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94-664: Any sources which "provide descriptions about the way of life of the natives of the Sierra Gorda for the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are very scarce." One of the most important sources on the Ximpece is by "a military man of the eighteenth century" Gerónimo de Labra. Designated as the "captain protector of the Indians of the Sierra Gorda," Labra's "Manifest of the precedent in the conquest, pacification and reduction of

188-514: A catchword by outsiders to characterize Indian anger and unity." However, the white population and "even many mestizos" quickly became deeply worried "about the possibility of a combined effort by the Indians to expel them from the country." Quirós' rebels "ravaged the Sierra well into 1849." Many whites were driven from the region in the period, while others fled. Army battalions were called in and ordered by General Anastasio Bustamante , "but it took

282-473: A great diversity of cactus , wild oregano and lowland tropical forests . The biosphere is the seventh largest federally protected natural area and has the greatest biodiversity of all of them, including those which encompass marine areas, as it is home to 10 of Mexico's 11 ecosystems. The diversity of the area can also be seen in the number of plant and animals species found in the reserve. There are 2,308 species of plants, with about thirty-five percent of

376-635: A halt in the 11th century, after being in decline for over 300 years before that. During the Post classic (900–1521) all of the area's cities in Querétaro would become abandoned. There are two theories as to why this occurred. The first is that there was climate change during this time, which caused the area to dry out. The second was that it was due to social phenomena, as a number of cities in Mesoamerica, including Teotihuacan went into decline. Eventually

470-404: A living. Much of the Sierra Gorda region which extends into the state of Guanajuato was declared a biosphere reserve in 2007 to preserve its biodiversity as well. In this state, protected area covers 236,882 hectares which is the entire municipality of Xichú , 70% of Victoria , 65% of Atarjea , about a quarter of San Luis de la Paz and a small portion of Santa Catarina . The reserve here

564-412: A mining center, extracting various metals and stones from the steep mountains that surround it. The municipality has a fairly significant number of indigenous language speakers; over 3,000 in a total population of about 34,000. Human settlements in the area have been dated to between 6,000 and 4,000 years ago, in the southern part of the region, with the earliest found in the far south of the area in what

658-570: A native son of the Sierra, General Tomás Mejía to track down Quirós and in December 1849 to certify his execution." Although further solutions ranged from complete extermination to land distribution, a compromise was eventually reached, which guaranteed the Indigenous people "some land to farm, considerable tax relief, and a promise that they would not be force-drafted into the army." Additionally, "the federal government founded three colonies for

752-506: A north filled with forests. In both areas, days are significantly warmer than the nights. The north contains forests of pine, ocote , oaks, junipers and other trees. The south is more arid and much of it is scrub brush. This part of the Sierra Gorda, especially the south, is dominated by the Otomis , rather than the Huasteca or Chichimeca . The most important city is Zimapán . Agriculture

846-515: A race war." In August 1847, Francisco Chaire "deserted his Guanajuato army post and returned to his Sierran village of Xichú ." As a result, he was arrested by the mayor, who disliked the Chaire family. However, Francisco was freed shortly after by his brother, and assisted by Eleuterio Quirós, a family servant. The mayor "called in the army to track down the escapee and his accomplices." The Chaire family surrendered and were pardoned. However, Quirós

940-489: A single nave , covered by a cannon vault, but each has its own peculiarities, especially in the portals. Serra spent eleven years in the Sierra Gorda before moving on in the late 1760s north. San Joaqu%C3%ADn Municipality, Quer%C3%A9taro San Joaquín is a municipality in the central Mexican state of Querétaro . Before the Spanish , the site at "Ranas" was a mining center, principally for cinnabar which

1034-470: A total of 250 km of territory. The area is extremely rugged with high steep mountains and deep canyons. As part of the Huasteca Karst , it also contains many formations due to erosion of limestone , especially pit caves known locally as sótanos. The area is valued for its very wide diversity of plant and animal life, which is due to the various microenvironments created by the ruggedness of

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1128-635: A wide number and variety of microclimates although average temperatures vary only between 16 and 19 °C. It lowest point is a canyon called Paso de Hormigas in Xichú at 650 meters above sea level with a very warm climate suitable for tropical fruit. The highest point is Pinal de Zamorano at 3,300 meters, followed by El Picacho de Pueblo Nuevo, El Zorillo and El Cuervo all above 2,700 meters. The largest changes are seen in arid versus wetter zones, which can often be relatively nearby, with foliage changing from rainforest to pine forest to desert landscapes. The area

