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66-522: The 1st Flying Corps was set up near Västerås City on 1 July 1929 on the grounds of the recently disbanded Västmanland Regiment (I 18). The airfield at Hässlö was brought in use in 1931. In 1936, the 1st Flying Corps was redesignated F 1 as the 1st Air Wing and received B 3 bombers. These were later supplemented with B 4 dive bombers. In 1949, F 1 was reorganized as a night fighter wing with 60 surplus J 30 De Havilland Mosquitos from England. They were in turn replaced by 60 J 33 Venoms in 1952. All of

132-409: A bomber. Junkers responded with a low-winged twin-engined all-metal monoplane ; unusually, it was intended to be powered by Junkers Jumo 205 diesel engines instead of petrol engines for greater fuel efficiency. It also had a smooth metal skin instead of the company's traditional corrugated exterior. On bomber-configured aircraft, bombs were carried vertically in four fuselage cells behind

198-411: A crew of four: a pilot, navigator, radio operator/ bombardier and gunner. Defensive armament consisted of three machine guns : at the nose, at a dorsal position, and within a retractable ventral position. Bombs were carried vertically in four fuselage cells behind the cockpit. The airliner version replaced these bomb cells with seating for ten passengers; furthermore, the fuel tanks were relocated from

264-521: A crew of two. The Ju 86P operated successfully for some years over Britain, the Soviet Union and North Africa. During early 1941, the reconnaissance version flew sorties over Britain, but these stopped when Hitler invaded Russia ( Operation Barbarossa ). By mid-1942, the pressurized bomber version was available, and flew about a dozen nuisance raids over southern England. In response, the RAF mounted

330-498: A further 1,000 aircraft. While the Ju 86 was deemphasised as a bomber as time went on, Junker opted to continue development of the aircraft as a high altitude platform for both reconnaissance and bombing missions. The Ju 86P , which possessed a longer wingspan , pressurized cabin, Junkers Jumo 207A-1 turbocharged two-stroke, opposed-piston diesel engines and a two-man crew, could fly higher than 12,000 m (39,000 ft), where it

396-618: A high-speed airliner for Deutsche Luft Hansa and as a medium bomber for the Luftwaffe. Distinct civil and military variants of the aircraft were sought; however, where the requirements were not fully compatible with one another, it was deemed that military needs took precedence over those of the civil side of the programme. Two German aircraft manufacturers, Junkers and Heinkel , were both approached regarding this specification; each company received an initial order for five prototypes (three military and two civil) of their designs, these being

462-627: A light aircraft, the configuration is significant because it offers superior visibility to the pilot. On light aircraft, shoulder-wings tend to be mounted further aft than a high wing, and so may need to be swept forward to maintain correct center of gravity . Examples of light aircraft with shoulder wings include the ARV Super2 , the Bölkow Junior , Saab Safari and the Barber Snark . A high wing has its upper surface on or above

528-407: A pendulous fuselage which requires no wing dihedral for stability; and, by comparison with a low-wing, a shoulder-wing's limited ground effect reduces float on landing. Compared to a low-wing, shoulder-wing and high-wing configurations give increased propeller clearance on multi-engined aircraft. On a large aircraft, there is little practical difference between a shoulder wing and a high wing; but on

594-470: A popular configuration for amphibians and small homebuilt and ultralight aircraft . Although the first successful aircraft were biplanes, the first attempts at heavier-than-air flying machines were monoplanes, and many pioneers continued to develop monoplane designs. For example, the first aeroplane to be put into production was the 1907 Santos-Dumont Demoiselle , while the Blériot XI flew across

660-535: A range of airlines, including the German flag carrier Deutsche Luft Hansa , Manchukuo National Airways , South African Airways , Iberia Airlines and AB Aerotransport amongst others. Some civilian aircraft would be converted into military aircraft following the outbreak of the Second World War . The type was employed by various air forces on both sides of the conflict, although the first military use of

726-411: A special interception squadron equipped with modified Supermarine Spitfire Mk IXs, leading to one bomber attempting a raid on Portsmouth being intercepted on 12 September 1942; after this, no further flights over England were attempted. In August 1942, a modified Spitfire Mk V shot a Ju 86P down over Egypt at an altitude of some 14,500 m (49,000 ft); following the loss of two more aircraft,

