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79-492: Vladimir II Monomakh ( Old East Slavic : Володимѣръ Мономахъ , romanized:  Volodiměrŭ Monomakhŭ ; Christian name: Vasily ; 26 May 1053 – 19 May 1125) was Grand Prince of Kiev from 1113 to 1125. He is considered a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church and is celebrated on May 6 . His father was Vsevolod Yaroslavich , born c.  1030 as the fifth son of grand prince of Kiev Yaroslav

158-578: A record of his adventures , which has been translated into English and published for the Hakluyt Society . A curious monument of old Slavonic times is the Pouchenie ("Instruction"), written by Vladimir Monomakh for the benefit of his sons. This composition is generally found inserted in the Chronicle of Nestor; it gives a fine picture of the daily life of a Slavonic prince. The Paterik of

237-788: A century before the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the establishment of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and literary language. Documentation of the Old East Slavic language of this period is scanty, making it difficult at best fully to determine the relationship between the literary language and its spoken dialects. There are references in Byzantine sources to pre-Christian Slavs in European Russia using some form of writing. Despite some suggestive archaeological finds and

316-472: A confederation of pastoralists and warriors of Turkic origin. However the Primary Chronicle identifies Aepa as father-in-law to Yuri Dolgoruki, with Vladimir negotiating the marriage in name of his son. Whether father and son married sisters or the identity of intended groom was misidentified remains unclear. Old East Slavic language The term Old East Slavic is used in reference to

395-536: A corroboration by the tenth-century monk Chernorizets Hrabar that ancient Slavs wrote in " strokes and incisions ", the exact nature of this system is unknown. Although the Glagolitic alphabet was briefly introduced, as witnessed by church inscriptions in Novgorod , it was soon entirely superseded by Cyrillic . The samples of birch-bark writing excavated in Novgorod have provided crucial information about

474-481: A curious Discourse to the Brethren . From the writings of Theodosius we see that many pagan habits were still in vogue among the people. He finds fault with them for allowing these to continue, and also for their drunkenness; nor do the monks escape his censures. Zhidiata writes in a more vernacular style than many of his contemporaries; he eschews the declamatory tone of the Byzantine authors. And here may be mentioned

553-472: A development of the old perfect. Note the style of punctuation. Слово о пълку Игоревѣ. c.  1200 , from the Pskov manuscript, fifteenth cent. Illustrates the sung epics , with typical use of metaphor and simile. It has been suggested that the phrase растекаться мыслью по древу ( rastekat'sja mysl'ju po drevu , to run in thought upon/over wood), which has become proverbial in modern Russian with

632-550: A fortress named Izium was built by the Kharkiv Sloboda Cossack Regiment within a small settlement on the location of Izium. This is generally regarded as the foundation date of Izium. The origin of the name "Izium" is uncertain. It may originate from a Turkic-language word "huzun", meaning "a crossing", or from the Mokryi Iziumets  [ uk ] (also simply Iziumets) river that

711-510: A more appropriate term. Old Russian is also used to describe the written language in Russia until the 18th century, when it became Modern Russian , though the early stages of the language is often called Old East Slavic instead; the period after the common language of the East Slavs is sometimes distinguished as Middle Russian , or Great Russian . Some scholars have also called

790-753: A new centralized East Slavic state in the form of the Principality of Moscow , more intensified settlement took place on the banks of the Donets river. As the Principality of Moscow evolved into the Tsardom of Russia , there was an effort to secure the southern border of the East Slavic lands, to stop the "devastating" attacks by the Crimean Tatars . The Izium Trail , one of the branches of

869-410: A number of Ukrainian linguists ( Stepan Smal-Stotsky , Ivan Ohienko , George Shevelov , Yevhen Tymchenko, Vsevolod Hantsov, Olena Kurylo ), deny the existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past. According to them, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages. Following the end of the "Tatar yoke",