1222-506: Is Sierra Gorda Ecotours. The Sierra Gorda in Hidalgo has not been declared a biosphere reserve, but it still contains a large number of important ecosystems. It is mountainous with a wide variety of ecosystems like other parts of the Sierra Gorda, but this area has a greater percentage of the volcanic rock when entered the area late in its geological history. The terrain is very rocky and difficult to travel. The most important elevation in

1316-454: Is called the "heart of the Sierra Gorda" in part due to is geographic location in the city and the fact that it is the only city in the biosphere. Jalpan is closely surrounded by mountains, with cobblestone streets around the very center. Mornings frequently are foggy or cloudy, with the sun burn such off by midday. Ecotourism and tourism related to the five Franciscan friary declared a World Heritage Site have recently become an important part of

1410-874: Is considered to be the far west of the La Huasteca region culturally and it is home to the Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro World Heritage Site . Sierra Gorda has become the first National Park in Mexico to join the EarthCheck Sustainable Destinations program. The region is on a branch of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range and consists of a series of mountain chains that run northwest to southeast, formed 240 million years ago. Most are made of limestone, formed by sea beds from

1504-418: Is divided into a nucleus, which is in the municipalities of Victoria, Ajarjea and Xichú, and a periphery. Only eco tourism, research activities, traditional economic activities and low impact development is allowed in the nucleus. This section of the Sierra Gorda is home to eighty four species of plants from trees to cacti, 182 species of birds and 42 species of mammals. The rugged terrain means that there are

1598-421: Is lacking. Local authorities have requested the creation of environmental police to guard the forest areas. However, much of the enforcement is done by the local community itself. Lastly, there have been problems with droughts and pest infestations. These include the roundheaded pine beetle , European mistletoe , and caterpillars. Some residents see the event as divine will but others place global warming. It

1692-408: Is limited to corn grown during the rainy season but yields are poor due to the lack of flat lands and fertile soil. Agriculture also increases erosion. More important to the economy is mining, with minerals such as lead, zinc , magnesium , silver and stone such as marble and opals .(higalgogob) A number of indigenous communities still inhabit the region. The eastern part in Hidalgo is dominated by

1786-474: Is local opposition to the project. During the 16th and 17th century, there were attempts to evangelize the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro by the Augustinians , Franciscans and Dominicans . However, almost all of these missions were never completed or were destroyed soon after they were built by the indigenous communities. The military pacification of the area by José de Escandón in the 1740s allowed for

1880-672: Is marked by very rugged terrain, which includes canyons and steep mountains. Elevations range from just 300 meters above sea level in the Río Santa María Canyon in Jalpan to 3,100 m asl at the Cerro de la Pingüica in Pinal de Amoles. The most significant peak in the Hidalgo area is Cerro Cangandhó which has an elevation of 2,820 m asl. Rainfall also varies greatly from 350 mm to 2,000 mm per year. Among its mountains are

1974-436: Is not known how much of the oaks, junipers and pines that make up most of the forested areas have been compromised but there are visible yellow patches seen in the otherwise green forest. The pests have been able to infest more because trees are weak due to drought conditions. Efforts to help the local community preserve the area and make a living primarily consist of payouts to landowners who conserve and eco-tourism. Recently,

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2068-627: Is now the municipality of Cadereyta de Montes , in an area called the Mesa de León. The earliest inhabitants were hunter-gatherers; however over time, many developed sedentary agricultural villages by the end of the Pre Classic period . The development of these villages was bolstered by migration of agricultural peoples from the Mexican Plateau and the Gulf of Mexico coast, especially from

2162-526: Is primarily aimed at teaching the new religion to the indigenous peoples, but unlike even the Baroque works further south, indigenous influence is obvious as the Serra's idea was to demonstrate a blending of cultures rather than complete conquest. One element is the use of red, orange, and yellow, including pastel shades, and native sacred figures such as the rabbit and jaguar appear. The mission churches have

2256-469: Is that the area is the second most populated natural protected area in Mexico with severe problems with poverty. This creates a need to balance conservation efforts with local subsistence needs. One important aspect of this is to manage forest resources so that local woodcutters can make a living while controlling how much is cut. However, mass migration out of the region has almost halved the population of