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792-489: A wing of a given size, the weight reduction allows it to fly slower and with a lower-powered and more economical engine. For this reason, all monoplane wings in the pioneer era were braced and most were up until the early 1930s. However, the exposed struts or wires create additional drag, lowering aerodynamic efficiency and reducing the maximum speed. High-speed and long-range designs tend to be pure cantilevers, while low-speed short-range types are often given bracing. Besides

858-571: Is on permanent static display at the Swedish Air Force Museum near Linköping . Data from The warplanes of the Third Reich , Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II and Warbirds Resource Group General characteristics Performance Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Note: Official RLM designations had the prefix "8-", but this was usually dropped and replaced with

924-493: Is on permanent static display at the Swedish Air Force Museum outside Linköping . The origins of the Junkers Ju 86 are closely linked to the clandestine build-up of Luftwaffe during the mid-1930s. During 1934, the recently created German Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) and the German flag carrier Deutsche Luft Hansa worked together to produce a specification for a twin use aircraft, capable of operating both as

990-410: Is that the fuselage is closer to the ground which eases cargo loading, especially for aircraft with a rear-fuselage cargo door. Military cargo aircraft are predominantly high-wing designs with a rear cargo door. A parasol wing is not directly attached to the fuselage but held above it, supported by either cabane struts or a pylon. Additional bracing may be provided by struts or wires extending from

1056-559: The Chief of the Army , Lieutenant General Åke Sagrén in 1991, to Västmanland Defence District ( Västmanlands försvarsområde , Fo 48) prior to the inauguration of Fo 48's new staff building at Viksäng in Västerås . This unit was from 1 July 1994 again referred to as Västmanland Regiment (Fo 48). From 1929 to 1936, the commanding officers was referred to as kårchef ("corps commander") and had

1122-571: The English Channel in 1909. Throughout 1909–1910, Hubert Latham set multiple altitude records in his Antoinette IV monoplane, eventually reaching 1,384 m (4,541 ft). The equivalent German language term is Eindecker , as in the mid-wing Fokker Eindecker fighter of 1915 which for a time dominated the skies in what became known as the " Fokker scourge ". The German military Idflieg aircraft designation system prior to 1918 prefixed monoplane type designations with an E , until

1188-693: The Fokker D.VIII and Morane-Saulnier AI in the later part of the First World War. A parasol wing also provides a high mounting point for engines and during the interwar period was popular on flying boats, which need to lift the propellers clear of spray. Examples include the Martin M-130 , Dornier Do 18 and the Consolidated PBY Catalina . Compared to a biplane , a parasol wing has less bracing and lower drag. It remains

1254-489: The Luftwaffe ' s transport force in its attempt to supply the German 6th Army besieged at Stalingrad , although this attempt was soon ended due to Soviet advances. The Ju 86P , which emerged in early 1940, possessed considerable high altitude performance as a result of its longer wingspan , pressurized cabin, Junkers Jumo 207A-1 turbocharged diesel engines; used as both a bomber and reconnaissance aircraft, it

1320-499: The Luftwaffe during 1943, production was limited to a small quantity of aircraft. Further advanced models, such as the Ju 86 R-3 and the Ju 186, but these never left the drawing board. Civil variants, introduced in 1936, were designated Ju 86Z in three different models differing in their engines. The Jumo-engined Ju 86Z-1 (corresponding to the former B-0 or C-1) was sold to Swissair (one), Airlines of Australia (one), and LAN-Chile (three). The BMW 132H-powered Ju 86Z-2

1386-526: The Luftwaffe evaluated the prototype Ju 86P , which could fly higher than 12,000 m (39,000 ft), where it was felt to be safe from enemy fighters . The British Westland Welkin and Soviet Yakovlev Yak-9PD were developed specifically to counter this threat. Satisfied with the trials of the Ju 86P prototype, the Luftwaffe ordered that some 40 older-model bombers be converted to Ju 86P-1 high- altitude bombers and Ju 86P-2 photo- reconnaissance aircraft , with pressurized fuselage, no armament, and