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948-527: A squad to Izium, but this was defeated by the Tsarist authorities, and the rebellion overall ended in defeat. In 1708, due to the 1708 Russian administrative reform , Izium was assigned to Azov Governorate . In 1718, it was reassigned to Belgorod Province inside Kiev Governorate . In 1765, after the Izium Regiment was converted into a regular Russian hussar regiment as part of the abolition of

1027-541: A standard reference until the appearance of a 24-volume academic dictionary in 1975–99. Izium Izium or Izyum ( Ukrainian : Ізюм , IPA: [iˈzʲum] ; Russian : Изюм ) is a city on the Donets River in Kharkiv Oblast , eastern Ukraine that serves as the administrative center of Izium Raion and Izium urban hromada . It is about 120 kilometres (75 mi) southeast of

1106-571: A year after the end of Russian occupation, Izium was still scarred and its people traumatized by war. Most of the city's schools were destroyed in the battles, and were planned to open by the start of 2024, so most students had to attend through online school technology. The hospital still bore heavy damage from a missile strike, and urgent surgeries were held in a "small, dank room in the basement" due to fear of Shahed drone attacks. One resident said, "People still haven’t recovered from this psychological trauma[.] This feeling of total fear that came with

1185-435: Is " Dfb ", warm summer continental climate. The factories of Izium produce optical equipment, mechanical components, concrete products, building materials, and foodstuffs. Other industries include railroad repair and brewing. According to the 2001 Ukrainian census , the native languages of Izium residents were 74.22% Ukrainian , 23.77% Russian , and 2.01% other/undecided. The same census data concluded that over 80% of

1264-464: Is not reported by any contemporary sources, and none of the Russian sources report the name or parentage of Vladimir's first wife. The "Testament of Vladimir Monomakh" records the death of the mother of Vladimir's son Yuri on 7 May 1107, but it does not mention her name. Most historians agree it was more likely Yuri's mother was Gytha, based upon Yuri's acceptable marriage age in 1108. They had at least

1343-557: Is probable that there were many dialects of Old East Slavonic. Therefore, today we may speak definitively only of the languages of surviving manuscripts, which, according to some interpretations, show regional divergence from the beginning of the historical records. By c.  1150 , it had the weakest local variations among the four regional macrodialects of Common Slavic , c.  800  – c.  1000 , which had just begun to differentiate into its branches. With time, it evolved into several more diversified forms; following

1422-466: Is represented under the form of spring, Paganism and Judaism under that of winter, and evil thoughts are spoken of as boisterous winds. There are also the works of early travellers, as the igumen Daniel , who visited the Holy Land at the end of the eleventh and beginning of the twelfth century. A later traveller was Afanasiy Nikitin , a merchant of Tver , who visited India in 1470. He has left

1501-454: The 18th Mechanized Corps  [ ru ] that fought on the Izium bridgehead, died in combat in the southern outskirts of the city. On 13 September 1950, after the end of the war, a monument to Volokh was unveiled in Izium. Until 2022, there was also a street named after Volokh. Izium's population grew rapidly in the 20th century due to its importance as a junction between Kharkiv and

1580-495: The 2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive . The area that is now Izium has been inhabited since ancient times. Archeologists have discovered remnants of Mesolithic settlements from the 13th- to 6th-century BC, and Neolithic settlements from the fifth- to third-century BC. These finds include ceramic implements and flint tools. The "Bondarisi" archeological tract near Izium gives its name to the Bondarikha culture . The territory

1659-562: The Donbas . In January 1989 the population was 64,334 people, up from 12,000 in 1926. During the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election , more than 85% of people in Izium voted for Victor Yanukovych . In January 2013, Izium's population was 51,511 people. Deutsche Welle (DW) reported in April 2014 that during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine , there was only one attempt to hoist

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1738-475: The Kievan populace revolted and summoned Vladimir to the capital. The same year he entered Kiev to the great delight of the crowd and reigned there until his death in 1125. As may be seen from his Instruction , he promulgated a number of reforms in order to allay the social tensions in the capital. These years saw the last flowering of Ancient Rus , which was torn apart 10 years after his death. Vladimir Monomakh