2350-416: Is the dominant native musical and dance style in the Sierra Gorda, with festivals dedicated to it in Xichú , Pinal de Amoles , San Joaquín , where Huasteca influence is strongest. Most of the population lives in very small rural communities, many under 500 inhabitants. There are no notable social conflicts in this area, which is free of problems related to the illegal drug trade that afflict other parts of

2444-512: Is the poorest in Guanajuato, with over 200 communities which have a population of less than 150. This area is the most rugged in the state where most of the natural areas and small villages are remain intact due to their inaccessibility. Culturally, the Sierra Gorda region is the far western part of La Huasteca , which extends over parts of the states of Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo and Veracruz . The greatest conservation challenge

2538-537: Is warmer and wetter before moving into the rolling hills of the La Huasteca in San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo. Elevations in the reserve range from 350 to 3,100 meters above sea level, with rugged mountains, canyons, lush valley and “sótanos” or pit caves carved out from the limestone of the Huasteca Karst . Humidity is primarily from the Gulf of Mexico , which makes the northeast of the region green, but

2632-534: The Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Later there were intrusions of volcanic rock, especially in the eastern portion in Hidalgo state, from which come the mineral deposits of the area. The limestone has been affected by erosion to form the Huasteca Karst, and the area contains a large number of caverns, and pit caves (sótanos), some of which extend for hundreds of meters in depth. All of the Sierra Gorda

2726-464: The Mexican state of Querétaro and extending into the neighboring states of Guanajuato , Hidalgo and San Luis Potosí . Within Querétaro, the ecosystem extends from the center of the state starting in parts of San Joaquín and Cadereyta de Montes municipalities and covering all of the municipalities of Peñamiller , Pinal de Amoles , Jalpan de Serra , Landa de Matamoros and Arroyo Seco , for

2820-668: The Oto-Manguean family , with differences mostly cultural. The Pames were found mostly in the east with the Jonaz in the west. In addition, there were also groups of Otomis and Huasteca to be found. The areas in the far east and far west of the Sierra Gorda were dominated by the Spanish soon after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire . What is now the Sierra Gorda in Guanajuato and Hidalgo states had Spanish cities in them by

2914-474: The Otomi . The far north of Querétaro still has significant communities of Pames , and Guanajuato has a number of Chichimeca groups. While indigenous people make up a very small percentage of the population of the region, the Huasteca culture has had a strong impact since the pre Hispanic period. Most of the region is considered to be at least nominally the far western part of this cultural region. Huapango

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3008-747: The Pánuco River basin. These are the Santa María River , the Extoraz or Peñamiller River and the Moctezuma River . All three pass through deep canyons and tend to form borders between the states and municipalities of the region. Santa María marks part of the border between Querétaro and San Luis Potosí , and the Moctezuma River marks part of the border between Querétaro and Hidalgo . The Tula and Moctezuma Rivers meet in

3102-515: The 17th century, when Augustinians in the east and Franciscans in the west began building missions in 1670 and 1680s, under the military protection of Captain Jerónimo de Labra . However, Labra died in 1683, and the missions were unprotected. The Dominicans would arrive soon after but by 1700, both they and the Augustinians and Dominicans abandoned missions in most of the area, leaving only

3196-526: The 1980s and 1990s, and declared a World Heritage Site in 2003. Cinnabar and mercury mining has been part of the southern Sierra Gorda since the Pre classic period. This mining remained important until the 1970s, when most of the commercial mines closing and the last, in Maconí, closed in 2000. However, there are still at least six families known to mine the element on a very small scale. According to researchers,

3290-532: The Bajío and from the valleys of Querétaro and San Juan del Río all found. However, the peoples of the Sierra Gorda had more ties with peoples to the west, north and east, than with the Mexican Plateau to the south. This is when the cities of Las Ranas and Toluquilla grew. The two cities’ economies were based on the control of trade routes and mining of cinnabar , used as a red pigment . The mining of cinnabar required coordinated and hierarchical labor practices for

3384-541: The Conservation of Birds) by the Consejo Internacional para la Preservación de las Aves Mexicanas. The reserve begins in the dry semi desert areas in the center of Querétaro and as one moves north and higher into the mountain peaks of Pinal de Amoles at around 3,100 metres (10,200 ft), the scenery changes to temperate forest of conifers. The elevation is lower north into Jalpan and the climate

