessori and Elementary schools were co-ed. The school ceased operations on May 31, 2008, and

1600-536: The French Sisters took refuge in other Catholic countries. The sisters in Rouen, northern France, fled to Portuguese monasteries, having only escaped the guillotine by the death of Robespierre in 1794. In 1803 six sisters left Lisbon in an English packet ship and while at sea they were attacked by French pirates. They were spared because of their nationality (they were French not English) and were returned safely to

1664-533: The Holy House) and then returned home to Savoy . As the eldest son and heir, he held the title of Seigneur de Villeroget. The Senate of Chambéry admitted him as a lawyer. Meanwhile, his father secured various positions for Francis, including an appointment as a senator. His father also chose a wealthy noble heiress as his bride, but Francis refused to marry, preferring to stay focused on his chosen path. His father initially refused to accept that Francis had chosen

1728-621: The Madrid House of the Order of the Visitation. In early 1936, during the Spanish Civil War, as religious persecution intensified, most of the community moved to Oronoz, leaving a group of six nuns in the charge of Sr Maria Gabriela de Hinojosa. By July they were confined to their apartment, When a neighbour reported them to the authorities, and in November 1936 their apartment searched. Nevertheless, they refused to seek refuge in

1792-618: The Order, the highest honour possible for a non-member. It is said that at Evian , on the south shore of Lake Geneva , Francis of Assisi appeared to him and said: "You desire martyrdom , just as I once longed for it. But, like me, you will not obtain it. You will have to become an instrument of your own martyrdom". During his years as bishop, de Sales acquired a reputation as a spellbinding preacher and something of an ascetic . His motto was, "He who preaches with love, preaches effectively". His goodness, patience and mildness became proverbial. These last qualities come through in de Sales' books,

1856-540: The Savoyard soldiers garrisoned at Allinges. They met great opposition from the Geneva ministers, who accused de Sales of being a sorcerer. He moved to Thonon, where he boarded with a widow, who on one occasion hid him from some armed men. More than once, he escaped death at the hands of assassins. His mother managed to send him some linen and money, which he distributed to the poor. A good deal of his religious instruction

1920-812: The Spanish seaport of Vigo. After a brief sojourn in Spain three of the Sisters made a second attempt to cross from Porto and without further encounters with pirates arrived in Falmouth on 29 January 1804. They later journeyed to Acton and founded the first monastery of the Visitation on English soil on 19 March 1804. They subsequently re-located to Waldron In 1835, the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary of Dietramszell acquired Beuerberg Abbey (Kloster Beuerberg), in Eurasburg , Germany . Between 1846 and 1938 they ran

1984-777: The Swiss and only recently returned to Savoy. The task would be both difficult and dangerous, and the most qualified for the assignment was the provost. Despite his family's objections, de Sales readily accepted. Accompanied only by his cousin, the Canon Louis, they made their base the fortress of Allinges to which the Governor of the Province, Baron d'Hermance, insisted they return each night. Gradually they expanded their efforts, with de Sales concentrating on Thonon-les-Bains, which had become almost completely Calvinist . He also attended

Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary - Misplaced Pages Continue

2048-429: The Visitandines of Jasło managed a pension for women and girls, although its capacity as a school was not formally recognised; their educational activity ceased with the outbreak of World War I. During World War II, the sisters were once again displaced and the convent first converted to a war hospital and then detonated. The Visitandines returned to the ruins in the 1950s and the slow process of rebuilding begun; in 1966,

2112-685: The Visitation Monastery of Roseland, England learned that the Brothers of St. John of God were moving out of Silverstream, she applied to the Bishop of Meath for permission for the Order of the Visitation to enter his diocese. Staffing problems were solved by borrowing three Sisters from America. The Visitation Monasteries of St. Paul Minnesota, Brooklyn New York and Atlanta Georgia each lent a Sister. In 2005, six Visitation Sisters from Manizales, Colombia, came to South Korea. The Monastery of

