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48-398: Vuoggatjålme is locality in the mountainous part of Arjeplog Municipality , Sweden , located slightly off Swedish national road 95 ("The Silver Road"). It is primarily a tourist facility. Vuoggatjålme is located on the shore of the lake Vuoggatjålmjaure , just above the northern tip of lake Sädvvájávrre . South along National road 95 is Jäkkvik , Hornavan and Arjeplog . To the north

96-512: A Swedish minority group . The population in today's municipality was only a few hundred people in the 17th and 18th century, most of them Sami, and the rest of Sweden did not know much of them. Not until 1640 did Queen Christina of Sweden order a church to be built in order to Christianize the Sami people in Arjeplog. The church was inaugurated in 1642. At first the deceased were buried under

144-553: A mean annual air temperature (MAAT) of −1.5 °C (29.5 °F) will be found at wind exposed sites with little snow cover during winter. Higher up, widespread permafrost may be expected at altitudes with a MAAT of −3.5 °C (25.5 °F), continuous permafrost at altitudes with a MAAT of −6 °C (21 °F). Within the EU-sponsored project PACE (Permafrost and Climate in Europe), a 100 m (330 ft) deep borehole

192-530: A nature reserve, and in the winter a popular place for skiing . There is only one locality (or urban area) in Arjeplog Municipality: This is a demographic table based on Arjeplog Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT 's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics. In total there were 2,705 inhabitants, with 2,126 Swedish citizens of voting age. 53.6% voted for

240-572: A thin to thick crust transition zone (as are all passive margins). Alternative lines of research have stressed the role of climate in inducing erosion that induces an isostatic compensation ; fluvial and glacial erosion and incision during the Quaternary is thought to have contributed to the uplift of the mountain by forcing an isostatic response . The total amount of uplift produced by this mechanism could be as much as 500 m (1,600 ft). Other geoscientists have implied diapirism in

288-557: Is also implied from the erosion that the nappes of Caledonian rock once reached further east than they do today. The erosion has left remaining massifs of Caledonian rocks and windows of Precambrian rock. While there are some disagreements, geologists generally recognize four units among the nappes: an uppermost, an upper, a middle and a lower unit. The lower unit is made up Ediacaran ( Vendian ), Cambrian , Ordovician and Silurian -aged sedimentary rocks . Pieces of Precambrian shield rocks are in some places also incorporated into

336-481: Is dotted with glacial cirques usually separated from each other by pre-glacial paleosurfaces . Glacier erosion has been limited in these paleosurfaces which form usually plateaus between valleys. As such the paleosurfaces were subject of diverging and slow ice flow during the glaciations. In contrast valleys concentrated ice flow forming fast glaciers or ice streams . At some locations coalesced cirques form arêtes and pyramidal peaks . Glacial reshaping of valleys

384-500: Is more marked in the western part of the mountain chain where drowned glacier-shaped valleys constitute the fjords of Norway. In the eastern part of the mountain chain, glacial reshaping of valleys is weaker. Many mountain tops contain blockfields which escaped glacial erosion either by having been nunataks in the glacial periods or by being protected from erosion under cold-based glacier ice . Karst systems, with their characteristic caves and sinkholes , occur at various places in

432-561: Is one of Sweden's largest, but it is also the country's least densely populated municipality. The vast majority of the populace live in Arjeplog, which is one of Sweden's smallest municipal seats. People lived in the area of today's municipality as early as 10,000 years ago, following the end of the last ice age . For a long time it was only populated by a fishing and hunting people, the Sami people , who have their own language and breed reindeer in northern Sweden, and today have special rights as

480-586: Is the highest peak in mainland Northern Europe , at 2,469 metres (8,100 ft); Kebnekaise is the highest peak on the Swedish side, at 2,104 m (6,903 ft), whereas the slope of Halti is the highest point in Finland, at 1,324 m (4,344 ft), although the peak of Halti is situated in Norway. The Scandinavian montane birch forest and grasslands terrestrial ecoregion is closely associated with

528-754: The förfjäll (literally 'fore-fell'). Generally the förfjäll do not surpass 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above sea level. As a geomorphic unit the förfjäll extends across Sweden as a 650 km (400 mi) long and 40-to-80 km (25-to-50 mi) broad belt from Dalarna in the south to Norrbotten in the north. While lower than the Scandinavian Mountains proper, the förfjäll 's pronounced relief , its large number of plateaux, and its coherent valley system distinguish it from so-called undulating hilly terrain (Swedish: bergkullsterräng ) and plains with residual hills (Swedish: bergkullslätt ) found further east. The climate of

