The Xiangshuishen or Xiang River Goddesses are goddesses (or spirits and sometimes gods) of the Xiang River in Chinese folk religion . The Xiang flowed into Dongting Lake through the ancient kingdom of Chu , whose songs in their worship have been recorded in a work attributed to Qu Yuan . According to the Shanhaijing , the Xiang River deities were daughters of the supreme deity, Di . According to a somewhat later tradition, the Xiang goddesses were daughters of Emperor Yao , who were named Ehuang ( Chinese : 娥皇 ; pinyin : É Huáng ; Fairy Radiance) and Nüying ( Chinese : 女英 ; pinyin : Nǚ Yīng ; Maiden Bloom) who were said to have been married by him to his chosen successor, and eventually emperor, Shun , as a sort of test of his administrative abilities: then, later, they became goddesses, after the death of their husband.
59-405: According to the mythological Ehuang-Nuying version, sometime in the twenty-third century BCE, before becoming divine goddesses, these two daughters of Emperor Yao were married to Shun at the planning of their father. Although later destined to be emperor and exemplar of all the virtues desirable in an emperor and exemplar for all future ages, before the marriage Shun was a simple farmer. Yao, however,
118-565: A comprehensive approach to societal development resulted not only in wide-scale cooperation and large-scale efforts to control the flood but also led to the establishment of the first dynastic state of China , the Xia dynasty (c.2070–c.1600 BCE). A study on the ~1920 BCE flood published in 2016 suggested that the concurrence of these major natural and sociopolitical events known through the geological, historiographical, and archaeological records may not simply be coincidence but rather an illustration of
177-497: A magically antidotal bath which foiled a plot to get him drunk and murder him. There are many versions of this story and some of them omit the wives Ehuang and Nuying. In any case, Yao was well pleased with Shun's observed behavior, who maintained his filial piety while preserving his own interests as well, and so he promoted Shun into his civil service (which also allowed, or obligated, Shun together with Ehuang and Nuying to leave his home and murderous family behind). Later on, after Shun
236-405: A part of the marriage, and his half brother Xiang just wanted to kill him and take his wives and some of his other possessions for himself. Shun's father, stepmother, and half brother decided to murder Shun. One day Shun's father, Gu, asked him to repair the roof of a barn, which Shun mentioned to his wives. Ehuang and Nuying warned him of the murder attempt and gave him a magical bird coat. Once Shun
295-659: A profound and complicated cultural response to an extreme natural disaster that connected many groups living along the Yellow River. It was during the reign of Emperor Yao that the Great Flood began, a flood so vast that no part of Yao's territory was spared, and both the Yellow River and the Yangtze valleys flooded. The alleged nature of the flood is shown in the following quote: Like endless boiling water,
354-556: A rich distribution of rare plant and animal species. The Nanyue Arboretum has been established here. In 1954, experts discovered two wild velvet soapberry trees in the primary secondary forest near Guangji Temple. In 2012, two more wild velvet soapberry trees were found there, making these the only four remaining in the world . In 2013, experts from the Nanyue Mount Heng National Nature Reserve discovered two ancient wild yews, estimated to be over
413-404: A small stone temple. climate Mount Heng belongs to a humid subtropical climate zone, characterized by ample sunlight and water resources, with mild winters and summers that are not excessively hot, along with abundant rainfall. The climate on Mount Heng shows distinct vertical variations, with an average temperature decrease rate of 0.59°C per 100 meters.[1] The Nanyue Mount Heng Nature Reserve
472-440: A state of marital harmony together with Yao's two daughters , Shun took on administrative responsibilities as co-emperor. Among these responsibilities, Shun had to deal with the Great Flood and its associated disruptions, especially in light of the fact that Yao's reluctant decision to appoint Gun to handle the problem had failed to fix the situation, despite having been working on it for the previous nine years. Shun took steps over
531-463: Is an emphasis on the heroic and praiseworthy efforts to mitigate the disaster; flooding is alleviated by constructing dikes and dams (such as the efforts of Gun ), digging canals (as devised by Yu the Great ), widening or deepening existing channels, and teaching these skills to others. Another key motif is the development of civilization and bettering the human situation despite the disaster of
590-570: Is key to understanding the history of the founding of both the Xia dynasty and the Zhou dynasty , it is also one of the main flood motifs in Chinese mythology , and it is a major source of allusion in Classical Chinese poetry . The story of the Great Flood plays a dramatic role in Chinese mythology , and its various versions present a number of examples of the flood myth motif around
