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43-570: It began in 1996 on the Hawaiian island of Maui as the Aquaterra , and was later renamed the XTERRA . Japanese automaker Nissan licensed the name from the triathlon series for their own 1999-2015 sport utility vehicle — and was the race series' primary sponsor from 1998 to 2006, when the two companies parted ways. The XTERRA has two primary divisions, professional and "age-groupers". In

86-496: A drier season. Annual rainfall averages 17–20 inches (430–510 mm) in leeward coastal areas, such as the shoreline from Maalaea Bay to Kaupo. At the other extreme, the average exceeds 300 in (7,600 mm) along the lower windward slopes of Haleakalā, particularly along Hāna Highway . Big Bog , a spot on the edge of Haleakalā National Park overlooking Hana at about 5,400 ft (1,600 m) elevation had an estimated mean annual rainfall of 404 in (10,300 mm) over

129-527: A dry cloud forest , but this was destroyed by human activities over the last three hundred years. Maui is the leading whale-watching center in the Hawaiian Islands for the humpback whales who winter in Maui County's sheltered ʻAuʻau Channel . These mammals migrate approximately 3,500 mi (5,600 km) from Alaskan waters each autumn and spend November–April mating and birthing in

172-582: A refuge decreased in size. More than 250 species of local flora are federally listed as endangered or threatened. Birds found on other islands as well as Maui include the I'iwi ( Drepanis coccinea ], 'Apapane ( Himatione sanguinea ), Hawai'i 'Amakihi ( Chlorodrepanis virens), as Maui 'Alauahio ( Paroreomyza montana ) well as the Nene ( Branta sandvicensis , Hawaii's state bird), Hawaiian coot ( Fulica alai ), Hawaiian stilt ( Himantopus mexicanus knudseni ). In 2024, Haleakalā National Park began to employ

215-672: A single island. Maui is one such "volcanic doublet," formed from two shield volcanoes that overlapped to form Maui. The older, western volcano has eroded considerably, forming the peaks of the West Maui Mountains (in Hawaiian, Mauna Kahalawai). Puʻu Kukui is the highest, at 5,788 ft (1,764 m). The larger, younger volcano to the east, Haleakalā , rises to 10,023 ft (3,055 m) above sea level, and measures 5 mi (8 km) from seafloor to summit. The eastern flanks of both volcanoes are cut by deeply incised valleys and steep-sided ravines that run downslope to

258-579: A species of moa-nalo (also found on Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, and Kahoʻolawe), a species of harrier (the wood harrier , shared with Molokaʻi), an undescribed sea eagle (Maui only), and three species of ground-dwelling flightless ibis ( Apteribis sp. ), plus other species. Today, Maui's most notable surviving endemic birds are probably the 'Akohekohe ( Palmeria dolei ) and the Maui parrotbill ( Pseudonestor xanthophrys ), also known as Kiwikiu , both of which are critically endangered and only found in an alpine forest on

301-501: A worker. Fagel spent four months in jail while the strike continued. Eventually, Vibora Luviminda made its point and the workers won a 15% increase in wages after 85 days on strike, but no written contract was signed. Maui was involved in the Pacific Theater of World War II as a staging center, training base, and rest and relaxation site. At the peak in 1943–1944, more than 100,000 soldiers were based there. The main base of

344-517: Is 57 feet (17 m) long, with a beam of 19 feet (5.8 m). She has two sails, each of 240–420 square feet (22–39 m ). She was initially launched in July 1993, and subsequently modified in dry dock before being re-launched a year later. In 1995, Hawaiʻiloa sailed her maiden voyage to Tahiti , Raʻiatea , and Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas Islands in company with Hōkūleʻa and

387-586: Is also the name of a voyaging canoe, built between 1991 and 1994. Named after the legendary navigator, the canoe was built for ocean navigation and has sailed internationally. The canoe Hawaiʻiloa is now docked at Honolulu Harbor . It is often sailed on long voyages throughout the Pacific Ocean , studying voyaging techniques used in Ancient Hawaii . To make the canoe, two Sitka spruce logs were brought to Hawaiʻi from Southeast Alaska , donated by

430-463: Is attested only by 19th-century sources such as Abraham Fornander and Thomas George Thrum , neither of whom provided their sources. Hawaiʻiloa is also unmentioned by earlier Hawaiian historians such as David Malo . Malo chronicled many Hawaiian origin stories, migration tales, and legends of indigenous origin. Samuel Kamakau tells of an alternate legend that the first man ( Kumu-Honua ) and woman ( Lalo-Honua ) were created on Oʻahu. Hawaiʻiloa