1817-822: The Muravsky Trail , was a warpath of the Crimeans in the area in the 16th and 17th centuries before the official founding of the city, passing near the future location of Izium. In response, Muscovy built fortifications in the Sloboda Ukraine region, like the Belgorod line  [ ru ] (1635–1658) and the Izium line  [ uk ] (1679–80), causing the Izium Trail to fall into disuse and easing invader pressure on Muscovy's border. In 1681,

1896-594: The Polovtsi . At first he waged war against the steppe jointly with his cousin Oleg , but after Vladimir was sent by his father to rule Chernigov and Oleg made peace with the Polovtsi to retake that city from him, they parted company. Since that time, Vladimir and Oleg were bitter enemies who would often engage in internecine wars. The enmity continued among their children and more distant posterity. In 1068 he allied with

1975-683: The Russian flag on any government buildings in Izium. Many of the people who had voted for Yanukovych in 2010 still supported him amidst the Euromaidan protests that ousted him. Most of the people DW interviewed supported some kind of federalization of Ukraine , or united Ukraine, and did not support the idea of joining the Russian Federation . A local government official said that out of the approximately 50,000 inhabitants, Izium had "a maximum of 200 active pro-Russian people". Izium

2054-745: The Russkaya Pravda of Yaroslav the Wise , which is preserved in the chronicle of Novgorod; the date is between 1018 and 1072. The earliest attempts to compile a comprehensive lexicon of Old East Slavic were undertaken by Alexander Vostokov and Izmail Sreznevsky in the nineteenth century. Sreznevsky's Materials for the Dictionary of the Old Russian Language on the Basis of Written Records (1893–1903), though incomplete, remained

2133-631: The Salnytsia  [ ru ] river. The larger conflict between the East Slavs and the Cumans  [ ru ] continued until the early 13th century. The area around Izium was devastated in the 1240s by the Mongol Empire and its invasion of the already collapsing Kievan Rus. Settlement of the region by Slavs did not resume until the late 15th century, after the creation of

2212-421: The battle of Izium . Its importance as a rail hub made it an important target for the invading Russian military . On 9 March, Russian forces used a large airborne munition on a civilian apartment building in Izium, killing at least 44 civilians in what Human Rights Watch called one of the deadliest attacks on civilians during the war . Russia gained control over Izium on 1 April 2022. Russian soldiers used

2291-566: The okruha system in the Ukrainian SSR , Izium Okruha was abolished and replaced with Izium Raion , which was subordinated directly to the federal government of Soviet Ukraine. In 1932, Izium and Izium Raion were assigned to the newly created Kharkiv Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR. Izium was incorporated as a city of oblast significance ; while Izium served as the administrative center of the raion, it did not belong to it, being subordinated directly to Kharkiv Oblast. Izium suffered under

2370-522: The "Lyceum No. 2" school as a base. The director of the school was one of the residents of Izium accused of collaborating with Russia , and would later be put on trial in Kharkiv by Ukraine after the end of occupation. On 3 April 2022, the Ukrainian government stated that two Russian soldiers were killed and 28 others hospitalized after Ukrainian civilians handed out poisoned cakes to Russian soldiers of

2449-650: The 11th century, all consonants become palatalized before front vowels. The language was a descendant of the Proto-Slavic language and retained many of its features. It developed so-called pleophony (or polnoglasie 'full vocalisation'), which came to differentiate the newly evolving East Slavic from other Slavic dialects. For instance, Common Slavic *gȏrdъ 'settlement, town' was reflected as OESl. gorodъ , Common Slavic *melkò 'milk' > OESl. moloko , and Common Slavic *kòrva 'cow' > OESl korova . Other Slavic dialects differed by resolving