649-487: Is particularly characteristic of the Chinese Gun Yu flood myth, namely the acquisition of the agricultural civilization. In some versions, this includes the appointment of Ji Qi (later called Houji ) as Minister of Agriculture. Other versions go into the details of how a tiny remnant of people consisting of only two or a few individuals managed to survive the flood and the re-population/civilization process following
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#1732786573101708-500: Is supposed to have provided Yu with a map of the river and its surroundings which helped him make his plans. Alternatively, the Yellow River map is said to have been provided to Yu by Houtu . After his work in controlling the flood waters, Yu became sole respected emperor and went on to found the Xia dynasty , when his son Qi of Xia succeeded him, thus establishing the beginning of a tradition of dynastic succession through primogeniture. But, before this, after ending his work against
767-754: Is the south end of the peaks, Yuelu Mountain in Changsha City is the north end, and the Zhurong Peak is the highest at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level. At the foot of the mountain stands the largest temple in southern China, the Grand Temple of Mount Heng (Nanyue Damiao), which is the largest group of ancient buildings in Hunan Province. Other notable sites in the area include Shangfeng Temple , Fuyan Temple , Zhusheng Temple (8th-century Buddhist monastery) and Zhurong Gong,
826-502: The Chu ci , attributed to Qu Yuan . Great Flood (China) The Great Flood of Gun-Yu , also known as the Gun-Yu myth , was a major flood in ancient China that allegedly continued for at least two generations, which resulted in great population displacements among other disasters, such as storms and famine. People left their homes to live on the high hills and mountains, or nest on
885-698: The First Qin Emperor "), in the 28th year of his reign (219 BCE), the Qin Emperor went on an excursion, wishing to visit the holy mountain of Heng (the southernmost of the Five Sacred Mountains of China , in present-day in Hunan). However, while attempting to travel there by boat, the emperor suddenly encountered a great wind which nearly prevented his safely reaching land (much less reaching his destination). The incident took place near
944-605: The Four Mountains ( 四嶽 or 四岳 , Sìyuè ); who, after deliberation, gave Emperor Yao some advice which he did not especially welcome. Upon the insistence of Four Mountains, and over Yao's initial hesitation, the person Yao finally consented to appoint in charge of controlling the flood was Gun , the Prince of Chong, who was a distant relative of Yao's through common descent from the Yellow Emperor. According to
1003-586: The imperial examinations in Chinese mythology , Yao decided to test the merit of Shun. According to Zhou Dunyi and others, as a test for Shun, Yao married his two daughters Ehuang and Nuying to him and Shun took home his brides. The arrival of the future Xiang River goddesses, Ehuang and Nuying provoked numerous problems: Shun's father had little or no liking for him, his step mother had no love for him, both wanted to seize his dowry of flocks of sheep and other cattle and huge measures of grains which he had received as
1062-582: The "Wilderness of Cangwu ", near the headwaters of the Xiang River in the Jiuyi Mountains (sometimes translated as Doubting Mountain), both of his wives rushed from home to his body (or, in another version, to look for it, but were unable to find it), and then they wept by the river for days: their copious tears falling upon the bamboos by the river, stained them permanently with their spots. According to Sima Qian 's History (Ch.6, "Annals of
1121-417: The "magically-expanding" xirang soil can be understood as representing a type of floating garden, made up of soil, brushwood, and similar materials. Yu and his work in controlling the flood would symbolize a later type of society, a one which possessed of technological innovations allowing a much larger scale approach to transforming wetlands to arable fields. Hawkes explains the miraculous transformations of
1180-579: The "second batch" or "new" texts comprising this collection of documents, which despite the problematic nature of their textual transmission, and that they appear to be reconstructed or heavily edited and interpolated, as compared with the "first" or "old" batch, which supposedly survived the Fires of Qin (the Burning of books and burying of scholars together with the destruction by fire of the Qin imperial library at
1239-472: The Four Mountains and the heads, lords, or princes of the realm's houses, clans, surnames , tribes, and nations. Shun then went to Mount Tai as the beginning of his tour of inspection of the flood-ravaged realm. Here, at Taishan, he met with the princes of the eastern regions; and, after certain religious ceremonies, he standardized weights, measures, and ritual. Then he went on to do the same to
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#17327865731011298-700: The Neolithic gave way to the Bronze Age in the Yellow River valley. The authors suggest that this coincided with the beginning of the Xia, several centuries later than traditionally thought, and that the Erlitou culture is an archaeological manifestation of the Xia dynasty. The historian K. C. Wu believes that the "Canon of Yao" (" yaodian ") in the Book of History ( Shujing ) has historical value, despite being one of