3478-549: The Franciscans in Tolimán , Cadereyta, Escanela and Maconí. Many of the missions built in the interior during the 16th and 17th centuries were destroyed shortly after they were built. Successful missions were established in the far south of the region, with the mission of San Francisco Tolimán in 1683,the mission of San José de Vizarrón in the 1740s. Because of this, much of the first evangelization efforts undertaken before

3572-708: The Hidalgo area is the Cerro Cangandhó which has an elevation of 2,820 masl, located in the Sierra Alta de Hidalgo, The area is marked by the Moctezuma and Tula Rivers . The first contains a canyon which is 480 meters deep. The border between Hidalgo and Querétaro is marked by where the Moctezuma and Tula Rivers meet. This area is also home to one of the largest hydroelectric dams in Mexico. The Sierra Gorda of Hidalgo roughly divides into an arid south and

3666-463: The Indians and gave them provisions and cattle for subsistence there." However, shortly after the French invaded Mexico, which drew the situation of the Ximpece and other Indigenous people in the region into complete disarray. General Mejía "won the support of the Indians for the monarchists," yet was executed along with emperor Maximilion I after the eventual retreat of the French, their defeat, and

3760-724: The Oxitipa dominion, which encompassed Jalpan , Xilitla , Tancoyol and Tilaco in 1527. However, during the early colonial period, the Querétaro Sierra Gorda would remain dangerous territory as the Chichimecas fought Spanish domination. with the first war between the Chichimeca Jonaz and the Spanish occurring in 1554. During the 16th and 17th century, the Spanish would surround this area on west, east and south, with military and missionary incursions into

3854-477: The Querétaro biosphere to about 50,000 people since it was declared. This has taken pressure off of local natural resources, as agriculture, livestock production and logging lessen. Many of the people who have left are in the United States and send money back home. This money has spurred the building of larger homes and the proliferation of pick up trucks, many with U.S. license plates. It has also allowed for

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3948-588: The Santa María River and the Xoconoxtle meet at 826 masl, the lowest in the state. It has a population of over 11,000 people and although very few are indigenous, Huasteca influence is notable. Zimapán is the largest city in the Hidalgo portion of the Sierra Gorda. Unlike other parts of the Sierra Gorda, this area has been dominated by the Otomi, with the Spanish city founded in 1522. It is primarily

4042-534: The Sierra Gorda of Hidalgo. Here, the Moctezuma River Canyon extends for twelve km and rises 480 meters above the floor. The climate of the region depends on elevation and that the mountains form a natural barrier against the main source of moisture, the Gulf of Mexico. The east side of the mountains gets significant more rainfall than the west, in the form of orographic precipitation and clouds as

4136-502: The Sierra Gorda region: one in Querétaro and one in the state of Guanajuato. The Sierra Gorda Biosphere in Querétaro was established by decree on May 19, 1997 because of its exceptional variety of species and ecosystems. Uniquely among protected areas of Mexico, it was established thanks to environmental activism, efforts that were led by Martha Isabel Ruiz Corzo and her Sierra Gorda Ecological Group (GESG, Grupo Ecológico Sierra Gorda ). The reserve extends for about 400,000 hectares over

4230-403: The U.S. and Canada combined. Many of these species are endangered, and many have not yet been studied. The biosphere reserve in Querétaro is managed by Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas of Semarnat. The management system is a combination of federal authorities working with the participation of local communities. The land is generally not owned by the government. Thirty percent of

4324-590: The United States. In some areas, one in four households is supported by remittance money. There is an annual cycling event called "Escalera del Infierno" (Hell's Ladder) which extends over the Sierra Gorda in Querétaro in March. The event begins in Bernal, through Ezequiel Montes , Cadereyta and ends in San Joaquín, for 137 km, 28 km of which are uphill. Jalpan de Serra is in the north of Querétaro. It

4418-427: The abolition of levies, the division of haciendas and the termination of parish church rights to land. Initial efforts by authorities to subdue the uprising were only partially successful. Rebels had control of various cities such as Ciudad Fernández , Rioverde and Santa María del Río by 1849. However, the government caught the most important rebel leader by the name of Quiroz that same year and executed him. This broke

4512-484: The archeological sites of Las Ranas and Toluquilla, which dominated most of the trade routes, and had the greatest population during the Classic Period (200-900CE). The Huasteca region is in the far northeast with major settlements at Tancoyol, La Campana, Tancama and Tonatico, which had fertile lands. The Otomi arrived in the area in 800 CE and settled peacefully. The development of cities and dominions came to