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576-455: The Denmark–Norway union – attacked and burned down the mining village. The mining industry was then stalled for 120 years. It was once again taken up in 1719, probably as a means of supporting the war of King Charles XII of Sweden . The mining was upheld until 1810, when the low profits, harsh climate and the long distances led to its closure. There are still remains from that time in

624-659: The Fennoscandian Ice Sheet grew out multiple times most likely resembled today's ice fields in Andean Patagonia . During the last glacial maximum (ca. 20 ka BP ) all the Scandinavian Mountains were covered by the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet, which extended well beyond the mountains into Denmark, Germany, Poland and the former USSR . As the ice margin started to recede 22–17 ka BP the ice sheet became increasingly concentrated in

672-530: The Gulf of Bothnia on the east coast. About 80 kilometres north of the town Arjeplog one finds the national parks Padjelanta and Sarek , both being situated in the western parts of Jokkmokk Municipality . Arjeplog Municipality also has 13 nature reserves , mostly mountain moorland , where endangered plants grow. Mountain Galtispouda , with a height of 800 metres, is both a popular place of outlook,

720-830: The Oligocene . The uplift of South Norway has elevated the westernmost extension of the sub-Cambrian peneplain which forms part of what is known as the Paleic surface in Norway. In South Norway, the Scandinavian Mountains had their main uplift phase later ( Neogene ) than in northern Scandinavia which had its main phase of uplift in the Paleogene . For example, the Hardangervidda uplifted from sea level to its present 1,200–1,100 m (3,900–3,600 ft) in Early Pliocene times. The various episodes of uplift of

768-508: The asthenosphere as being the cause of uplift. One hypothesis states that the early uplift of the Scandinavian Mountains could be indebted to changes in the density of the lithosphere and asthenosphere caused by the Iceland plume when Greenland and Scandinavia rifted apart about 53 million years ago. Many slopes and valleys are straight because they follow tectonic fractures that are more prone to erosion. Another result of tectonics in

816-600: The Nordic countries is maritime along the coast of Norway, and much more continental in Sweden in the rain shadow of the Scandinavian Mountains. The combination of a northerly location and moisture from the North Atlantic Ocean has caused the formation of many ice fields and glaciers . In the mountains, the air temperature decreases with increasing altitude, and patches of mountain permafrost in regions with

864-655: The Riksdag are inserted as "other", including the Sweden Democrats results from 1988 to 2006, but also the Christian Democrats pre-1991 and the Greens in 1982, 1985 and 1991. The sources are identical to the table above. The coalition or government mandate marked in bold formed the government after the election. New Democracy got elected in 1991 but are still listed as "other" due to the short lifespan of

912-579: The Scandinavian Mountains are Caledonian, which means they were put in place by the Caledonian orogeny . Caledonian rocks overlie rocks of the much older Svecokarelian and Sveconorwegian provinces . The Caledonian rocks actually form large nappes ( Swedish : skollor ) that have been thrust over the older rocks. Much of the Caledonian rocks have been eroded since they were put in place, meaning that they were once thicker and more contiguous. It

960-464: The Scandinavian Mountains lack "alpine topography", and where present it does not relate to altitude. An example of this is the distribution of cirques in southern Norway that can be found both near sea level and at 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Most cirques are found between 1,000 and 1,500 m (3,300 and 4,900 ft). To the east, the Scandinavian Mountains proper bound with mountains that are lower and less dissected and are known in Swedish as

1008-504: The Scandinavian Mountains were similar in orientation and tilted land surfaces to the east while allowing rivers to incise the landscape. Some of the tilted surfaces constitute the Muddus plains landscape of northern Sweden . The progressive tilt contributed to create the parallel drainage pattern of northern Sweden. Uplift is thought to have been accommodated by coast-parallel normal faults and not by fault-less doming . Therefore,

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1056-460: The Scandinavian Mountains, but are more common in the northern parts. Present-day karst systems might have long histories dating back to the Pleistocene or even earlier. Much of the mountain range is mantled by deposits of glacial origin including till blankets, moraines , drumlins and glaciofluvial material in the form of outwash plains and eskers . Bare rock surfaces are more common in

1104-475: The Scandinavian Mountains. Recession of the ice margin led the ice sheet to be concentrated in two parts of the Scandinavian Mountains, one part in South Norway and another in northern Sweden and Norway. These two centres were for a time linked, so that the linkage constituted a major drainage barrier that formed various large ephemeral ice-dammed lakes . About 10 ka BP, the linkage had disappeared and so did

1152-488: The common labelling of the southern Scandinavian Mountains and the northern Scandinavian Mountains as two domes is misleading. There are divided opinions on the relation between the coastal plains of Norway, the strandflat , and the uplift of the mountains. Unlike orogenic mountains , there is no widely accepted geophysical model to explain elevated passive continental margins such as the Scandinavian Mountains. Various mechanisms of uplift have, however, been proposed over