473-538: Is in the biking section. Though less than the standard 40k distance (in a regular Triathlon), XTERRA has steeper, more aggressive inclines for a shorter distance, usually between 27-30k, over rough terrain. In the United States the sport distances are often used as miles yielding a 1/2 mile (805 m) swim, 15 mile (24 km) mountain bike, and a 5-mile (8-km) trail run. Maui (island) Maui ( / ˈ m aʊ i / ; Hawaiian : [ˈmɐwwi] )

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516-525: Is now the Island of Hawaiʻi , named in his honor. The legend contains reference to his children: Māui (his eldest son), Kauaʻi (son), and Oʻahu (daughter) who settled on the islands that bear their names. The Hawaiʻiloa legend is popular amongst Hawaiians as a realistic Hawaiian origin story that is consistent with modern anthropological and historical beliefs. However, there is currently little evidence to support its historical accuracy. The story

559-626: Is the second largest island in the Hawaiian archipelago , at 727.2 square miles (1,883 km ). It is the 17th-largest in the United States. Maui is one of Maui County 's five islands, along with Molokaʻi , Lānaʻi , Kahoʻolawe , and Molokini . In 2020, Maui had a population of 168,307, the third-highest of the Hawaiian Islands , behind Oʻahu and Hawaiʻi Island . Kahului is the largest census-designated place (CDP) on

602-509: The 4th Marine Division was in Haiku . Beaches were used to practice landings and train in marine demolition and sabotage. In early August 2023, a series of wildfires broke out in the U.S. state of Hawaii , predominantly on the island of Maui. The wind-driven fires prompted evacuations and caused widespread damage, killing at least 102 people and leaving two people missing in the town of Lahaina on Maui's northwest coast. The proliferation of

645-606: The Pleiades (near the Cluster of Makaliʻi ). After sailing in this direction, he and his crew stumbled upon the island of Hawaiʻi, which was named in Hawaiʻiloa's honor. Hawaiʻiloa returned to his homeland, Ka ʻāina kai melemele a Kāne ("the land of the yellow sea of Kāne "), to bring his family back with him to Hawaiʻi. He then organized a colonizing expedition with his family and eight other skilled navigators. They settled on what

688-456: The 19th century. Hawaiiloa Hawaiʻiloa (alt. Hawaiʻi Loa or Ke Kowa i Hawaiʻi ) is a mythical Hawaiian fisherman and navigator who is said to have discovered the island of Hawaiʻi . Hawaiʻiloa was an expert fisherman and navigator who was famous for his lengthy fishing expeditions. While on a prolonged voyage, his principal navigator, Makaliʻi, asked Hawaiʻiloa to steer eastward towards Aldebaran (Hokuʻula, meaning "red star") and

731-610: The 2000s, controversies raged over whether to allow continued real-estate development. Vacation rentals in residential neighborhoods became a flashpoint - many were unpermitted, and were later closed after enforcement escalated. The Hawaii Superferry briefly offered interisland service, before it was banned for not having completed an EIS . In 2016, Maui residents convinced officials to switch to organic pesticides for highway applications after they learned that label requirements for glyphosate formulations had not been followed. The new millenium brought droughts, increasing pressure on

774-444: The 30-year period of 1978 to 2007. If the islands of Hawaii did not exist, the average annual rainfall on the same patch of water would be about 25 in (640 mm). Instead, the mountainous topography induces an average of about 70 in (1,800 mm). In the lowlands, rainfall is most likely to occur during night or morning hours, and least likely in mid-afternoon. The most pronounced daily variations in rainfall occur during

817-532: The SeAlaska Corporation (owned by the Tlingit , Haida , and Tshimshian tribes). These came from 400-year-old, 200 feet high trees, a size which could not be found in modern Hawaiʻi. The hulls of the canoe were designed by Rudy and Barry Choy and Dick Rhodes, and also used numerous woods from more local sources. The canoe was made without metal parts, and used three miles of lashing. Hawaiʻiloa

860-471: The United States, there are championships for each region of the country. These venues also offer a "sport" version of the race where contestants complete races that are typically half the distance of the full version. As an off-road race, the distances can vary widely depending on the terrain available. The target distances are as follows: The largest difference between the XTERRA race and a regular Triathlon

903-459: The concentration of endemic species found in some other Hawaiian islands. As recently as 200,000 years ago Maui was part of Maui Nui, thus reducing the odds that birds or other species would be endemic to any single one of these. Although Molokaʻi had several endemic bird species, in modern times Maui Nui's other islands host little endemic birdlife. During and after the Maui Nui period, Maui hosted