4606-528: The area covered by forested areas of oaks, junipers and pines. There are 130 mammal, 71 reptile and 23 amphibian species, including six feline species, the black bear ( Ursus americanus ) and the Mexican spider monkey ( Ateles geoffroyi vellerosus ). There are 360 species of birds, more than 30 percent of the bird species in the country, including military macaws ( Ara militaris ). Migrating monarch butterflies pause here on their southern route, and butterfly species in general total more than all that are in

4700-547: The biosphere declared in 1997 and has had international support since then. This has spurred ecotourism. The mission churches of the area suffered damage from the Mexican War of Independence and the Mexican Revolution , and had been all but completely abandoned by the second half of the 20th century. In the 1980s, the churches were "discovered" by a group from INAH from Xilitla. The churches were restored in

4794-466: The biznaga gigante ( Echinocactus platyacanthus ), the chapote ( Diospyros riojae ), the guayamé ( Abies guatemalensis ), the magnolia ( Magnolia dealbata ) and the peyote ( Lophophora diffusa ). monarch butterflies can be found in the area as well, as they pass through to their wintering grounds on the State of Mexico-Michoacán border . There have been plagues in the forests of the area due to

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4888-457: The building of permanent missions in the heart of the Sierra Gorda. However, the five Franciscans missions accredited to Junípero Serra were built in Pame territory, as these people were more accepting of Spanish domination. The placement of the missions had the purpose of dividing the heart of the Sierra Gorda and to open roads into San Luis Potosí . The missions were built by Pame hands, under

4982-747: The change to gas over firewood for cooking, but garbage has become a problem. However, overall the depopulation has been positive for the recuperation of the biosphere. Despite the lessened pressure, economic activities still take a toll on the area. Illegal logging is still a very serious problem, as the area has attracted loggers from outside. The problem is most serious in Landa de Matamoros , Pinal de Amoles and Jalpan de Serra . Aside from commercial loggers, areas are also cleared by local farmers looking for more space for animals and crops. This has led to springs and river drying up and eroding of topsoil. While strict environmental protection laws exist, enforcement

5076-589: The chichimecos jonaces Indians of the Sierra Gorda" described the Ximpece, Pame, and Chichimeca Jonaz as follows: "The Ximpeces... of so docile nature that there is no tradition that persuades its conquest... the Pames are similar to the Ximpeces and more applied to the work and commerce with the Spanish and opposed to the Jonaces... the untameable rebellious Jonaces..." The Ximpece inhabited the Sierra Gorda up until

5170-519: The cities of the Sierra Gorda were abandoned altogether, but this may have been gradual. Evidence at Las Ranas and Toluquilla indicate a non violent transition, as farming communities were abandoned and replaced by hunter-gatherer communities. The hunter gatherer cultures that moved in from the 11th century remained until the colonial period, and were categorized together as " Chichimecas ". These consisted in various ethnicities including Pames , Ximpeces Guachichils and Jonaz . All speak languages in

5264-465: The consolidation of the military forces of the Mexican Republic . This left the Indigenous people in the Sierra Gorda entirely vulnerable, who "were enveloped, although not completely pacified, by the national economic development that followed." Sierra Gorda The Sierra Gorda ( lit.   ' fat mountain(s) ' ) is an ecological region centered on the northern third of

5358-553: The country. Poverty levels are high in the area despite the ecological and cultural richness. Tourism has been a recent phenomenon here, as the area's ecological importance becomes more widely known. Most still make a living from agriculture, livestock and mining and in some areas, these traditional economies are protected by law. However, the extreme poverty of the area has forced many, especially younger residents, to migrate to seek employment. This has led to many areas becoming dependent on remittances sent back home, much of it from

5452-543: The deeper canyons. On the east side, there are deciduous forests. On the west side, bordering the Mexican Plateau , there are desert and semi desert conditions, with a variety of cacti and arid scrub brush. Species in danger of extinction include the jaguar , puma , the black bear , the green parrot , the Veracruz partridge , and the Humboldt butterfly , mostly due to human activities. Endangered plant species include

5546-613: The direction of various Franciscan friars including José Antonio de Murguía in Concá, Juan Crispi in Tilaco, Juan Ramos de Lora in Tancoyol and Miguel de la Campa in Landa. However, the vision for the building of the missions was Serra's, as he imagined a type of utopia based on Franciscan principles. Serra insisted that the missionaries learn the local languages and experience hunger along with

