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57-732: The northwestern border of the district is the shore of Lake Onega , and the area of the district is divided between several drainage basins . The western and the central parts belong to the basins of the rivers flowing into Lake Onega, most notably the Vytegra , the Vodla , the Andoma , and the Megra . Lake Onega belongs to the basin of the Neva River . From the east, the Andoma Hills separate

114-449: A historical complex of 89 Orthodox churches and other wooden structures of the 15th–20th centuries. The complex includes a UNESCO World Heritage Site , Kizhi Pogost . The eastern shores of the lake contain about 1,200 petroglyphs (rock engravings) dated to the 4th–2nd millennia BC, which have also been inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The major cities on the lake are Petrozavodsk , Kondopoga and Medvezhyegorsk . The lake

171-529: A summer church with 22 domes, a winter church with nine domes, and a belfry . The pogost was included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1990. In the summer, there are daily boat connections to the island from Petrozavodsk. Another attraction of the lake are the Onega petroglyphs (rock engravings). They are located on the eastern coast of the lake and date back to between the 4th and 2nd millennia BC. There are about 1,200 petroglyphs scattered over

228-544: A total area of about 250 km (97 sq mi). Whereas the most famous is Kizhi , which contains historical wooden churches of the 18th century, the largest island is Big Klimenetsky with an area of 147 km (57 sq mi). It contains a few settlements, a school and an 82 m (269 ft) hill. Other large islands are Big Lelikovsky and Suysari. The lake banks are low and are flooded with raising water level. They are therefore swampy and are rich in reed, hosting ducks, geese and swans. The coastal region

285-677: Is stormwater runoff and 16% is melioration -related drainage. This drainage contains 810 tonnes (890 tons) of phosphorus and 17,000 tonnes (19,000 tons) of nitrogen ; 280 and 11,800 tonnes (310 and 13,010 tons) respectively of these elements are removed through the River Svir whereas the rest accumulates in the lake. Ships and motor boats (about 8,000 units) bring oil pollution at the level of about 830 tonnes (910 tons) per navigation year, as well as phenols (500 kg [1,100 lb]), lead (100 kg [220 lb]) and oxides of sulfur , nitrogen, and carbon . The lake basin

342-621: Is a lake in northwestern Russia, on the territory of the Republic of Karelia , Leningrad Oblast and Vologda Oblast . It belongs to the basin of the Baltic Sea , and is the second-largest lake in Europe after Lake Ladoga , slightly smaller than Lebanon . The lake is fed by about 50 rivers and is drained by the Svir . There are about 1,650 islands on the lake. They include Kizhi , which hosts

399-641: Is a major source of granite , marble and black schist in Russia which have been exploited in the area since the early 18th century. Also advanced is metallurgy, especially in the Petrozavodsk area which produces about 25% of industrial products of Karelia . Water level of the lake is controlled by the Nizhnesvirskaya ( Нижнесвирская ГЭС , "Lower Svir") and Verkhnesvirskaya ( Верхнесвирская ГЭС , "Upper Svir") hydroelectric power plants. The former

456-445: Is about 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 times lower than in the other large lake of the area, Lake Ladoga . The maximum surface water temperature is 20–24 °C (68–75 °F) on the open lake and 24–27 °C (75–81 °F) in the bays. The deep waters are much colder, from 2–2.5 °C (36–36 °F) in winter to 4–6 °C (39–43 °F) in summer. Weather is relatively cold, with temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) for half of

513-468: Is covered with dense virgin forests. Major tree types are coniferous , but also common are lime (linden) , elm and European alder . Common mammals include elks , brown bears , wolves , red foxes , European hares , blue hares , red squirrels , lynxes , pine martens , European badgers , as well as American muskrats and minks which were introduced to the area in the early 20th century. About 200 bird species from 15 families have been observed in