2176-817: The Visitation Order was Marie Martha Chambon , known for having reported a series of revelations from Jesus and having introduced, at the beginning of the 20th century, the devotion of the Chaplet of the Holy Wounds (or "Holy Wounds Rosary"). On May 10, 1998, seven Visitandine nuns of the First Monastery of Madrid, Spain, martyred during the Spanish Revolution of 1936, were beatified in Rome by Pope John Paul II . The nuns were members of

2240-743: The Visitation was established in Jeongok-eup, Yeoncheon County , in Gyeonggi Province , South Korea . The Visitation Sisters ( Polish : Zakon Nawiedzenia Najświętszej Marii Panny , or, siostry wizytki ) were first invited to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Polish queen-consort Marie Louise Gonzaga , who was heavily involved as a patron and supporter of the Catholic church. Her wish came to pass with

2304-538: The arrival of 12 nuns to Warsaw. The Warsaw Visitandines' numbers would quickly increase and the convent funded two more, in Kraków and Vilnius , before 1700. Following the partitions , the order was robbed multiple times by foreign armies and it suffered under sanctions imposed by the occupying powers. Currently there are four Visitationist convents in Poland. The first convent was built on Krakowskie Przedmieście , near

2368-476: The church was consecrated again as part of the wider celebrations of 1000-year anniversary of Catholicism in Poland . In 1942, the Visitandines of Vilnius were expelled once again. They were forbidden from wearing the habit and had to live among civilians for the remainder of World War II. In 1946, the bishop Stanisław Adamski invited them to Siemanowice Śląskie . In the year 2000, the convent in Siemanowice

2432-557: The citizens of the city to retain his remains. During the French Revolution, however, it was saved from the revolutionaries by being carried by the Visitation nuns from Lyon to Venice . De Sales was beatified in 1661 by Pope Alexander VII , who then canonized him four years later. De Sales was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Pius IX in 1877. The Roman Catholic Church celebrates de Sales' feast on 24 January,

2496-541: The city is bordered in the west by the Avenida Caracas , with Teusaquillo , Los Mártires and Antonio Nariño . Among the neighbourhoods there are Las Cruces, Los Laches, La Perseverancia, La Concordia, Santa Inés, Santa Bárbara, San Bernardo, La Merced, Egipto, Germania, Las Aguas, La Paz, La Peña, Liévano, Las Nieves, El Consuelo, Belén, Egipto Alto, Central, El Rocío, Tisquesuza, La Macarena and El Bosque Izquierdo. Veredas are Monserrate and El Vergel. Santa Fe

2560-495: The city's major thoroughfares. The locality is home to many of Bogotá's skyscrapers, including the International Center and the financial district along Avenida Jiménez . The main streets of central Bogotá intersect in Santa Fe, including Carrera Séptima (formerly Calle Real ), Carrera Décima, Calle 26, Avenida Circunvalar , Avenida Caracas , Avenida Ciudad de Lima, and Avenida Jiménez. Santa Fe also includes

2624-546: The consulates. The following evening, a patrol of the Iberian Anarchist Federation broke into the apartment and ordered all the sisters to leave. They were taken by van to a vacant area and shot. Maria Cecilia, who had run when she felt the sister next to her fall, surrendered shortly after and was shot five days later at the cemetery wall in Vallecas on the outskirts of Madrid. In 2010, in honor of

Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-671: The day of his burial in Annecy in 1624. From 1666, when his feast day was inserted into the General Roman Calendar to its 1969 revision , it was celebrated on 29 January. Francis is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 24 January . In 2022, Francis de Sales was officially added to the Episcopal Church liturgical calendar with a feast day shared with Jane Frances de Chantal on 12 December. In 1923, Pope Pius XI proclaimed him

2752-530: The destruction caused by El Bogotazo , a period of violent unrest that damaged many streets. In 1972, Santa Fe was established as a minor city hall. With the Constitutional reform of 1991 , Santa Fe was officially designated as a locality (or a Local Action Board) within the Capital District. Santa Fe had a population of 107,044 people according to the 1993 census. Its average temperature