5640-432: The economy. The Jalpan Dam has become important as a habitat for aquatic birds. There is a museum in Jalpan de Serra dedicated to the history and geography of the Sierra Gorda region. The museum building was first constructed in 1576 as a fort and military outpost. It was reconstructed at the end of the 16th century. It was remodeled in 1990 and was inaugurated as a museum in 1991, with a collection of pieces that range from

5734-411: The end of the battle, the Chichimecas and Ximpeces climbed the hill the battle was fought on to commit collective suicide rather than to be integrated into the Spanish order. In the far north of Querétaro, the Pames were more pacifistic and accepting of Spanish domination. It was these people who the Franciscans were able to group into larger settlements around missions. Although the mission in Jalpan

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5828-498: The entire region, the coldest temperatures occur between December and January, with high temperatures in April and May. Temperatures vary widely depending on elevation with an annual average of 13 °C in the higher elevations such as Pinal de Amoles to 24 °C in lower areas such as Jalpan. In the highest elevations, frosts and freezes are not uncommon. In 2010, the Sierra Gorda had it first significant snowfall in eighteen years in

5922-479: The far northeast of the region, noted for growing cotton. The height of settlement of the area came between the 6th and 10th centuries, with the largest number of successful human settlements, with an economy based on farming and mining. During this time, the area saw intense commercial traffic and cultural exchanges between Gulf of Mexico , the Huasteca area and the Mexican Plateau , with artifacts related to Río Verde in San Luis Potosí, Teotihuacan, Tula, west to

6016-472: The federal government along with the United Nations, began a program to pay private land owners for "environmental services" of between 18 and 27 US dollars for each hectare they conserve each year. However, this only covers about 215 landowners and 21.500 hectares, 5.6% of the total reserve. The second is the promotion of tourism based on the area's natural resources. One organization dedicated to this

6110-539: The first major (dirt) road was built through the area to connect it with the capital. This spurred economic development in the region. Jalpan gained city status in 1904 as it already has electricity, telephone, telegraph and a sugar cane mill.(arqueomex) In 1911, the Grupo Revolucionario Aquiles Serdán was created in Jalpan under Policarpo Olvera and fought with the forces under Francisco I. Madero . The modern Querétaro-Jalpan highway

6204-457: The first of a long series of missions that would be established as the Spanish made their way north into what is now southern California. Various uprisings occurred in the area in 1810 as part of the Mexican War of Independence . The town of Jalpan was burned and sacked by royalist forces in 1819. In the 19th century, the area was still heavily dominated by indigenous people, with small settlements of mestizos and criollos . Conflicts between

6298-449: The five missions is called "Mestizo Baroque" as the indigenous elements are more clearly visible here than in other Baroque structures further south. The Baroque is mostly confined to the portals of the main facades and are meant to function much as an altarpiece, and to teach a world view to the natives of the area. Serra spent eleven years in the Sierra Gorda before moving on in the late 1760s. The missions established in Querétaro would be

6392-436: The heart of the region and gradually move inwards with many failures. However, the challenge to the Spanish was not only the hostility of the native peoples, but also this area lacked cities or towns, or the social hierarchy that was taken advantage of in other areas of Mesoamerica . In this region, the Spanish would have to create population centers. Systematic evangelization of the Querétaro area would not be attempted until

6486-567: The indigenous groups and others began at this time over natural resources such as land, water and especially forests. The Sierra Gorda Rebellion began in 1847 by deserters from the Mexican army. The uprising spread to nearly all parts of the Sierra Gorda region from Guanajuato to San Luis Potosí to Veracruz , with the most activity in Santa María del Río, Xichú and Rioverde between 1847 and 1849. The rebels demanded free use of various lands,

6580-734: The interior. Spanish settlements were begun to the south of it, such as the Villa de Cadereyta in order to form a bulwark against the nomadic Chichimeca tribes. In the late 16th century, a number of forts were established in the area including El Jofre and Jalpan. The incursions were provoked not because of significant mineral deposits in northern Querétaro, but rather, the area laid on roads which led into mining areas such as Guanajuato and Zacatecas . Missionary work began in 1550 with an Augustinian mission in Xilitla, San Luis Potosí. However, like military incursions, evangelism would occur from outside

6674-419: The latter. Agriculture was concentrated in the lower valley areas, the few plains and some sides of mountains. This also included the cutting of forests to make more agricultural land. Most settlements are found near springs, ponds and small lakes as they were the most readily usable sources of water, instead of the rivers which ran deep inside narrow canyons. This included the Huastecas, who were found mostly in