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946-401: The core of Hawaiian culture. Modern Hawaiian history began in the mid-18th century. Kamehameha I , king Hawaiʻi island , invaded Maui in 1790 and fought the inconclusive Battle of Kepaniwai . He returned to Hawaiʻi to battle a rival, subduing Maui a few years later. On November 26, 1778, explorer James Cook became the first European to see Maui. Cook never set foot on the island, because he

989-633: The end of the 19th century as petroleum replaced whale oil . Along with the rest of Hawaii, Maui was part of the Hawaiian Kingdom , the Republic of Hawaii , Hawaiian territory , and the state of Hawaii . In 1937, Vibora Luviminda trade union conducted the final ethnic strike action in the Hawaiian Islands against four Maui sugarcane plantations , demanding higher wages and the dismissal of five foremen. Manuel Fagel and nine other strike leaders were arrested, and charged with kidnapping

1032-554: The first school in Lahaina, Lahainaluna Mission School, which opened in 1831 and still exists. At the height of the whaling era (1843–1860), Lahaina was a major center. In one season over 400 ships visited with up to 100 anchored at one time in Lāhainā Roads . Ships tended to stay for weeks rather than days, fostering extended drinking and the rise of prostitution , against which the missionaries battled. Whaling declined steeply at

1075-414: The incompatible insect technique to reduce the park's mosquito population. Maui is also home to the Hawaiian hoary bat , Hawaii's only native terrestrial mammal. Marine mammals notably include spinner , bottlenose , and spotted dolphins . Polynesians from Tahiti were Maui's original inhabitants. They introduced the kapu system, a strict social order that affected all aspects of life and became

1118-536: The island after his son, who in turn was named for the demigod Māui . Maui's previous name was ʻIhikapalaumaewa. Maui Island is also called the "Valley Isle" for the large isthmus connecting its northwestern and southeastern volcanic masses. The islands' volcanic cones are formed from basalt , a dark, iron -rich/ silica -poor rock, which poured out of thousands of vents as fluid lava over millions of years. Some of its volcanoes were close enough to each other that lava flows on their flanks overlapped, merging into

1161-563: The island, with a 2020 population of 28,219. It is Maui's commercial and financial hub. Wailuku is the county seat and was the third-largest CDP as of 2010 . Other significant populated areas include Kīhei (including Wailea and Makena in the Kihei Town CDP), Lāhainā (including Kāʻanapali and Kapalua in the Lāhainā Town CDP), and Upcountry Maui (including Makawao , Pukalani , Kula , and Ulupalakua), although Lāhainā

1204-592: The leeward coasts and at the highest elevations), and dominant trade wind flow (especially at lower elevations). Maui has a range of climatic conditions and weather patterns: Maui displays diverse climatic conditions, each of which is specific to a sub-region. These sub-regions are defined by major physiographic features (such as mountains and valleys) and by location on the windward or leeward side. Maui's daytime temperatures average between 75 °F (24 °C) and 90 °F (32 °C) year round, while evening temperatures are about 15 °F (8.3 °C) cooler in

1247-426: The major regions: Central Maui; leeward South Maui and West Maui; windward North Shore and East Maui; and Upcountry. (24.6) (24.2) (24.1) (24.4) (24.9) (25.4) (25.9) (26.3) (26.7) (26.7) (26.1) (25.1) Showers are common; while some of these are heavy, the majority are light and brief. Thunder and lightning are rare, even during intense storms. Throughout the lowlands, summer trade winds produce

1290-517: The more humid windward areas, about 18 °F (10 °C) cooler in the drier leeward areas, and cooler still in higher elevations. An exception to the normal pattern is the occasional winter Kona storm that brings rainfall to the South and West areas accompanied by high southwesterly winds (opposite of the prevailing trade wind direction). Maui has examples of all microclimates, each typical to specific locations. These microclimates help to define

1333-442: The natives, banned hula , and greatly altered the culture. The missionaries taught reading and writing, devised the Hawaiian alphabet , operated a printing press in Lahaina, and began recording the islands' history, which had been transmitted only orally. The missionaries both altered and preserved the native culture. The religious work altered the culture while the literacy efforts preserved history and language. Missionaries started

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1376-460: The now submerged Penguin Bank . During periods of reduced sea level, including as recently as 200,000 years ago, the channels between them become exposed and join the island into a single landmass. The climate is characterized by a two-season year, tropical and uniform temperatures at any given elevation, geographic differences in rainfall, high relative humidity, extensive cloud formations (except on