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2528-513: The 14th or 15th century, major language differences were not between the regions occupied by modern Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, but rather between the north-west (around modern Velikiy Novgorod and Pskov) and the center (around modern Kyiv, Suzdal, Rostov, Moscow as well as Belarus) of the East Slavic territories. The Old Novgorodian dialect of that time differed from the central East Slavic dialects as well as from all other Slavic languages much more than in later centuries. According to Zaliznyak,

2607-592: The Cossack system in Sloboda Ukraine , Izium received city status and was assigned to Sloboda Ukraine Governorate of the recently-proclaimed Russian Empire . Starting in 1780, Izium was the administrative center of Izyumsky Uyezd . Izyumsky Uyezd was originally a subdivision of Kharkov Viceroyalty in 1780, but was transferred to the reformed Sloboda Ukraine Governorate in 1796. In 1809, construction began on Saint Nicholas's church in Izium. Construction

2686-562: The Cuman chief Bilge-Tegin. From 1094, his chief patrimony was the southern town of Pereiaslav , although he also controlled Rostov , Suzdal , and other northern provinces (see Principality of Pereyaslavl ). In these lands he founded several towns, notably his namesake, Vladimir , the future capital of Russia. In order to unite the princes of Rus' in their struggle against the Great Steppe, Vladimir initiated three princely congresses ,

2765-636: The Kievan Caves Monastery is a typical medieval collection of stories from the life of monks, featuring devils, angels, ghosts, and miraculous resurrections. Lay of Igor's Campaign narrates the expedition of Igor Svyatoslavich , the prince of Novgorod-Seversk, against the Cumans . It is neither epic nor a poem but is written in rhythmic prose. An interesting aspect of the text is its mix of Christianity and ancient Slavic religion . Igor's wife Yaroslavna famously invokes natural forces from

2844-605: The Russian 3rd Motor Rifle Division in Izium. In May 2022, Russian forces attempted to cross the Siverskyi Donets River and advance south. According to the British Ministry of Defense , Ukrainian forces rebuffed the attempted river crossing with substantial Russian losses. Residents of Izium said they were imprisoned, and tortured by Russian soldiers during the occupation. The June 2022 shooting of Andrii Bohomaz by Russian soldiers in Izium during

2923-693: The Russian Empire. Izium changed hands several times during the Russian Civil War between 1918 and 1920, before finally being taken by the victorious Bolsheviks , who established the Soviet Union on the territory of the former Russian Empire. In 1923, Izium became the administrative center of the newly formed Izium Okruha  [ uk ] inside the Ukrainian SSR . In 1930, in accordance with republic-wide abolition of

3002-551: The Russian language developed as a convergence of that dialect and the central ones, whereas Ukrainian and Belarusian were continuation of development of the central dialects of the East Slavs. Also, Russian linguist Sergey Nikolaev, analysing historical development of Slavic dialects' accent system, concluded that a number of other tribes in Kievan Rus' came from different Slavic branches and spoke distant Slavic dialects. Another Russian linguist, G. A. Khaburgaev, as well as

3081-792: The Slavic languages that were, after all, written down) was influenced as regards style and vocabulary by religious texts written in Church Slavonic. Surviving literary monuments include the legal code Russkaya Pravda , a corpus of hagiography and homily , The Tale of Igor's Campaign , and the earliest surviving manuscript of the Primary Chronicle – the Laurentian Codex of 1377. The earliest dated specimen of Old East Slavic (or, rather, of Church Slavonic with pronounced East Slavic interference) must be considered

3160-619: The Wise ( r.  1019–1054 ); he himself would go on to reign as grand prince Vsevolod I of Kiev from 1078 to 1093. In 1046, to seal an armistice in the Rus'–Byzantine War , Vsevolod Yaroslavich, then a junior member of the princely Rurikids of Kievan Rus' , contracted a diplomatic marriage with a relative of the reigning Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachos ( r.  1042–1055 ), from whom Vladimir (born in 1053) likely inherited his sobriquet, Monomakh . The name and ancestry of his mother are unknown; Byzantine sources do not mention