570-644: Is favorable for fish, and the banks are used for commercial fishing. The water level is stabilized by the Verhnesvirskaya hydropower plant and varies by only 0.9–1.5 m (2 ft 11 in – 4 ft 11 in) over the year. It rises due to the spring flood which lasts 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 2 months. The highest water level is in June–August and the lowest is in March–April. Rivers bring 15.6 km (3.7 cu mi) of water per year to

627-634: Is gradually increasing, especially in the northwestern and northern parts which contain the industrial facilities of Petrozavodsk, Kondopoga and Medvezhyegorsk. About 80% of the population and more than 90% of industry of the basin are concentrated in these areas. The pollution from these three cities amount to about 190 million cubic metres (6.7 billion cubic feet) of sewage and drainage water and 150 tonnes (170 short tons) of emissions per year. Human activity results in about 315 million cubic metres (11.1 billion cubic feet) of drain water per year, of which 46% are industrial and household water, 25%

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684-453: Is no regular passenger service on the lake, there are several tourist trips per day along the routes of Petrozavodsk–Kizhi, Petrozavodsk–Velikaya Guba and Petrozavodsk–Shala. They are run by hydrofoil and motor ships and are used for passenger transport as well. In addition, passenger ships go on the route Petrozavodsk – Shala. Sailing is a popular activity on the lake and there is a sailing club in Petrozavodsk. Since 1972, every year at

741-466: Is of glacial-tectonic origin and is a small remnant of a larger body of water which existed in this area during an Ice Age . In geologic terms, the lake is rather young, formed – like almost all lakes in northern Europe – through the carving activity of the inland ice sheets in the latter part of the last ice age , about 12,000 years ago: In the Paleozoic Era (400–300 million years ago)

798-501: Is the second largest lake in Europe, and the 18th largest lake by area in the world. Its southern banks are mostly low and continuous, whereas northern banks are rocky and rugged. They contain numerous elongated bays resulting in the lake's outline appearing similar to a giant crayfish . In the northern part lies a large Zaonezhye Peninsula ( Заонежье ); south of it, is the Big Klimenetsky ( Большой Клименецкий ) island. To

855-663: Is unknown. The area was populated by Finnic peoples and then colonized by the Novgorod Republic . Vytegra was first mentioned in 1496. It was located on the trade route from the Volga River to Lake Onega , and later on the route from Saint Petersburg to Arkhangelsk . In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known from 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate ). In 1727, it

912-536: The Mariinsk Canal System , a forerunner of the Volga–Baltic Waterway , and aimed to create a quiet pass for boats avoiding the stormy waters of the lake. It is around 50 m (160 ft) wide, and lies between 10 m (33 ft) and 2 km (1.2 mi) from the shores of the lake. The canal is not used for active navigation at present. There are about 1650 islands in the lake with

969-614: The Neva to the Gulf of Finland . The White Sea–Baltic Canal runs through the lake from the White Sea to the Baltic Sea . The Volga–Baltic Waterway connects Onega Lake with the Volga , Caspian Sea and Black Sea . The Onega Canal , which follows the southern banks of the lake, was built in 1818–1820 and 1845–1852 between Vytegra in the east and Svir in the west. The canal was part of

1026-683: The Onega Canal . There is regular cruise and cargo traffic along the waterway. The passenger navigation on Lake Onega, connecting Vytegra with Petrozavodsk , has been discontinued. The Vytegra Airport in 2011 was not served by regular passenger flights. The district contains 8 objects classified as cultural and historical heritage by Russian Federal law, and additionally 170 objects (66 of them located in Vytegra) classified as cultural and historical heritage of local importance. The cultural heritage monuments of federal significance are

1083-822: The Onega River . In the northeast of the district there is a point which is a triple divide of the basins of the Neva, the Volga, and the Onega, and thus the basins of the Atlantic Ocean , the Arctic Ocean , and the endorheic basins of the interior of Eurasia . This is one of the very few such triple divides in the world and the only one in Russia. There are many lakes in the district, many of which are of glacial origin. The biggest lakes are Lake Kovzhskoye , Lake Kemskoye , Lake Soydozero , and Lake Kushtozero in