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1452-676: The Slovak–Hungarian War . From June 1941, Hungary's Ju 86s began to be replaced by Italian Caproni Ca.135 bombers. An independent bomber squadron, equipped with a mix of Ju 86s and Ca 135s was deployed in support of the Hungarian Gyorshadtest (or Fast Corps) during the German-led invasion of the Soviet Union . However, the Ju 86 was withdrawn from front line service by Hungary during 1942. In January 1940,

1518-690: The Swedish Air Force until 1958. A few were converted for radio interception activities. The bomber was field-tested in the Spanish Civil War by the Condor Legion . Four Ju 86D-1s arrived in Spain in early February 1937, but after a few sorties one of them was shot down in late February–early March 1937 by Republican fighters. A replacement aircraft was sent from Germany, but after two more were damaged in landing accidents,

1584-451: The braced parasol wing became popular on fighter aircraft, although few arrived in time to see combat. It remained popular throughout the 1920s. On flying boats with a shallow hull, a parasol wing allows the engines to be mounted above the spray from the water when taking off and landing. This arrangement was popular on flying boats during the 1930s; a late example being the Consolidated PBY Catalina . It died out when taller hulls became

1650-664: The 1930s, the cantilever monoplane was fast becoming the standard configuration for a fixed-wing aircraft. Advanced monoplane fighter-aircraft designs were mass-produced for military services around the world in both the Soviet Union and the United States in the early–mid 1930s, with the Polikarpov I-16 and the Boeing P-26 Peashooter respectively. Most military aircraft of WWII were monoplanes, as have been virtually all aircraft since, except for

1716-457: The 1930s. Since then, the monoplane has been the most common form for a fixed-wing aircraft. The inherent efficiency of the monoplane is best achieved in the cantilever wing, which carries all structural forces internally. However, to fly at practical speeds the wing must be made thin, which requires a heavy structure to make it strong and stiff enough. External bracing can be used to improve structural efficiency, reducing weight and cost. For

1782-497: The J 30 and J 33 in Sweden were based at F 1. In 1959, the night fighter squadrons were converted to regular fighter squadrons of J 32B . These were in service until 1968 when they were in turn replaced with J 35F until the decommissioning of the wing in 1983. The airfield is known today as Stockholm-Västerås Airport ( IATA : VST , ICAO : ESOW ) with daily flights to England and charter to Mediterranean destinations. The unit

1848-513: The Ju 86 and Heinkel He 111 respectively. Junkers' opted for a low-winged twin-engined monoplane that featured all-metal stressed skin construction. Unlike the majority of Junkers' previous designs, the Ju 86 discarded the typical corrugated skinning in favour of smooth metal skinning, which helped to reduce drag . It was intended to be powered by Junkers Jumo 205 diesel engines , which although heavy, gave better fuel efficiency than conventional petrol engines. This decision made

1914-505: The Ju 86 one of the earliest quantity production aircraft to use diesel propulsion. The wing of the Ju 86, which was tapered, comprised two primary spars and one auxiliary spar. It was outfitted with distinctive Junkers doppelflügel control surfaces on the wing, similar to those on the Junkers Ju ;52 , that were hinged below the wing's trailing edge, with the outboard section on each side functioning as an aileron , and

1980-462: The Ju 86 was during the Spanish Civil War , where it was flown by the Condor Legion with mixed results. The Luftwaffe deployed its Ju 86s during the invasion of Poland , but opted to withdraw its diesel-engined aircraft fairly promptly while the radial-engined Ju 86 models were predominantly assigned to training roles thereafter. During late 1942, Ju 86s, along with all other available transport aircraft, were pulled from training schools to reinforce

2046-526: The Ju 86A. Durign the late 1930s, demand for the type was such that rival firm Henschel became involved in the production program. Early use of the Jumo-powered Ju 86 bomber in the Spanish Civil War showed that it was inferior to the He ;111, with the diesel engines being unsuitable for rough treatment during combat and thus difficult to keep operational. Accordingly, production plans of

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2112-509: The Ju 86P was withdrawn from service in 1943. A single unit operated the Ju 86R , which was capable of even greater altitudes than the Ju 86P, between 1943 and mid 1944. Only one Junkers Ju 86 is known to exist today. The aircraft was built in Germany and sold to Sweden in 1938. Before it was retired from Swedish service in 1958, the aircraft was used in the 1955 movie Des Teufels General . It