6768-462: The long history of mercury mining here has caused the contamination of the environment as it built up over time. They believe this is behind the high levels of certain chronic diseases in the region. There are plans to build a dam on the Extóraz River, 85 meters tall to store 118 million m3 of water. The water would be transported by aqueduct 138 km to the city of Querétaro. However, there

6862-516: The main resistance and the government was able to put much of the rebellion down by 1850. From Jalpan, General Tomás Mejía led military actions here against the Liberal government installed in the state of Querétaro and the country. He managed to take the main square of Querétaro in 1857. However, at the end of the Reform War , he was executed along with Maximilian I of Mexico . In 1880,

6956-573: The mid 18th century have been largely forgotten. In 1740, the colonial government in Mexico City decided to extinguish indigenous resistance the Sierra Gorda, and send an expedition headed by José de Escandón to accomplish this. Escandón mostly fought the Chichimeca Jonaz, culminating in the Battle of Media Luna in 1749, when the Chichimeca were decisively defeated. Legend states that at

7050-404: The middle of the 16th century. The main reason for this was that these areas had higher concentrations of mineral deposits. Another factor was that the indigenous peoples in these areas were relatively compliant to Spanish rule, especially in Hidalgo, where the Otomi had already been dominated by Xilotepec. The Spanish entered the heart of the Sierra Gorda early, with Nuño de Guzmán conquering

7144-422: The moisture-laden winds from the Gulf of Mexico ascend the mountain slopes. Forests and even rainforests are found in the east, while the west is dominated by desert and near desert conditions. In the east, mornings in the high mountain areas usually bring cloud cover and fog. The most moisture falls in the northeastern edges of the regions, where it merges into La Huasteca proper, in San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo. In

7238-434: The municipality of Pinal de Amoles, with temperatures of −4 °C. In some places, the cover was 15 cm deep. Because of its great variety of ecosystems, the Sierra Gorda has one of the diverse ecologies in Mexico, with one of the largest number of species of plants and animals. The micro-environments of the region range from conifer forests, oak forests, mostly found on mountain peaks, banana and sugar cane fields in

7332-582: The nineteenth century. They were known for their fierce distrust of the Spanish and "entered the [Mexican] Independence period with substantial confidence and solidarity" with the other Indigenous groups who lived in the Sierra Gorda, namely the Pame and Jonaz. As "merchants, miners, and hacendados," who were "lured to the region by commercial investments" increasingly encroached upon the remaining territory they had managed to hold onto after centuries of colonization, an internal conflict among these groups "escalated into

7426-603: The peaks associated with the Sierra Alta de Hidalgo , the pine forests of Zamoarano, the Extoraz Canyon and the slopes of the Huazmazonta, the inter-mountain valleys where the five missions are found and the rolling hills leading into La Huasteca . The wide variations of elevation and rainfall favor a wide variety of flora and wildlife. There are three main rivers in the Sierra Gorda, all of which are part of

7520-468: The pre Hispanic era to the Reform War. It has eight halls for exhibits, a bookstore, an audiovisualroom, a temporary exhibit hall, research center and library. It organizes educational, ecological and cultural events. Xichú , in the state of Guanajuato, was founded in 1585 as a mining town, with the municipality containing a high elevation at Cerro El Descarado, at 2,400 masl and a low elevation where

7614-420: The recent drought conditions. The most serious is a bark beetle ( Dendroctonus adjunctus ) and mistletoe ( Arceuthobium sp. ). The drought conditions have been blamed on global climate change . Areas in Querétaro and Guanajuato have been declared as biosphere reserves. The Sierra Gorda in Hidalgo has not, but it still contains a large number of important ecosystems. There are two major conservation areas in

7708-673: The reserve is communally owned land with the rest privately owned, with the government issuing regulations. Cooperation between federal authorities and local communities has not always gone smoothly, with local residents complaining that the government has issues decrees without consulting them. The CESG and the biosphere project have attracted international support from sponsors such as the Schwab Foundation , Shell , Wal-Mart , Hewlett-Packard , Grupo Bimbo and nongovernmental organizations such as Ashoka , conservation foundations and U.N. agencies. The Grupo Ecológico Sierra Gorda