1140-627: The selo of Annensky Most. The enterprise, Bely Ruchey Ore Administration, is owned by the Severstal steel plant, located in Cherepovets , and extracted limestone was used for steel production. The agriculture in the district specializes in meat and milk production and has been steadily declining since the 1990s. Vytegra is a road junction where a partially paved road connecting to Podporozhye in Leningrad Oblast branches off from

1197-597: The 20 km (12 mi) area including several capes, such as Besov Nos (see map above). The engravings are 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) deep and depict animals, people, boats and geometrical shapes of circular and crescent shapes. In 2021, the petroglyphs were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for its significant artistic qualities that testify the creativity of the Stone Age. Many other historical monuments are scattered around

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1254-628: The Circular Square and a gymnasium building (built in 1790). The embankment of Lake Onega contains a series of sculptures, many of which were presented as gifts from the twin cities. Kondopoga has been known since 1495 and (before its destruction in 2018) contained the Uspenskaya (Assumption) Church from 1774. This 42-metre-tall (138 ft) edifice was the tallest wooden church of the Russian North . There are two carillons in

1311-469: The Finnish forces and was a place of busy military activities. The main attraction of the lake is the island of Kizhi in the northern part of the lake, which is a State Historical, Architectural and Ethnographic Preservation Area. There are 89 wooden architectural monuments of the 15th to 20th centuries on the island. The most remarkable of those is Kizhi Pogost of the early 18th century which consists of

1368-474: The administrative center in the selo of Andomsky Pogost ), Kovzhinsky District (with the administrative center in the selo of Annensky Most ), and Oshtinsky District (with the administrative center in the selo of Oshta ). The four districts were a part of Lodeynoye Pole Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. On September 23, 1937, all four districts were transferred to newly established Vologda Oblast. During World War II , parts of Oshtinsky District were

1425-411: The basin of Lake Beloye, and Lake Megrskoye , Lake Tudozero , Lake Lukhtozero , and Lake Shimozero in the basin of Lake Onega. Most of the area of the district is covered by coniferous forests ( taiga ). There are many swamps, especially in the southwest and the east of the district. The name probably originates from Finnic language (as evidenced by the suffix "-егра"), however, the exact meaning

1482-512: The basin of Lake Onega from the basins of the Kovzha and the Kema Rivers , which are the tributaries of Lake Beloye and thus belong to the basin of the Volga . The Vepsian Upland rises in the western part with 304 metres (997 ft) high Malgora hill, the highest point of the district. Minor areas in the northeast of the district are in the basin of Lake Lacha , itself in the basin of

1539-518: The city, with 23 and 18 bells, also there is an indoor ice sports arena accommodating 1,850 spectators and a Palace of Arts with an organ . The town of Medvezhyegorsk was founded in 1916 and from 1931 became the construction base of the White Sea – Baltic Canal. Between 1703–1710 and 1766–1769 a factory was operating on the site of the city. During the World War II this area was occupied by

1596-500: The coast and bays in late November and December and around mid-January in its center. Thawing starts in April in the tributaries and reaches the lake in May. Water in the deep parts is clear, with the visibility up to 7–8 m (23–26 ft). In the bays, the visibility may decrease to about a meter. The water is fresh, with a salinity of 35 mg/L. This is relatively low for a lake and

1653-646: The end of July the lake has hosted the largest regatta in Russia (" Онежская парусная регата ") which is the Russian Open Championship in the Russian class of Cruisers Yachts "Open800". The regatta has international status. The largest city on the lake is Petrozavodsk – the capital of Republic of Karelia (about 270,000 citizens) – founded in 1703 by Peter I to exploit the natural ore deposits. The city contains several remarkable Neoclassical buildings from Catherine II 's reign, including

1710-587: The entire male population left their homes every year in search of temporary employment. Olonets Governorate was divided into seven uyezds , of which the chief towns were Petrozavodsk , Kargopol , Lodeynoye Pole , Olonets , Povenets , Pudozh , and Vytegra . It included the Olonets mining district, a territory belonging to the Crown, which covered 432 m and extended into the Serdobol district of Finland;