2178-492: The Ju ;86A-1 bomber was achieved. Many of the early modifications made were centred around increasing the aircraft's stability, such as the addition of a spine-like dorsal fin on the tail end of the fuselage on the Ju 86C. Production was quickly transitioned to the improved Ju 86D, the chief differences of which being a modified tail cone that improved stability and an almost 50 per cent increase in fuel capacity over that of

2244-481: The aircraft more manoeuvrable, as on the Spitfire ; but aircraft that value stability over manoeuvrability may then need some dihedral . A feature of the low-wing position is its significant ground effect , giving the plane a tendency to float farther before landing. Conversely, this ground effect permits shorter takeoffs. A mid wing is mounted midway up the fuselage. The carry-through spar structure can reduce

2310-525: The approval of the Fokker D.VIII fighter from its former "E.V" designation. However, the success of the Fokker was short-lived, and World War I was dominated by biplanes. Towards the end of the war, the parasol monoplane became popular and successful designs were produced into the 1920s. Nonetheless, relatively few monoplane types were built between 1914 and the late 1920s, compared with the number of biplanes. The reasons for this were primarily practical. With

2376-402: The cockpit; these bomb cells were replaced by seating for up to ten passengers on the civil airliner version of the Ju 86. On 4 November 1934, the first prototype, powered by Siemens SAM 22 radial engines , made its maiden flight ; on 4 April 1935, the third prototype, which was the first civil-configured aircraft, flew for the first time. The civil-oriented Ju 86 models were operated by

2442-440: The commanding officer was again referred to as flottiljchef ("wing commander"), and had the rank of colonel. Commanders: In order to relieve the sector wing commander, a deputy sector wing commander position was added in 1975. Its task was to lead the unit procurement, a task largely similar to the old wing commander position. Hence he was also referred to as flottiljchef ("wing commander"). The deputy sector wing commander had

2508-465: The conflict broke out, these aircraft were militarised and armed as bombers with defensive guns and external bomb racks. These aircraft were initially used for coastal patrols along with the sole Ju 86K-1, playing an important role in the interception of the German blockade runner SS Watussi  [ de ] in December 1939. In May 1940, they were used to re-equip No. 12 Squadron SAAF , which

2574-548: The designation Tp 9, until 1958. South African Airways' original intention was to have its Ju 86s powered by 745 hp Rolls-Royce Kestrels . Six aircraft for SAA, flown with these engines, were refitted with Hornets before delivery, and the remainder were also Hornet-powered. The Ju 86K was an export model, also built under license in Sweden by Saab as the B ;3 with (905 hp) Bristol Mercury  XIX radial engines . Several aircraft remained in service with

2640-552: The disbandment of F 1 closure in 1983, it was handed over to the wing's traditional carrier F 16 , but is now preserved at the Swedish Army Museum . Blazon : "On blue cloth in the centre the badge of the Air Force; a winged two-bladed propeller under a royal crown proper. In the first corner the provincial badge of Västmanland , a three-pointed mountain, flammant proper". The colour of Västmanland Regiment (I 18)

2706-402: The fuselage sides. The first parasol monoplanes were adaptations of shoulder wing monoplanes, since raising a shoulder mounted wing above the fuselage greatly improved visibility downwards, which was useful for reconnaissance roles, as with the widely used Morane-Saulnier L . The parasol wing allows for an efficient design with good pilot visibility, and was adopted for some fighters such as

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2772-491: The fuselage to the wings. As the Jumo 205 was unavailable when the first prototype airframe was completed, the bomber-configured Ju 86ab1 was fitted with Siemens SAM 22 radial engines instead when it performed its maiden flight on 4 November 1934. Early flight trials were reportedly demonstrated the prototype to possess unsatisfactory control and stability; modifications were made. The second prototype, which

2838-433: The general variations in wing configuration such as tail position and use of bracing, the main distinction between types of monoplane is where the wing is mounted vertically on the fuselage . A low wing is one which is located on or near the bottom of the fuselage. Placing the wing low allows good visibility upwards and frees the central fuselage from the wing spar carry-through. By reducing pendulum stability, it makes

2904-424: The inner section functioning as a wing flap . The aircraft was fitted with a retractable main-gear conventional undercarriage with a fixed tailwheel , and twin fins and rudders . Unusually, the main undercarriage members were attached to the wing roots and outwardly retracted into recesses within the wings; this arrangement meant that the undercarriage had a particularly narrow track. The bomber aircraft had