3239-522: The adoption of a maternal surname if convention regarded the mother's family as of a more exalted origin than the father's. According to a later fictitious story written in the early 16th century, the Tale About the Vladimer Kniazi , Volodimer Vsevolodovich defeated Constantine Monomachos in a war, and Constantine sued for peace by offering him many gifts, after which 'Volodimer Vsevolodovich

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3318-490: The city of Kharkiv , the oblast's administrative center. Izium has a population of 44,979 (2022 estimate), making it the second-most populous city in Kharkiv Oblast behind Kharkiv proper. It has held economic significance for centuries due to its position as a transportation link between Kharkiv and the Donbas region to the southeast. The area around Izium has been periodically inhabited since ancient times, but

3397-424: The city that previously held names affiliated with communism and with Russia . Among others, the street named after Pyotr Volokh was renamed to honor Hetman Pavlo Polubotok . Unexploded ordnance has posed a major threat to Izium's population, even months after the battle. In March 2023, a local doctor said that on average, the hospital received a person with wounds from landmines every week. In September 2023,

3476-416: The city was built on the banks of, or from a Tatar word "izzun" meaning "long", or "elongated". According to historical materials, it is likely that a Tatar settlement existed on nearby Mount Kremenets  [ uk ] as early as the 14th century, which makes it likely that the name of the town has some sort of Tatar origin. In Ukrainian and Russian , the town's name is spelled the exact same way as

3555-466: The city's main exports were wool, sold to Kharkiv and Poltava , and building materials sold to Taganrog . It had a population of 14,761 people. In 1910, the Kharkiv-Donbas railway that passed through the city was built. In 1916, in accordance with an edict by Tsar Nicholas II , the construction of an optical glass plant began in Izium. This was the first optical glass plant to be built in

3634-446: The city's population were ethnic Ukrainians and roughly 13% were Russians . Other significant minorities were Belarusians and Armenians . The exact ethnic composition was as follows: Deutsche Welle , reporting in 2014, said that most of the people in Izium were ethnic Ukrainians , but the Russian language was the most common language of communication on the streets. It is the second most populous city in Kharkiv Oblast behind

3713-407: The closed-syllable clusters *eRC and *aRC as liquid metathesis ( South Slavic and West Slavic ), or by no change at all (see the article on Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony for a detailed account). Since extant written records of the language are sparse, it is difficult to assess the level of its unity. In consideration of the number of tribes and clans that constituted Kievan Rus' , it

3792-537: The country, was converted into a plain hromada . On 18 July 2020, the city of Izium, along with the rest of the hromada, was subordinated to Izium Raion, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine. The area of Izium Raion was also significantly expanded to include the area of several other raions, which reduced the number of raions of Kharkiv Oblast to seven. During the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine , Russia began trying to take Izium in March 2022, beginning

3871-469: The following children: A daughter has been attributed to either the first or the second wife: Vladimir's second wife, Euphemia , is considered to have been a Byzantine noblewoman. This marriage produced at least five children: Vladimir's third marriage is thought to have been to a daughter of Aepa Ocenevich, Khan of the Cumans . Her paternal grandfather was Osen. Her people belonged to the Kipchaks ,

3950-595: The fragmentation of Kievan Rus' after 1100, dialectal differentiation accelerated. The regional languages were distinguishable starting in the 12th or 13th century. Thus different variations evolved of the Russian language in the regions of Novgorod, Moscow , South Russia and meanwhile the Ukrainian language was also formed. Each of these languages preserves much of the Old East Slavic grammar and vocabulary. The Russian language in particular borrows more words from Church Slavonic than does Ukrainian. However, findings by Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak suggest that, until

4029-433: The language Old Rus'ian or Old Rusan , Rusian , or simply Rus , although these are the least commonly used forms. Ukrainian-American linguist George Shevelov used the term Common Russian or Common Eastern Slavic to refer to the hypothetical uniform language of the East Slavs. American Slavist Alexander M. Schenker pointed out that modern terms for the medieval language of the East Slavs varied depending on