2816-438: The evening. There was no perpetual abstinence nor prolonged fasting . The Order of the Visitation of Mary was canonically erected in 1618 by Paul V who granted it all the privileges enjoyed by the other orders. A bull of Urban VIII solemnly approved it in 1626. The special charism of the Visitation Order is an interior discipline expressed primarily through the practice of two virtues: humility and gentleness. The motto of

2880-679: The fall of the January Uprising (1864), as one of the many efforts by the Tsar to erase any Polish national influence in education - along with the pension, the novitiate was closed, meaning no new sisters could be taken in. Wizytki only resumed training novices in 1905. The oldest of the Visitationist convents was also involved in the Warsaw Uprising, when the sisters voluntarily opened their cloister to guests and sheltered

2944-439: The hidden, inner virtues of humility, obedience, poverty, even-tempered charity, and patience, and founded on the example of Mary in her journey of mercy to her cousin Elizabeth. The order was established to welcome those not able to practice austerities required in other orders. Instead of chanting the canonical office in the middle of the night, the sisters recited the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary at half-past eight in

3008-422: The most famous of which was Introduction to the Devout Life , which, unusually for the time, was written for laypeople , especially for women. In it, he counseled charity over penance as a means of progressing in the spiritual life. De Sales also left a mystical work, the Treatise on the Love of God , and many highly valued letters of spiritual direction , including those with Jane Frances de Chantal compiled in

3072-424: The name of Santa Fe de Bogotá. The official founding took place at the Bolívar Square in La Candelaria between the rivers San Francisco (now Avenida Jiménez) and San Agustin (now Calle 6). In the early 20th century, the city was primarily confined to the present boundaries of Santa Fe. Urbanization began to expand towards Chapinero in the 1920s, and further west in the 1950s. This westward expansion followed

3136-414: The noblest families in Savoy, Francis's father was generally known as M. de Boisy. He was baptized Francis Bonaventura after his godparents, François de la Fléchère and Damoiselle Bonaventure de Chevron-Villette, who was also his widowed, maternal grandmother. His father wanted him, the first of his six sons, to attend the best schools in preparation for a career as a magistrate . He, therefore, enjoyed

3200-440: The nuns re-located to the Georgetown Visitation in Washington, D.C. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, before being razed on November 7, 2011. A notable saint of the order is Margaret Mary Alacoque , who reportedly received the revelations of the Sacred Heart of Jesus resulting in the First Friday Devotion , the Holy Hour and the Feast of the Sacred Heart . Another notable figure of

3264-439: The order is "Live Jesus". A foundation was established in Lyons in 1615 followed by Moulines (1616), Grenoble (1618), Bourges (1618), and Paris (1619). When Francis de Sales died (1622) there were 13 convents established; at the death of Jane Frances de Chantal in 1641 there were 86. The order spread from France throughout Europe and to North America. As of 2021, there are about 150 autonomous Visitation monasteries throughout

SECTION 50

#1732772198854

3328-529: The prayer of bishop and founder Jan Małachowski when the latter was drowning in the frozen Vistula river. Five nuns from the Warsaw convent moved to Kraków the very same winter, but the enclosed convent proper would only be established in the summer of 1682, the following year. In Kraków too, the sisters were heavily involved with girls' education, which was the only reason the convent was not forced to disband under Austrian occupation . Thanks to its good reputation, it even received foreign students. During and after

3392-445: The priesthood rather than fulfill his expectations with a political-military career. His cousin, Canon Louis de Sales, persuaded the Bishop of Geneva, Claude de Granier, to obtain for Francis the position of provost of the cathedral chapter of Geneva, a post in the patronage of the pope. It was the highest office in the diocese; M. de Boisy yielded. After signing over to his younger brother, Louis, his title and right of succession, Francis