2970-415: The low engine powers and airspeeds available, the wings of a monoplane needed to be large in order to create enough lift while a biplane could have two smaller wings and so be made smaller and lighter. Towards the end of the First World War, the inherent high drag of the biplane was beginning to restrict performance. Engines were not yet powerful enough to make the heavy cantilever-wing monoplane viable, and

3036-497: The manufacturer's prefix. Monoplane A monoplane is a fixed-wing aircraft configuration with a single mainplane, in contrast to a biplane or other types of multiplanes , which have multiple planes. A monoplane has inherently the highest efficiency and lowest drag of any wing configuration and is the simplest to build. However, during the early years of flight, these advantages were offset by its greater weight and lower manoeuvrability, making it relatively rare until

3102-410: The norm during World War II, allowing a high wing to be attached directly to the hull. As ever-increasing engine powers made the weight of all-metal construction and the cantilever wing more practical — first pioneered together by the revolutionary German Junkers J 1 factory demonstrator in 1915–16 — they became common during the post–World War I period, the day of the braced wing passed, and by

3168-599: The north-south direction. The wing's training areas included Hässlö Airfield from 1931 and Gimpelstenarna in Granfjärden and the southern tip of Kärrbolandet during the 1930s. Blazon : "The provincial badge of Västmanland , a three-pointed mountain argent, flammant proper". A colour was presented to the wing on 16 June 1938 at Gärdet in Stockholm by His Majesty the King Gustaf V on his 80th birthday. At

3234-537: The radial-engined Ju 86E and Gs were transferred to bomber training schools. Soon after the conflict started, the Luftflotte (Air Fleet) commanders raided their training schools for Ju 52s as transport aircraft, together with their experienced aircrew instructors. This depletion continued with the formation of special bomber crews for the invasions of Norway , the Low Countries , and Crete . This

3300-422: The rank of major . When the wing organization was introduced in 1936, the commanding officer was referred to as flottiljchef ("wing commander"), and had the rank of lieutenant colonel . At the end of the 1940s, the wing commander got the rank of colonel . From 1975 to 1981, the wing commander was referred to as sektorflottiljchef ("sector wing commander") and had the rank of senior colonel . From 1981 to 1983,

3366-470: The rank of colonel. On 30 June 1981, the deputy sector wing commander position was terminated. Junkers Ju 86 The Junkers Ju 86 is a monoplane bomber and civilian airliner designed and produced by the German aircraft manufacturer Junkers . It was designed during the mid-1930s in response to a specification for a modern twin-engined aircraft suitable for use as both a high-speed airliner and

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3432-677: The remaining two aircraft were sold to the Nationalist air force, where they remained in service until at least the end of the Civil War. The Ju 86 had proved to be generally inferior to the Heinkel He 111 evaluated at the same time. A single Gruppe of Ju 86 bombers ( III KG 1 "Hindenburg") remained in operational service at the start of the Second World War and were used in the invasion of Poland , but replaced soon after. The diesel-engined Ju 86A and Ds were quickly retired while

3498-453: The top of the fuselage. It shares many advantages and disadvantages with the shoulder wing, but on a light aircraft, the high wing has poorer upwards visibility. On light aircraft such as the Cessna 152 , the wing is usually located above the cabin, so that the wing spar passes over the occupants' heads, leaving the wing in the ideal fore-aft position. An advantage of the high-wing configuration

3564-677: The transport role, and suffered heavy losses (42 Ju 86s were lost by the end of January 1943) before being forced out of the airlift when the Soviets captured Tatsinskaya, not having the range to reach Stalingrad from the replacement airfields. More than 40 Ju 86s were lost in this endeavour while the survivors were reallocated to training bomber crews. Ju 86s operated by the Allies in the Second World War included 17 early-model units that had been in use by South African Airways . When

3630-489: The type were promptly cut back. One Ju 86 had already been converted to use radial engines as a testbed for possible export versions, and this showed improved reliability. Production switched to a version powered by the BMW ;132 engine, the Ju 86E, the production of which continued though to 1938. The sudden end to production without advance warning meant that there were still enough component parts to construct