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4108-435: The liberated city, local police officers found mass graves of 440 bodies in Izium. According to city officials, by the end of the occupation, more than 80% of the city's infrastructure was destroyed; about 70% of multi-storey buildings are destroyed. The city administration estimates that all in all, about 1,000 people lost their lives under the Russian occupation. In December 2022, Izium decided to rename 22 street names in

4187-553: The local " Lenin Square" was renamed " John Lennon Square" in February 2016. Izium urban hromada  [ uk ] was formed on 14 June 2019, as an amalgamated hromada with its administrative center in Izium by uniting the Izium city council  [ uk ] with a nearby village council. On 12 June 2020, the hromada was expanded to include several other local councils, and, along with all other amalgamated hromadas in

4266-608: The many lives of the saints and the Fathers to be found in early East Slavic literature, starting with the two Lives of Sts Boris and Gleb , written in the late eleventh century and attributed to Jacob the Monk and to Nestor the Chronicler . With the so-called Primary Chronicle , also attributed to Nestor, begins the long series of the Russian annalists. There is a regular catena of these chronicles, extending with only two breaks to

4345-513: The marriage at all, and the Primary Chronicle only says that his father Vsevolod had him by a tsesaritsa Gr'kyna , meaning "Greek princess". The fact that Volodimer Vsevolodovich was later given the nickname Monomakh provides the only significant clue, namely that his mother was likely a member of the Byzantine Monomachos family , the same as the then-reigning emperor Constantine IX. Contemporary Byzantine naming-practice allowed

4424-461: The meaning "to speak ornately, at length, excessively," is a misreading of an original мысію , mysiju (akin to мышь "mouse") from "run like a squirrel/mouse on a tree"; however, the reading мыслью , myslǐju is present in both the manuscript copy of 1790 and the first edition of 1800, and in all subsequent scholarly editions. The Old East Slavic language developed a certain literature of its own, though much of it (in hand with those of

4503-661: The meanings of many words found in it have not been satisfactorily explained by scholars. The Zadonshchina is a sort of prose poem much in the style of the Tale of Igor's Campaign , and the resemblance of the latter to this piece furnishes an additional proof of its genuineness. This account of the Battle of Kulikovo , which was gained by Dmitry Donskoy over the Mongols in 1380, has come down in three important versions. The early laws of Rus’ present many features of interest, such as

4582-436: The modern city has its origins in a 17th-century fortress defending against Tatar raids. Izium was the site of several battles during World War II , but still grew rapidly during the 20th century due to its importance as a transport hub. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine , Russian forces occupied the city in April 2022 after a battle that destroyed much of the city. However, the city was recaptured by Ukrainian forces in

4661-459: The modern family of East Slavic languages . However, it is not universally applied. The language is also traditionally known as Old Russian ; however, the term may be viewed as anachronistic, because the initial stages of the language which it denotes predate the dialectal divisions marking the nascent distinction between modern East Slavic languages, therefore a number of authors have proposed using Old East Slavic (or Common East Slavic ) as

4740-678: The most expensive learning errors for the Red Army. Izium was occupied by the German Army starting on 24 June 1942. The Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city. Izium was liberated by the Red Army on 5 February 1943. In mid-March 1943, German troops attacked Izium again, but were unsuccessful, according to Soviet sources. There were more clashes near the city in summer 1943, during the Izyum–Barvenkovo offensive . Soviet Lieutenant General Pyotr Volokh  [ ru ] , commander of

4819-524: The most important being held at Lyubech in 1097 and Dolobsk in 1103. In 1107 he defeated Boniak , a Cuman khan who led an invasion on Kievan Rus' . In 1111, Vladimir, alongside Sviatopolk II , led an army at the Battle of the Salnytsia River  [ uk ] , where they defeated a Cuman army on the Salnytsia  [ ru ] river. The site of this battle is probably at modern-day Izium . When Sviatopolk II died in 1113,