3456-419: The resistance of the populace of Lyon to moving his remains from that city, he was buried on 24 January 1623 in the church of the Monastery of the Visitation in Annecy, which he had founded with Chantal, who was also buried there. Their remains were venerated there until the French Revolution . Many miracles have been reported at his shrine . His heart was kept in Lyon, in response to the popular demand of

3520-435: The sick and poor. The Order was given the name of The Visitation of Holy Mary with the intention that the sisters would follow the example of Virgin Mary and her joyful visit to her kinswoman Elizabeth , an event celebrated in Christianity as "The Visitation" . De Sales invited Jane de Chantal to join him in establishing a new type of religious life, one open to older women and those of delicate constitution, that would stress

3584-483: The spiritual path that de Sales had developed. The Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest , a society of priests founded in the 20th century, also has Francis de Sales as one of its three primary patrons. One of the major apostolates of the Institute in the United States is the Oratory of St. Francis de Sales in St. Louis, Missouri . In 1618 or 1619 Vincent de Paul met in Paris Francis de Sales, whose spirituality and writings, especially An Introduction to

3648-410: The vulnerable civilian population. As stewards of one of the most prominent historical landmarks in Warsaw, the sisters were also involved in art conservation. Under communist rule , the same convent was a space of contact and exchange with clergy in countries such as Hungary or Czechoslovakia . The convent in Kraków attributes its conception to a miracle performed by Francis of Sales, who answered

3712-441: The world. The Order of the Visitation has been present in Portugal since 1784, maintaining today three monasteries: in Braga , in Vila das Aves and in Batalha . The Sisters of the Visitation in Portugal produce and distribute the emblems of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (like devotional scapulars ) as Margaret Mary Alacoque did in the past. At the French Revolution in 1789 when all the religious houses were suppressed many of

3776-401: The worldwide Jubilee Year for the Visitation Order, Pope Benedict XVI granted a plenary indulgence to those who would make a visit to and pray in a Visitation monastery. Léonie Martin (1863-1941), the third sister of Thérèse of Lisieux , became a nun of the Order of the Visitation after many failures and hardships in her life. She received the veil on the 2nd of July 1900 at the Visitation in

3840-419: Was closed and the sisters moved to Rybnik. The Visitandine sisters in Rybnik are mostly elderly. In the United States there are 10 monasteries in two federations. The monasteries of the First Federation live the purely contemplative life, observing papal enclosure, with solemn vows, and have retained the traditional habit of the order. Of the ten monasteries of the Visitation in the United States, six belong to

3904-541: Was crippled by his death, and that foundation soon died out. In December 1622, de Sales was required to travel in the entourage of Charles Emmanuel I , Duke of Savoy , for the Duke's Christmas tour of his domain. Upon arrival in Lyon, de Sales chose to stay in the gardener's hut at the Visitandine monastery in that city. While there he suffered a stroke, from which he died on 28 December 1622. De Sales has been styled "the Gentleman Saint" because of his patience and gentleness. His autopsy revealed many gallstones . Despite

SECTION 60

#1732772198854

3968-410: Was handled individually and privately. It was at this time that Francis began writing pamphlets which were later collected and published as The Catholic Controversy . Gradually, the mission began to show some small success. In 1599 he was appointed coadjutor bishop of Geneva. In 1602, he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Henry IV of France to negotiate the restoration of Catholic worship in Gex ,

4032-453: Was ordained in 1593. Because the Calvinists controlled Geneva, the bishop resided about twenty miles south, in Annecy . De Sales preached in the Cathedral of Annecy , at parish churches and before confraternities. He was an effective speaker; his voice was deep and rich in tone and his speech somewhat slow and measured. His sermons were comparatively short and without the customary displays of erudition . He avoided controversy and focused on

4096-399: Was therefore closed to him. His diocese became famous throughout Europe for its efficient organization, zealous clergy and well-instructed laity, an achievement in those days. He worked closely with the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin , which was very active in preaching the Catholic faith in his diocese. It appreciated his cooperation so much that in 1617 it made him an official associate of

#853146