1357-407: The Yellow Emperor; but one who was living in obscurity, despite his royal lineage. Yao proceeded to put Shun through a series of tests, beginning with marrying his two daughters to Shun and ending by sending him down from the mountains to the plains below where Shun had to face fierce winds, thunder, and rain. After passing all of Yao's tests, not the least of which being establishing and continuing
1416-408: The Yellow River has been dated to about 1920 BCE, and is suggested to have been the basis for the later myth. A colossal landslide created a natural dam across the river which was breached about a year later. The resulting flood could plausibly have travelled 2,000 km (1,200 mi) down the river and the resulting instability of river channels might have lasted up to twenty years. About this time,
1475-482: The calendar accordingly adjusted. K. C. Wu cites references from two modern astronomers that largely confirm a date of around 2200 for Yao's reign, which is in accord with traditional, accepted dating. In view of Yao and his reign, this evidence for accurate astronomical observations could be interpreted as an intrusion of archeoastronomy into the realm of mythology ; in other words, ancient astronomical observations have been incorporated with mythological material, or
1534-400: The clinching factor which K. C. Wu claims is objective, extra-textual confirmation of "Yao's Canon" (and by implication, the rest of the second batch documents) has directly to do with dating the Great Flood, specifically to around the year 2200 BCE. This is based on comparing astronomical data from the text with modern astronomical or astrophysical analysis. At the beginning of his reign, Yao
1593-418: The collapse of its dynasty). The first batch documents allegedly remained hidden for about a century, until accidentally discovered and handed over to a descendant of Confucius. Wu accepts that the " yaodian " is not a direct copy of the original, however he argues that it was based on the same, authentic sources as the first batch documents, perhaps even being to some extent based on the actual original. However,
1652-437: The deluge. During the course of fighting, surviving, and eventually getting the inundation problems under control, much progress was also made in terms of land management, beast control, and agricultural techniques. These and other developments are integral to the narrative, and exemplify a wider approach to human health and societal well being than emergency management of the flood and its immediate effects. According to legend,
1711-474: The details of Gun's demise; but, in any case, the sources seem to agree that he met the end of his human existence at Feather Mountain (although again accounts vary as to whether this end was death, through execution by Zhurong , or through a metamorphic transformation into — depending on account — a yellow bear, a three-footed tortoise, or a yellow dragon. ) Somehow, Gun had a son, Yu. Various myths suggest that this occurred under circumstances that would not meet
1770-436: The differences, between Gun, the father, and his son, Yu. Hawkes proposes a symbolic interpretation of a societal transition. In this case, Gun represents a society at an earlier technological stage, which engages in small scale agriculture which involves raising areas of arable land sufficiently above the level of the marshes existing then in the flood plains of the Yellow River system, including tributaries: from this perspective
1829-404: The efforts of Gun, the flood continued to rage on, leading to the increase of all sorts of social disorders. The administration of the empire was becoming increasingly difficult; so, accordingly, at this point, Yao offered to resign the throne in favor of his special adviser(s), Four Mountains: however, Four Mountains declined, and instead recommended Shun – another distant relative to Yao through
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1888-507: The entire mountain red. Part of the reason for the Qin emperor's fury was that the Xiang goddess(es) were patron deities of his old enemies of the Kingdom of Chu ; the color red was intended to symbolize the color of the clothing mandated for convicted criminals. The Xiang River goddesses (or deities) have been referenced in Classical Chinese poetry as far back as the early southern anthology
1947-410: The flood is pouring forth destruction. Boundless and overwhelming, it overtops hills and mountains. Rising and ever rising, it threatens the very heavens. How the people must be groaning and suffering! According to both historical and mythological sources, the flooding continued relentlessly. Yao sought to find someone who could control the flood, and turned for advice to his special adviser, or advisers,
2006-425: The flood waters with dams, dikes, and embankments (which he built with the special powers of the magic soil). However, Gun was never able to abate the problems of the Great Flood. Whether his failure to abate the flood was due to divine wrath or to engineering defects remains an unanswered question – although one pointed out over two thousand years ago by Qu Yuan, in his " Heavenly Questions ". Even after nine years of