1767-589: The entire territory of the modern basin of the lake was covered with a shelf sea lying near the ancient, near-equatoric Baltic continent. Sediments at that time – sandstone , sand, clay and limestone – form a 200-metre-thick (660 ft) layer covering the Baltic Shield which consists of granite , gneiss and greenstone . The retreat of the Ice Age glaciers formed the Littorina Sea . Its level

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1824-462: The exception of three volosts , which were transferred to Kargopolsky Uyezd of Vologda Governorate . On February 7, 1927, Vytegorsky Uyezd was abolished and merged into Lodeynopolsky Uyezd of Leningrad Oblast. On August 1, 1927, the uyezds in Leningrad Oblast were abolished. On the territory of former Vytegorsky Uyezd four districts were established: Vytegorsky District (with the administrative center in Vytegra), Andomsky District (with

1881-438: The extensive marshes. Lake Onega covers 3,764 m , and reaches a depth of 400 ft (120 m). Lakes Zeg , Vygozero , Lacha , Loksha , Tulos , and Vodlozero cover from 140 to 480 m each, and their crustacean fauna indicates a former connection with the Arctic Ocean . The south-eastern part of Lake Ladoga falls also within the government of Olonets. The rivers drain to the Baltic Sea and White Sea basins. To

1938-602: The former system belong Lakes Ladoga and Onega, which are connected by the Svir River and receive numerous streams; of these the Vytegra , which communicates with the Mariinsk canal-system, and the Oyat , an affluent of Lake Ladoga, are important for navigation. Large quantities of timber, firewood, stone, metal and flour were annually shipped on waters belonging to this governorate. The Onega River , which has its source in

1995-775: The highway connecting Vologda with Medvezhyegorsk in the Republic of Karelia via Lipin Bor and Pudozh . There is bus traffic. The Volga–Baltic Waterway , connecting the basins of the Volga and the Neva Rivers, crosses the district from south to north, following the valley of the Kovzha River in the south, the Novomariinsky Canal , and the Vytegra River in the north. It also bypasses Lake Onega along

2052-608: The lake basin. Lake Onega features a large variety of fish and water invertebrates , including relicts of the glacial period such as lamprey . There are about 47 fish species from 13 families; they include sturgeon , landlocked salmon , brown trout , European smelt , grayling , roaches , Crucian carp , whitefishes , char , pike , European cisco , common dace , silver bream , carp bream , sabre carp , spined loach , wels catfish , European eel , rudd , ide , gudgeon , pike-perch , European perch , ruffe and burbot . The lake area used to be clean but pollution

2109-464: The lake is 30 m (98 ft), and the deepest spot of 127 m (417 ft) is located in the northern part. The average depth is 50–60 m (160–200 ft) in the middle and rises to 20–30 m (66–98 ft) in the southern part. The bottom has a very uneven profile, it is covered with silt , and contains numerous trenches of various size and shape in the northern part. The trenches are separated by large shallow banks. Such bottom structure

2166-486: The lake, that is up to 74% of the water balance; the rest is provided by precipitation . Most of the lake water (84% or 17.6 km  [4.2 cu mi] per year) outflows via a single river, Svir , and the remaining 16% evaporates from the lake surface. There are frequent storms more characteristic of a sea than a lake; waves of 2–3 metres (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in) are not uncommon and may even reach 5 m (16 ft). The lake freezes near

2223-636: The lake. They include the Dormition Monastery ( ru ) on the cape Muromsky, on the eastern shore of the lake. The monastery was founded in 1350, closed in 1918 and revived in 1991. Olonets Governorate Olonets Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit ( guberniya ) of the Russian Empire , extending from Lake Ladoga almost to the White Sea , bounded west by Finland , north and east by Arkhangelsk and Vologda , and south by Novgorod and Saint Petersburg . The area