7802-422: The rest of the population. There was still hostility to the Spanish presence, and Serra's response was economic as well as spiritual. The main feature of these churches is the ornate decoration of the main portals, although there is decoration on the bell towers and in some churches, other areas as well. This decoration is termed "Mestizo Baroque" or "Mestizo architecture" according to INAH. The ornate decoration

7896-427: The southwest, blocked from the moisture by the high mountains, is dominated by arid scrub brush. This combination of varying elevation and moisture patterns creates the regions primary biological characteristic, which is a large number of ecosystems in a relatively small area. It has 15 vegetative types, including old growth moist montane forests covered in bromeliads and orchids , high elevation pine-oak forests ,

7990-523: The states of Querétaro and San Luis Potosí . It covers about 32% of the state of Querétaro and is roughly the size of Rhode Island . When it was declared, the reserve had 683 communities with about 100,000 inhabitants. However, since then, the population has nearly dropped to about half. In Querétaro, the biosphere reserve encompasses the municipalities of Jalpan de Serra , Landa de Matamoros , Arroyo Seco , Pinal de Amoles (88% of its territory) and Peñamiller (69.7% of its territory). The biosphere

8084-400: The terrain and wide variation in rainfall. This is due to the mountains’ blocking of moisture coming in from the Gulf of Mexico, which generally makes the east side fairly moist and the west semiarid scrub brush. Most of the region is protected in two biosphere reserves, with the one centered in Querétaro established in 1997 and the one centered in Guanajuato established in 2007. The Sierra Gorda

8178-532: The various tasks involved, which would lead to the development of these cities. This area was the primary provider of red pigment to Mesoamerica . Between 200 and 1000 CE, the area was culturally divided into three regions, Río Verde, the Serrana Cultura and the Huasteca. The Río Verde region is located in the northwest of the state of Querétaro into San Luis Potosí. The Serrana Culture is found around

8272-442: The vision for the building of the missions was Serra's, as he imagined a type of utopia based on Franciscan principles. Serra insisted that the missionaries learn the local languages and experience hunger along with the rest of the population. There was still hostility to the Spanish presence, and Serra's response was economic as well as spiritual. The portals of the five main mission churches reflect this vision as well. The style of

8366-486: Was built between 1962 and 1970, along with a number of other roads, bridges, electrification and water services. The economy of the region had remained mostly the same since the colonial period, mostly based on agriculture and livestock. In 1989, this began to change as local residents formed the non governmental organization Grupo Ecológico Sierra Gorda. The group works with environmental education, reforestation and waste management among other things. The group worked to get

8460-517: Was declared as a result of grassroots efforts, the only one to be established this way in Mexico. The original declaration encompasses 383.567 hectares. In 2001, it was added to the International Networks of Man and Biosphere of UNESCO as the thirteenth Mexican reserve on the list, occupying first place in regards to ecodiversity. It is also recognized as a Área de Importancia para la Conservación de las Aves (Area of Importance for

8554-454: Was determined to continue resisting, the reasons for which are unclear. Quirós had soon "ignited a caste war" and quickly gained support among the poor in the region by promising "no more government interference in Sierran affairs," as well as land distribution, guaranteed employment, and "the termination of Church intrusions." The rebellion was "brushed off" as " socialist ," which was "used as

8648-464: Was established before Junípero Serra 's 1750 arrival into the region, Serra is given credit for building the five main missions of this area and completing the evangelization of the local people. In reality, the missions were built by Pame hands, under the direction of various Franciscan friars including José Antonio de Murguía in Concá, Juan Crispi in Tilaco, Juan Ramos de Lora  [ es ] in Tancoyol and Miguel de la Campa in Landa. However,

8742-571: Was one of 94 winners of the Energy Globe competition among 700 entrants. It received 10,000 Euros to help fund its projects. Conservation of the area has also attracted the attention of people such as director James Cameron , who sponsored a reforestation project on 120 hectares. This is in addition to various other reforestation projects that have been ongoing since the 1990s. These projects even include an overall forest management plan designed to produce enough wood for local woodcutters to earn

8836-402: Was used as a pigment. The "Ranas" site was first mined about 400C.E. In 1622 the village of "San Nicolás Tolentino en el Paraje de las Rana" was founded. In 1682 the community of Ojo de Agua de Ranas was founded. In 1724 Viceroy Juan de Acuña, 2nd Marquis of Casa Fuerte granted the first land in the municipality. In 1728 the first Spanish mine was opened at San Juan Nepomuceno . In 1864

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