1419-458: The professional division athletes compete for cash prizes and sponsorships. The age-group division was created for those who still want to compete but have no aspirations to become professional athletes. Both divisions compete in a points series, where athletes accumulate points by placing in the top fifteen positions of any race in which they compete. Several events known as XTERRA Championships Series offer more points due to their larger draws. In

1462-503: The rocky, windswept shoreline. The isthmus was formed by sandy erosional deposits. Maui's last eruption (originating in Haleakalā's Southwest Rift Zone) likely occurred between 1480 and 1600; the resulting lava flows are located at Cape Kīnaʻu between ʻĀhihi Bay and La Perouse Bay . Haleakalā is dormant, but not extinct. Maui is part of a much larger unit, Maui Nui , that includes the islands of Lānaʻi , Kahoʻolawe , Molokaʻi , and

1505-533: The summer because summer rainfall generally consists of night-time trade wind showers. Winter rainfall in the lowlands is the result of storm activity, which is as likely to occur in the daytime as at night. Rainfall variability is far greater during the winter when occasional storms contribute appreciably to rainfall totals. Such wide swings in rainfall produce occasional droughts, sometimes causing economic losses. These occur when winter rains fail to produce sufficient significant rain, impacting normally dry areas outside

1548-496: The trade winds that depend on them the most. The winter of 2011–2012 produced extreme drought on the leeward sides Maui, and some other islands. Maui is home to a large rainforest on the northeastern flanks of Haleakalā, which serves as the drainage basin for that side. Maui is home to many coral reefs . However, many have been damaged by pollution, run-off, and tourism, although sea turtles, dolphins, and Hawaii's celebrated tropical fish remain abundant. Leeward Maui once boasted

1591-558: The warm waters. They are typically sighted in pods: small groups of several adults, or groups of a mother, her calf, and a few suitors. Humpbacks are an endangered species protected by U.S. federal and Hawaiʻi state law. An estimated 21,000-26,000 humpbacks live in North Pacific waters. Although they face many dangers, due to pollution, commercial vessels, and military sonar testing, their numbers have increased rapidly in recent years, estimated at 7% growth per year. Birdlife lacks

1634-473: The wildfires was attributed to dry, gusty conditions created by a strong high-pressure area north of Hawaii and Hurricane Dora to the south. The island experienced rapid population growth through 2007. At the time, Kīhei was one of the most rapidly growing towns in the United States. The island attracted many retirees, with accompanying service providers. Population growth produced strains, including traffic, housing cost/availability, and access to water. In

1677-472: The windward slopes of Haleakalā. Conservation efforts have examined how to mitigate female parrotbill mortality since that is s a key driving factor driving population decline. The parrotbill lacks resistance to mosquito-born diseases, particularly avian malaria , so only forests above 1500 meters of elevation provide refuge. The habitat was undergoing restoration in east Maui as of 2018. As Maui's human population grew, previously undeveloped areas that provided

1720-412: The ʻĪao aquifer , with withdrawals rising above 18 million U.S. gallons (68,000 m ) per day. Recent estimates indicate that Maui has a potential supply of potable water around 476 million U.S. gallons (1,800,000 m ) per day, virtually all of which drains into the ocean. Water for agriculture comes mostly from East Maui streams, routed through a network of tunnels and ditches dug by Chinese laborers in

1763-533: Was mostly destroyed by fire in 2023 . Once part of Maui Nui , Maui is dominated by two volcanic features: Haleakalā in the southeast, and the West Maui Mountains in the northwest. The two are connected by an isthmus about six miles wide that gives the island its nickname, the Valley Isle. Maui has a significant tourism industry, with nearly three million visitors in 2022. A 2023 report based on 2017 data concluded that nearly 40% of Maui County's economy

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1806-547: Was tourism-related. Popular tourist destinations include the resorts in the Kāʻanapali, Kapalua, and Kihei/Wailea/Makena areas; Hāna and the Hana Highway ; Iao Valley ; Haleakalā National Park ; and its many beaches. Native Hawaiian tradition gives the origin of the island's name in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa , the navigator credited with discovering the Hawaiian Islands . According to that tradition, Hawaiʻiloa named

1849-427: Was unable to find a suitable landing. The first European to come ashore was French admiral Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse , who landed on the shores of what became La Perouse Bay on May 29, 1786. More Europeans followed: traders, whalers, loggers (e.g., of sandalwood ) and missionaries . The latter began to arrive from New England in 1823, settling in Lahaina, at that time Hawaii's capitol. They clothed

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