2280-424: The large Petrozavodsk and small Yalguba and Pinguba bays. To the east of Zaonezhye there is a bay, northern part of which is called Povenetsky Bay and the southern part is Zaonezhsky Bay. There, deep sections alternate with banks and islands which split the bay into several parts. The southernmost part of them, Lesser Onega, is 40–50 m (130–160 ft) deep. All the shores there are rocky. The average depth of

2337-553: The only areas of Vologda Oblast to be occupied by Finnish troops. The Finnish advance was stopped in October 1941, but the occupation continued until June 1944, when the Soviet Army started to advance. Andomsky, Oshtinsky, and Kovzhinsky Districts were all abolished in the 1950s. On December 12, 1955, Oshtinsky District was divided between Vytegorsky and Borisovo-Sudsky Districts . On October 17, 1957, Andomsky District

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2394-416: The principal crops, and some flax , barley , and turnips were grown, but the total cultivated area did not exceed 2 1/2% of the whole governorate. The chief source of wealth was timber , next to which come fishing and hunting. Mushrooms and berries were exported to St. Petersburg. There were quarries and iron-mines, saw-mills, tanneries, iron-works, distilleries, and flour-mills. More than one-fifth of

2451-1010: The remains of the Mariinsky Waterway from the early 19th century, the wooden Epiphany Church in Paltoga , the wooden St. Iliya Church of Saminsky Pogost , and the wooden Assumption Church in Devyatiny . The Vytegorsky District Museum is located in Vytegra. Another museum in Vytegra is located in the B440 Russian submarine of the Foxtrot class . Lake Onega Lake Onega ( / oʊ ˈ n ɛ ɡ ə / ; also known as Onego ; Russian : Оне́жское о́зеро , romanized :  Onezhskoe ozero , IPA: [ɐˈnʲɛʂskəɪ ˈozʲɪrə] ; Finnish : Ääninen, Äänisjärvi ; Livvi : Oniegujärvi ; Veps : Änine, Änižjärv )

2508-502: The same as those of Onega Lake. Its construction raised the water level of the lake by 0.5 m (20 in). The lake contains a well-developed navigation system which is part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway and White Sea – Baltic Canal , connecting the basins of Baltic , Caspian and the northern seas. These canals allow water transport of goods from the lake to the countries from Germany to Iran; most traffic goes to Finland, Sweden, Germany and Denmark. The Onega Canal running along

2565-586: The south-east of the governorate and flows into the White Sea, is of minor importance. Sixty-three percent of the area of Olonets was occupied by forests; those of the Crown, maintained for shipbuilding purposes, extended to more than 800,000 acres (3,000 km ). The climate is harsh and moist, the average yearly temperature at Petrozavodsk (61 8' N.) being 33.6 °F (1 °C). 12.0 °F (−11 °C) in January, 57.4 °F (14 °C) in July; but

2622-404: The south. The geological structure was very varied. Granites , syenites , and diorites , covered with Laurentian metamorphic slates , occurred extensively in the north-west. Near Lake Onega they were overlain with Devonian sandstones and limestones , yielding marble and sandstone for building; to the south of that lake carboniferous limestones and clays made their appearance. The whole

2679-654: The southern shore of the lake there is not used at present. Cargo on Lake Onega amounts to 10–12 million tonnes per year with about 10,300 ship voyages. Lake shores contain two ports (Petrozavodsk and Medvezhyegorsk), 5 wharves (Kondopoga, Povenets, Shala, Vytegra and Ascension ( Вознесенье )) and 41 piers. Fishery is an important activity on the lake. About 17 species are being fished commercially, mostly European cisco , smelt , whitefishes , roaches , burbot , pike-perch , perch , ruffe , carp bream , lake salmon , pike and somewhat less ide , graylings , common dace , common bleak and crucian carp . Whereas there