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4898-513: The occupation was featured in Lubomir Levitski's documentary Follow Me . Ukraine began a counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region in early September 2022, during which Izium was liberated. During the frantic Russian retreat, the Russian soldiers "completely gutted" the school that served as their base, looting "anything of possible value", including water heaters and small sinks from each classroom. After Ukrainian troops secured

4977-553: The occupation — it hasn’t disappeared." Izium is located at the foot of the Kremenets  [ uk ] Mountain, on the right bank of the Donets river. On top of the mountain, there are several ancient Polovtsian ( Cuman ) stone statues known as "stone babas", dating from the ninth- to the thirteenth-century. The statues were heavily damaged during the battle of Izium in 2022, with one being completely destroyed. The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate

5056-1053: The original excerpt has been partly modernized. The translations are best attempts at being literal, not literary. c.  1110 , from the Laurentian Codex , 1377: [REDACTED] In this usage example of the language, the fall of the yers is in progress or arguably complete: several words end with a consonant, e.g. кнѧжит , knęžit "to rule" < кънѧжити , kǔnęžiti (modern Uk княжити , knjažyty , R княжить , knjažit' , B княжыць , knjažyc' ). South Slavic features include времѧньнъıх , vremęnǐnyx "bygone" (modern R минувших , minuvšix , Uk минулих , mynulyx , B мінулых , minulyx ). Correct use of perfect and aorist : єсть пошла , estǐ pošla "is/has come" (modern B пайшла , pajšla , R пошла , pošla , Uk пішла , pišla ), нача , nača "began" (modern Uk [почав] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= ( help ) , B пачаў , pačaŭ , R начал , načal ) as

5135-420: The political context. He suggested using the neutral term East Slavic for that language. Note that there were also iotated variants: ꙗ, ѥ, ю, ѩ, ѭ. By the 13th century, ь and ъ either became silent or merged with е and о, and ѧ and ѫ had merged with ꙗ and у respectively. Old East slavic retains all the consonants of Proto-Slavic , with the exception of ť and ď which merged into č and ž respectively. After

5214-428: The pure tenth-century vernacular in North-West Russia , almost entirely free of Church Slavonic influence. It is also known that borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the vernacular at this time, and that simultaneously the literary language in its turn began to be modified towards Eastern Slavic. The following excerpts illustrate two of the most famous literary monuments. NOTE: The spelling of

5293-479: The region. In 1684, Izium's Transfiguration Cathedral was built. Starting in 1685, Izium served as the seat of the Izium Regiment  [ uk ] within Sloboda Ukraine Governorate . Residents of Izium took part in the Bulavin Rebellion of 1707-1708. On 7 October 1707, not far from Izium, a detachment of salt workers from Bakhmut and Cossacks led by Kondraty Bulavin defeated a Tsarist punitive expedition heading to Bakhmut. In summer 1708, Bulavin sent

5372-405: The repressions of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin . As a result of the Holodomor , a manmade famine in Soviet Ukraine between 1932 and 1933, 2,761 people from Izium are documented to have died. During World War II , Izium was the site of numerous important battles. A Red Army salient was cut off by counterattacking German forces during the Second Battle of Kharkiv and was eliminated in one of

5451-457: The separatists, Izium was used as a base for operations by the Ukrainian military . Large-scale fighting in the proximity of Izium halted once Ukrainian forces liberated Sloviansk in July 2014. On 30 September 2014, a monument to Vladimir Lenin in Izium was destroyed by unknown persons. This came as part of a larger trend of demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine . To comply with nationwide decommunization laws enacted in 2016,

5530-442: The seventeenth century. Besides the work attributed to Nestor the Chronicler , there are the chronicles of Novgorod , Kiev , Volhynia and many others. Every town of any importance could boast of its annalists, Pskov and Suzdal among others. In the 12th century, we have the sermons of bishop Cyril of Turov , which are attempts to imitate in Old East Slavic the florid Byzantine style. In his sermon on Holy Week , Christianity