1200-451: The earthen floor in the church, but eventually the stench became unbearable and the procedure had to end. The interest in Arjeplog had been sparked when silver was found in the area in the 1620s, and a mining industry was established there 1635–1659. It has been estimated that the amount of silver mined was 36 kilograms per year. In August 1659, the Danes and Norwegians – who were in

1248-642: The fourth least populated. It is located by the shores of Lake Hornavan , Sweden's deepest lake and one of its largest. The municipality is popular because of the scenery of Lake Hornavan, but also of its other untouched nature. Arjeplog Municipality consists of a terrain dominated by the Scandinavian Mountains and many water areas. It boasts an unparalleled 8,000 lakes and streams , with three main rivers, namely Pite River , Skellefte River and Lais River . Skellefte River attaches south from Lake Hornavan and extends southeast to Skellefteå and

1296-422: The left coalition and 45.6% for the right coalition. The slight difference of results between the sole Arjeplog district and overall results was because of postal votes being counted separately. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income. These are the results of the elections to the Riksdag since the 1972 municipal reform. Norrbotten Party also contested the 1994 election but due to

1344-408: The lower limit of permafrost, the mean glacier altitude (or glaciation limit) is related to the amount of precipitation . Thus the snow line , or glacier equilibrium line as the limit between the accumulation zone and ablation zone shows the opposite trend, from 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) in the west ( Jostefonn ) to 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) in the east ( Jotunheimen ). Most of the rocks of

1392-603: The lower nappes. It was during the Silurian and Devonian periods that the Caledonian nappes were stacked upon the older rocks and upon themselves. This occurred in connection with the closure of the Iapetus Ocean as the ancient continents of Laurentia and Baltica collided . This collision produced a Himalayan -sized mountain range named the Caledonian Mountains roughly over the same area as

1440-515: The mountain range contains the highest mountain of Northern Europe, Galdhøpiggen at almost 2,500 m (8,200 ft). This part of the mountain chain is also broader and contains a series of plateaux and gently undulating surfaces that hosts scattered inselbergs . The plateaux and undulating surfaces of the southern Scandinavian Mountains form a series of stepped surfaces. Geomorphologist Karna Lidmar-Bergström and co-workers recognize five widespread stepped surfaces. In eastern Norway, some of

1488-655: The mountain range. In Swedish , the mountain range is called Skandinaviska fjällkedjan , Skanderna (encyclopedic and professional usage), Fjällen ('the Fells ', common in colloquial speech) or Kölen ('the Keel'). In Norwegian , it is called Den skandinaviske fjellkjede , Fjellet , Skandesfjellene , Kjølen ('the Keel') or Nordryggen ('the North Ridge', name coined in 2013). The names Kölen and Kjølen are often preferentially used for

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1536-724: The mountains and plateaux found on the opposite side of the North Atlantic in Eastern Greenland or in Australia's Great Dividing Range . The Scandinavian Mountains attained their height by tectonic processes different from orogeny, chiefly in the Cenozoic . A two-stage model of uplift has been proposed for the Scandinavian Mountains in South Norway. A first stage in the Mesozoic and a second stage starting from

1584-586: The north they form the border between Norway and Sweden , reaching 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high at the Arctic Circle . The mountain range just touches northwesternmost Finland but are scarcely more than hills at their northernmost extension at the North Cape ( Nordkapp ). The mountains are relatively high for a range so young and are very steep in places; Galdhøpiggen in South Norway

1632-869: The northern part, where the mountains form a narrow range near the border region of Norway and Sweden. In South Norway, there is a broad scatter of mountain regions with individual names, such as Dovrefjell , Hardangervidda , Jotunheimen , and Rondane . The mountain chain's highest summits are mostly concentrated in an area of mean altitude of over 1,000 m (3,300 ft), ) between Stavanger and Trondheim in South Norway, with numerous peaks over 1,300 m (4,300 ft) and some peaks over 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Around Trondheim Fjord , peaks decrease in altitude to about 400–500 m (1,300–1,600 ft), rising again to heights in excess of 1,900 m (6,200 ft) further north in Swedish Lapland and nearby areas of Norway. The southern part of

1680-502: The party's small size at a nationwide level SCB did not publish the party's results at a municipal level. The same applies to the Sweden Democrats between 1988 and 1998. "Turnout" denotes the percentage of eligible voters casting any ballots, whereas "Votes" denotes the number of actual valid ballots cast. Blocs This lists the relative strength of the socialist and centre-right blocs since 1973, but parties not elected to