2736-653: The thermometer rarely falls below 30 °F (−1 °C). The population, which numbered 321,250 in 1881, reached 367,902 in 1897, and 401,100 (estimate) in 1906. They were principally Russians , Karelians , Vepsians and Finns . At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, 78.2% spoke Russian , 16.3% Karelian , 4.4% Veps , 0.7% Finnish , 0.1% Yiddish and 0.1% Polish as their first language. 98.3% were Russian Orthodox (including Edinovertsy ), 0.8% Old Believers , 0.7% Lutheran , 0.1% Jewish and 0.1% Roman Catholic . Rye and oats were

2793-509: The west of them lies the deep (deeper than 100 m [330 ft]) Greater Onega ( Большое Онего ) area containing the Kondopozhskaya ( Кондопожская губа , depth up to 78 m [256 ft]), Ilem-Gorskaya (42 m [138 ft]), Lizhemskoy (82 m [269 ft]) and Unitskoy (44 m [144 ft]) bays. To the southwest of Greater Onega lies Petrozavodskoye Onego ( Петрозаводское Онего ) containing

2850-476: The year and average summer temperatures of about 16 °C (61 °F). The catchment area of 51,540 km (19,900 sq mi) drains into the lake via 58 rivers and more than 110 tributaries, including the Shuya , Suna , Vodla , Vytegra and Andoma . The only outgoing Svir , which marks the southern boundary of Karelia, runs from the southwestern shore of Lake Onega to Lake Ladoga and continues as

2907-471: Was 57,422 km , of which 6,794 km were covered by lakes. Its north-western portion belonged orographically and geologically to the Finland region; it is thickly dotted with hills reaching 1,000 ft. in altitude, and diversified by numberless smaller ridges and hollows running from northwest to south-east. The rest of the governorate was a flat plateau sloping towards the marshy lowlands of

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2964-464: Was abolished and merged into Pudozhsky Uyezd . In 1799, Olonets Viceroyalty was abolished and divided between Novgorod and Arkhangelsk Governorates. Vytegorsky Uyezd was returned to Novgorod Governorate. In 1801, Olonets Governorate was established, and Vytegorsky Uyezd became one of several uyezds of the governorate. In 1922, Olonets Governorate was abolished, and Vytegorsky Uyezd was transferred to Petrograd Governorate (later Leningrad Oblast ), with

3021-439: Was built between 1927 and 1938 and has a peak power of 99 MW. The construction of Verkhnesvirskaya plant started in 1938, but was interrupted by World War II and could only be resumed in 1947. The plant was completed in 1952 and provided 160 MW of electric power. The associated with the plant Verkhnesvirsk Reservoir has an area of 9,930 km (3,830 sq mi) and volume of 260 km (62 cu mi), i.e. almost

3078-452: Was first 7–9 m (23–30 ft) higher than at present, but it gradually lowered, thereby decreasing the sea area and forming several lakes in the Baltic region. Lake Onega has a surface area of 9,891 km (3,819 sq mi) without islands and a volume of 291 km (70 cu mi); its length is about 245 km (152 mi) and width about 90 km (56 mi). It

3135-425: Was merged into Vytegorsky District. In 1959, Kovzhinsky District was split between Vashkinsky and Vytegorsky Districts. Vytegorsky District is one of the areas traditionally populated by Vepsians . The Vepsians living in the district speak the central group of Veps dialects . The economy of the district is based on timber industry. There are also food industry enterprises. In 1975, limestone production started in

3192-402: Was sheeted with boulder-clay, the bottom moraine of the great ice-sheet of the last glacial period . The entire region bears traces of glaciation , either in the shape of scratchings and elongated grooves on the rocks, or of eskers (asar, selgas) running parallel to the glacial striations. Many lakes occupied the depressions, while a great many more had left evidences of their existence in

3249-494: Was transferred to the newly established Novgorod Governorate . In 1773, Vytegra was chartered, and in 1776, Vytegorsky Uyezd was established as one of the uyezds of newly established Novgorod Viceroyalty . It became a part of Olonets Oblast . A sequence of administrative reforms followed. In 1781, Olonets Oblast was transferred to Saint Petersburg Governorate, and in 1784, it was transformed into an independent administrative unit, Olonets Viceroyalty . In 1785, Vytegorsky Uyezd

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