3696-439: The useful fuselage volume near its centre of gravity, where space is often in most demand. A shoulder wing (a category between high-wing and mid-wing) is a configuration whereby the wing is mounted near the top of the fuselage but not on the very top. It is so called because it sits on the "shoulder" of the fuselage, rather than on the pilot's shoulder. Shoulder-wings and high-wings share some characteristics, namely: they support

3762-446: Was also a bomber, flew during January 1935. The third Ju 86, the first civil prototype, flew on 4 April 1935. The fourth and fifth prototypes, which were more representative of production aircraft, were furnished with a new wing design with an increased chord , and thereby wing area, towards the tips. During late 1935, production of both pre-series military and civil aircraft commenced. In April 1936, full-rate production of

3828-755: Was deployed in the East African Campaign from June 1940. It flew its first bombing missions on 14 June 1940. As more modern aircraft became available, the South African Ju 86s were passed from squadron to squadron, seeing their last use with No. 22 Squadron SAAF , which used it along with the Avro Anson in the coastal reconnaissance role, finally retiring its Ju 86s in September 1942. During March 1939, Hungary used its Ju 86s to bomb Slovakian airfields and defensive positions during

3894-436: Was felt to be safe from enemy fighters . Furthermore, it could be produced by remanufacturing existing Ju 86D airframes. During early 1942, Junkers was working on the Ju 86R , which used even larger wings and new engines that were reportedly capable of even higher altitudes - up to 16,000 m (52,500 ft) - in order to continue evading increasingly advanced interceptors. While a few aircraft were built and delivered to

3960-672: Was from 1927 to 1944 located in the former Västmanland Regiment 's (I 18) barracks in Viksäng outside Västerås . Its staff moved on 1 August 1943 to the Hässlö Airfield where new barracks were also ready the following year. The old barracks area was then taken over by the Swedish Air Force Central Ground Training Schools ( Flygvapnets centrala skolor , FCS) until their final relocation in 1961 to Halmstad . The wing had one runway in

4026-447: Was simply brushed aside by the commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe , Hermann Göring . In late 1942, all available aircraft, including Ju 86s, were pulled out of the training schools to reinforce the Luftwaffe ' s transport force in its attempt to supply the German 6th Army , besieged at Stalingrad . The Ju 86s formed two transport Gruppen , equipped with 58 aircraft, operating out of Tatsinskaya Airfield . They were unsuited to

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4092-406: Was sold to DLH (two) and the para-military Manchukuo Air Transport (five or more). The Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet -engined Ju 86Z-7 was delivered to AB Aerotransport (ABA) of Sweden (one, for use as a mail carrier), Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano (three), and South African Airways (SAA) (seventeen). The ABA aircraft was later transferred to the Swedish Air Force , with which it served, under

4158-408: Was to a severe blow to the pilot training programme, and Oberstleutnant Lt-Colonel Paul Deichmann , Chief of Staff to the Luftwaffe's Chief of Training Helmuth Wilberg suggested that Ju 86s with dual controls and instruments could be easily produced to replace the appropriated Ju 52s. However, his contention that "the need for air transport services would soon reach tremendous proportions"

4224-411: Was used as a nuisance bomber for a time over England until effective interception by modified Supermarine Spitfires led to its withdrawal. At one point, Junkers was developing the Ju 86R , fitted with even larger wings and new engines, to attain even higher altitudes, but this model never progressed beyond the prototype stage. By the twenty-first century, only a single Ju 86 is known to still exist; it

4290-532: Was used until Västmanland Wing was disbanded in 1983. Svea Air Corps ' (F 8) colour was deposited in 1974 at the Västmanland Wing. ”Kungl Västmanlands regementes och flygflottiljs marsch” was composed during the 1880s by Benjamin Bilse under the name "Prinz Friedrich Carl-(Sieges-) Marsch". The march was used by Västmanland Regiment (I 18) from the 1880s, then transferred to the wing and by decision of

4356-428: Was used until the regiment was disbanded in 1927. According to government decision on 11 December 1942, the wing would also carry this colour as a traditional colour from 26 September 1943. The colour was presented to the wing on this date by Lieutenant General Richard Åkerman . This colour also included the regimental battle honours, and the wing then became Sweden's only wing with battle honours on its colour. The colour

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