1728-592: The party. Arjeplog Municipality has two sister cities : Scandinavian Mountains The Scandinavian Mountains or the Scandes is a mountain range that runs through the Scandinavian Peninsula . The western sides of the mountains drop precipitously into the North Sea and Norwegian Sea , forming the fjords of Norway , whereas to the northeast they gradually curve towards Finland . To

1776-517: The present-day Scandinavian Mountains. The Caledonian Mountains began a post-orogenic collapse in the Devonian, implying tectonic extension and subsidence. Despite occurring in about the same area, the ancient Caledonian Mountains and the modern Scandinavian Mountains are unrelated. The origin of today's mountain topography is debated by geologists. Geologically, the Scandinavian Mountains are an elevated, passive continental margin similar to

1824-523: The relief is that slopes corresponding to footwalls of normal faults tend to be straight. There is evidence that the drainage divide between the Norwegian Sea and the south-east flowing rivers were once further west. Glacial erosion is thought to have contributed to the shift of the divide, which in some cases ought to have been in excess of 50 km. Much of the Scandinavian Mountains has been sculpted by glacial erosion . The mountain chain

1872-460: The road goes past Mierkenis to the border with Norway. The lowest temperature measured at an official Swedish weather station is -52.6 °C in Vuoggatjålme on February 2, 1966. There is some uncertainty around the accuracy of this figure, as there is a substantial discrepancy between the other temperature recordings taken at the time but it is still the official record. On February 4, 1966,

1920-427: The southern centre of the ice sheet a thousand years later. The northern centre remained a few hundred years more, and by 9,7 ka BP the eastern Sarek Mountains hosted the last remnant of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. As the ice sheet retreated to the Scandinavian Mountains it was dissimilar to the early mountain glaciation that gave origin to the ice sheet as the ice divide lagged behind as the ice mass concentrated in

1968-462: The station recorded -52.1 °C. 66°34′N 16°21′E  /  66.567°N 16.350°E  / 66.567; 16.350 Arjeplog Municipality The area, which now is Arjeplog Municipality, used to be a single parish (Swedish: socken ), which was made into a municipality when the first Swedish local government acts were implemented in 1863. It has not been amalgamated with any other entity. In terms of geographical area, Arjeplog

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2016-413: The stepped surfaces merge into a single surface. Dovre and Jotunheimen are rises from the highest of the stepped surfaces. In south-western Norway, the plateaux and gently undulating surfaces are strongly dissected by fjords and valleys . The mountain chain is present in Sweden from northern Dalarna northwards; south of this point the Scandinavian Mountains lie completely within Norway. Most of

2064-405: The top of Kebnekaise. In the Scandinavian Mountains, the lower limit of widespread discontinuous permafrost drops from 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) in the west of southern Norway to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) near the border with Sweden, and from 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) in northern Norway to 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) in northern, more continental Sweden ( Kebnekaise area). In contrast to

2112-421: The village Adolfström . There are also several names in the area such as Silvervägen ("Silver Road") and Silversundet ("Silver Strait") reminding of its silver history. When a Sami museum was built in the town of Arjeplog in 1965, it was appropriately named Silvermuseet ("The Silver Museum"). It is filled with Sami photos and artifacts . Arjeplog Municipality is Sweden's fourth largest municipality, but

2160-709: The west. Of the 10 highest mountain peaks in Scandinavia ( prominence greater than 30 m or 98 ft), six are situated in Oppland , Norway. The other four are situated in Sogn og Fjordane , Norway. Chronological history There are 12 peaks in Sweden that reach above 2,000 m high (6,600 ft), or 13 depending on how the peaks are defined. Eight of them are located in Sarek National Park and

2208-540: The western side of the mountain range. Although the ages of these deposits and landforms vary, most of them were formed in connection to the Weichselian glaciation and the subsequent deglaciation . The Cenozoic glaciations that affected Fennoscandia most likely began in the Scandinavian Mountains. It is estimated that during 50% of the last 2.75 million years the Scandinavian Mountains hosted mountain-centered ice caps and ice fields . The ice fields from which

2256-468: The years. A 2012 study argues that the Scandinavian Mountains and other elevated passive continental margins most likely share the same mechanism of uplift and that this mechanism is related to far-field stresses in Earth's lithosphere . The Scandinavian Mountains can according to this view be likened to a giant anticlinal lithospheric fold . Folding could have been caused by horizontal compression acting on

2304-466: Was drilled in bedrock above Tarfala research station at an altitude of 1,540 m (5,050 ft) above sea level. The stable ground temperature at a depth of 100 metres (330 ft) is still −2.75 °C (27.05 °F). The measured geothermal gradient in the drillhole of 1.17 °C /100 m allows to extrapolate a permafrost thickness of 330 metres (1,080 ft), a further proof that continuous permafrost exists in these altitudes and above, up to

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