2065-407: The flooding, Yu was said to have assembled all of the heroes/gods involved in fighting the flood together on Mount Guiji (in modern Zhejiang ) at a certain time; but, when Fangfeng arrived late Yu had him executed — later it turned out that Fangfeng was late because he had stopped to fight a local flood which he encountered on his way. Besides the motif of controlling the flood waters another motif
2124-412: The great mounds, so that the people were bewildered and overwhelmed. I opened passages for the streams throughout the nine provinces and conducted them to the seas. I deepened the channels and conducted them to the streams. Various myths, or versions of myths, specify that Yu received help from various sources which helped him to succeed in controlling the Great Flood. Hebo , the god of the Yellow River
2183-471: The highest mountain within that area. This was doubtlessly a useful expedient in the face of the rising and unpredictable flood waters. Another of Shun's acts was administrative reform. With Gun's overwhelming failure to control the flood waters and his questioning of the legitimacy of Shun's rule, he became labeled as an intransigent. Accordingly, as part of his administrative reforms, Shun had Gun banished to Feather Mountain . Accounts vary considerably about
2242-400: The landscape which appear in the mythological descriptions as symbolically representative of a gridded drainage system engineered to permanently eliminate entire marsh areas, in favor of agriculturally exploitable fields. Recent archaeological and geological discoveries may have some bearing on the story of the Great Flood. Archaeological evidence of a large outburst flood at Jishi Gorge on
2301-618: The main mythological tradition, Gun's plan of flood control was through the use of a miraculously continuously self-expanding soil, Xirang . Gun chose to obtain the Xirang by stealing it from the Supreme Divinity , which he did; however, the Supreme Divinity became quite angered at this importunity. Year in and year out, many times, and to great extents; Gun applied the magical Xirang earth in attempt to block and barricade
2360-407: The more fancily embellished versions of the story it was also necessary for him to subdue various supernatural beings as well as recruit the assistance of others, for instance a channel-digging dragon and a giant mud-hauling tortoise (or turtle). 洪水滔天，浩浩懷山襄陵，下民昏墊。予乘四載，隨山刊木，暨益奏庶鮮食。予決九川，距四海，濬畎澮距川。 The inundating waters seemed to assail the heavens, and in their extent embraced the hills and overtopped
2419-399: The next four years to reorganize the empire, in such a way as to solve immediate problems and to put the imperial authority in a better position to deal with the flood and its effects. Although Shun's organization (or reorganization) of the flooded and increasingly flooded lands into zhou or islands (the political ancestors of the modern zhou or provinces, both of which may be written with
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2478-665: The normal criteria for historical fact. Yu would continue the struggle to contain the flood waters. Yu tried a different approach to the project of flood control; which in the end having achieved success, earned Yu renown throughout Chinese history, in which the Gun-Yu Great Flood is commonly referred to as "Great Yu Controls the Waters" ( Chinese : 大禹治水 ; pinyin : Dà Yǔ Zhìshuǐ ). Yu's approach seems to have involved an approach more oriented toward drainage and less towards containment with dams and dikes. According to
2537-602: The other way around. Mount Heng (Hunan) Hengshan ( Chinese : 衡山 ; pinyin : Héng Shān ), also known as Mount Heng , is a mountain in southcentral China's Hunan Province known as the southern mountain (Chinese: 南岳 ; pinyin: Nányuè ) of the Five Great Mountains of China . Heng Shan is a mountain range 150 kilometres (93 mi) long with 72 peaks and lies at 27°18′6″N 112°41′5″E / 27.30167°N 112.68472°E / 27.30167; 112.68472 . The Huiyan Peak
2596-405: The people work even harder and to continue to build more and higher. Not only that, but Gun questioned the legitimacy of Shun as a ruler due to his modest background. After the solemnities of his final accession to power, the first thing Shun did was to reform the calendar. Next, for the period of a month, Shun convoked a series of meetings, ceremonies, and interviews at the imperial capital with
2655-403: The same character, 州 ) alleviated some of the administrative difficulties, the fact remained that despite the additional four years of effort, Gun still had not only failed to achieve any success towards solving the main problem of the ongoing flooding, but the water even kept on rising. Gun insisted on staying the course with the dikes, insisting that despite the overwhelming failure so far that
2714-482: The shrine of Xiang Jun (on Xiangshan , now an island in Dongting Lake ). Upon inquiring about identity of Xiang Jun, the emperor learned that the name referred to the daughters of Yao and the wives of Shun who were buried at this location. Before returning home (by the different Wu Pass land route), the enraged emperor ordered 3000 convict laborers to cut down all of the trees on this mountain, and then to paint
2773-445: The son of Gu (also known as Gusou): a mean, violent, stupid, and difficult man (also old and blind optically and morally); that Shun lived with him and his proudful and abusive stepmother; and, a half brother, Xiang (who was evil) -- but nevertheless, due to the young (early thirties, but old to be unmarried) Shun's great filial piety the inherent wickedness of the family was kept in-check and outright evil avoided. In an early example of