5609-420: The territory of former Kievan Rus' was divided between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow , and two separate literary traditions emerged in these states, Ruthenian in the west and medieval Russian in the east. The political unification of the region into the state called Kievan Rus' , from which modern Belarus , Russia and Ukraine trace their origins, occurred approximately

5688-602: The walls of Putyvl . Christian motifs present along with depersonalised pagan gods in the form of artistic images. Another aspect, which sets the book apart from contemporary Western epics, are its numerous and vivid descriptions of nature, and the role which nature plays in human lives. Of the whole bulk of the Old East Slavic literature, the Lay is the only work familiar to every educated Russian or Ukrainian. Its brooding flow of images, murky metaphors , and ever changing rhythm have not been successfully rendered into English yet. Indeed,

5767-448: The word for " raisin ", but historian V. V. Markin argues that this is a coincidence, and any connection to a supposed Turkic word meaning "raisin" is false etymology . Markin notes that it would have probably been impossible to grow grapes in the area, making such a name illogical, and argues that such a word "huzun" meaning "raisin" does not exist in any Turkic language. Izium grew to be an important defense against Tatar invasions of

5846-617: The written Sermon on Law and Grace by Hilarion , metropolitan of Kiev . In this work there is a panegyric on Prince Vladimir of Kiev , the hero of so much of East Slavic popular poetry. It is rivalled by another panegyric on Vladimir, written a decade later by Yakov the Monk. Other 11th-century writers are Theodosius , a monk of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra , who wrote on the Latin faith and some Pouchenia or Instructions , and Luka Zhidiata , bishop of Novgorod , who has left

5925-755: Was buried at Saint Sophia Cathedral . Succeeding generations often referred to his reign as the golden age of that city. Numerous legends are connected with Monomakh's name, including the transfer from Constantinople to Rus of such precious relics as the Theotokos of Vladimir and the Vladimir/Muscovite crown called Monomakh's Cap . Vladimir married three times. The 13th-century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus reported that, in what would have been his first marriage, Vladimir wed Gytha of Wessex , daughter of Harold, King of England , who had fallen at Hastings in 1066 and of Edith Swannesha . This marriage

6004-405: Was finished in 1823, and today the church is one of Izium's most notable architectural features. In 1835, Izyumsky Uyezd was transferred again, this time to Kharkov Governorate . By the 18th and 19th centuries, Izium was considered one of the largest economic centers in the Sloboda Ukraine region. By the 1880s, factories producing bricks, vodka, butter, lard, and wax operated in Izium. By 1884,

6083-640: Was known as Volodimer Monomakh'. This is impossible, because Constantine died in 1055, when Volodimer was only 1.5 years old. He is never called 'Monomakh' in the Primary Chronicle , and the first time his name ever appears in primary sources as Volodimer' Monomakhŭ (Володимерь Мономахъ) is not until his eulogy sub anno 1126 [sic] in the Kievan Chronicle . It has also been found on his seal. In his famous Instruction (also known as The Testament ) to his own children, Monomakh mentions that he conducted 83 military campaigns and 19 times made peace with

6162-412: Was later part of the ancient East Slavic state Kievan Rus . In the 12th century AD Kievan Rus began to disintegrate, leading to increased incursions by Cuman nomads. In the year 1111, the territory that is now modern Izium was the site of the Battle of the Salnytsia River  [ uk ] , in which the East Slavs, led by Vladimir II Monomakh and Sviatopolk II of Kiev , defeated a Cuman army on

6241-557: Was the site of sporadic fighting during the beginning of the war in Donbas in 2014. The Sloviansk-Izium highway was referred to as the "highway of death" by locals during the summer of 2014 due to constant shelling from pro-Russian separatists. Izium was seen as an important link between separatist-held Sloviansk and Kharkiv, which also had active pro-Russian movements, and there were fears that separatists would move in that direction. During Ukraine's Siege of Sloviansk to reclaim it from

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