2832-399: The south, the west, and the north, meeting at the sacred mountains of each region with the princes and leaders of each region, and standardizing their rules, measures, and practices. All of these acts can be seen as preparatory to the fighting of the flood, as this was an effort requiring extraordinary levels of synchronized and coordinated activity over a relatively large territory: the timing
2891-412: The traditional beginning of the Xia dynasty which came after Emperors Shun and Yao), and is suggested to have been the basis for the myth. Treated either historically or mythologically, the story of the Great Flood and the heroic attempts of the various human characters to control it and to abate the disaster is a narrative fundamental to Chinese culture . Among other things, the Great Flood of China
2950-408: The trees. According to mythological and historical sources, it is traditionally dated to the third millennium BCE, or about 2300–2200 BCE, during the reign of Emperor Yao . However, archaeological evidence of an outburst flood at Jishi Gorge on the Yellow River, comparable to similar severe events in the world in the past 10,000 years, has been dated to about 1920 BCE (a few centuries later than
3009-494: The two Xiang River goddesses, mourning the disappearance and presumed death of their beloved husband, the Emperor and hero Shun. There are various versions of this mythological story, but, according to one version, in the last year of his reign Shun decided to tour the country of the Xiang River area. According to another version he was engaged in a military expedition versus the " Miao ". Upon his sudden death during this journey, in
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#17327865731013068-420: The world. Flood narratives in Chinese mythology share certain common features, despite being somewhat lacking in internal consistency as well as incorporating various magical transformations and divine or semi-divine interventions like Nüwa . For example, the flood usually results from natural causes rather than "universal punishment for human sin ". Another distinct motif of the myth of the Great Flood of China
3127-454: The worldwide disaster, and/or how grain seeds or fire were obtained. Another figure in this regard is Yi , also known as Boyi or Bo Yi. The narrative of the Great Flood of prehistoric China may provide some insight into social development during this era. David Hawkes comments on the way that the various versions of the Gun-Yu story seem to contrast the relative success or failure, or at least
3186-399: Was attempting to recruit worthy persons into the service of his government, the main reason being to solve the problem of the ongoing Great Flood that was devastating China. One suggestion from Yao's advisors ( Four Mountains ) was Shun. Yao inquired what sort of a person Shun was and decided to try him upon being told that (although a direct lineal descendant of Zhuanxu ) Shun the farmer was
3245-431: Was established on May 9, 1984, as a provincial-level nature reserve[2], and in 2005, it was successfully upgraded to a national nature reserve.[3] The vegetation on Mount Heng exhibits elevation zones. Below an altitude of 800 meters lies the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved red soil zone, while above 800 meters are dwarf forests, shrublands, and grassland yellow-brown soil zones. The forest coverage rate reaches 67%, with
3304-459: Was promoted to emperor, Ehuang and Nuying were said to continue to provide Shun with invaluable advice contributing to his great success. (Murck 2000, 8-9; Wu 1982, 70-71; Yang and others 2005, 202-204). The spots that appear on the stems of certain bamboos legendarily first appeared on the bamboo growing by the Xiang River , caused by the tears which fell upon them, shed by Ehuang and Nuying,
3363-416: Was supposed to have appointed four ministerial officials (two sets of two brothers) to make the necessary astronomical observations for a reformed calendar. Each of these individuals were sent to the limits of the royal territory, one in each of the cardinal directions , where they were supposed to observe certain stars at sunset on each of the solstices and equinoxes, so the results could then be compared, and
3422-477: Was synchronized through the calendar reform and the engineering measures were made possible by standardizing the weights and measures. Towards the end of the year, Shun returned to the imperial seat, and after a sacrificial offering of a bullock at his ancestral temple, he then put into action the plan that he had developed during his working tour of inspection. One of these was to divide the empire into twelve administrative units ( zhou ), each one administered from
3481-466: Was up on the barn roof, his father, old Gu, set the barn on fire and took away the ladder; however, with the aid of the magical bird coat Shun flew to safety. Next, they tried to murder him in a well, but again Ehuang and Nuying had prepared him for survival with a magical dragon coat which allowed him to swim out through a tunnel. Again, Ehuang and Nuying saved Shun from his murderous relatives by giving him
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