Xuzhou as a historical toponym refers to varied area in different eras.
46-714: Ordinarily, it was a reference to the Nine Provinces which modern Xuzhou inherited. Xuzhou or Xu Province was one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China mentioned in Chinese historical texts such as the Tribute of Yu , Erya and Rites of Zhou . The Yu Gong [ Tribute of Yu ] records: "The Sea, Mount Dai (ancient name of Mount Tai ), and the Huai River served as the boundaries of Xuzhou." While
92-525: A Korean concubine , with whom he fell deeply in love. Lady Gi had been sent to China sometime in the late 1320s as "human tribute" as the kings of Goryeo were required to send a certain number of beautiful teenage girls to Yuan to serve as concubines after the Mongol invasions. The new emperor appointed his cousin El Tegüs crown prince as he was ward of El Tegüs' mother Empress Dowager Budashiri, but he
138-458: A Korean woman that he was forced to back down. In 1339, when Lady Ki gave birth to a son, whom Toghon Temür decided would be his successor, he was finally able to have Lady Ki named his secondary wife in 1340. As Toghon Temür matured, he came to disfavor Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied with Bayan's nephew Toqto'a , who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan in a coup. He also removed El Tegüs and Empress Budashiri from court. With
184-548: A branch of the family there called the Gong clan of Qufu after marrying a Korean woman (Jo Jin-gyeong's 曹晉慶 daughter) during Toghon Temür's rule. (Also see 曲阜孔氏 (朝鲜半岛) and 곡부 공씨 ) Pope John XXII and Pope Benedict XII successfully extended a network of Catholic churches throughout the Mongol Empire from Crimea to China between 1317 and 1343. The archbishop of Khanbaliq, John of Montecorvino , died in 1328. With
230-654: A nationwide turmoil. In 1354, when Toqto'a led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghon Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal. This resulted in the restoration of Toghon Temür's power but also a rapid weakening of the central government. Thus he had no choice but to rely on the forces of local warlords. Toghon Temür gradually lost interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles. His son Biligtü Khan , who became Crown Prince in 1353, attempted to seize power and came into conflict with Toghon Temür's aides, who dominated politics instead of
276-609: Is between the He River and Ji River , and is Wei . Qing Province, ie. Qi is in the east. Lu is at Xu Province, on the Si River . Yang Province, or Yue , is to the southwest. Jin Province is in the south and forms Chu . Yong Province, that is Qin , is to the west. Yan occupies You Province in the north. The words "Nine Provinces" do not appear in any ancient oracle bone inscriptions, such that many scholars do not think Yu
322-590: Is the word used to translate zhou (州) – since before the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), it was the largest Chinese territorial division. Although the current definition of the Nine Provinces can be dated to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, it was not until the Eastern Han dynasty that the Nine Provinces were treated as actual administrative regions . The Rongcheng Shi bamboo slips from
368-723: The Genealogical Descent of the Emperors (帝王世紀), rulers before Shennong had influence over the Greater Nine Provinces, but those from the Yellow Emperor onwards did not extend their virtue that far. The Greater Nine Provinces theory was based on the knowledge in the states of Yan and Qi on the Yellow Sea coast that China comprised only 1/81 of the entire world, markedly different from
414-566: The Book of Xia (夏書), collected in the Book of Documents . It was therein recorded that Yu the Great divided the world into the nine provinces of Ji (冀), Yan (兗), Qing (青), Xu (徐), Yang (揚), Jing (荊), Yu (豫), Liang (梁) and Yong (雍). The geography section (釋地) of the ancient Erya encyclopedia also cites nine provinces, but with You and Ying (營) listed instead of Qing and Liang. In
460-574: The Chu state has the earliest interpretation of the Nine Provinces, but these early descriptions differ widely from the currently recognized Nine Provinces. The Nine Provinces, according to the Rongcheng Shi , are Tu (涂), Jia (夾), Zhang (竞), Ju (莒), Ou (藕), Jing (荊), Yang (陽), Xu (敘) and Cuo (虘). The most prevalent account of the Nine Provinces comes from the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu section of
506-464: The Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 CE), Xuzhou's capital was set up at Tan ( 郯 ; present-day Tancheng County , Linyi , Shandong). During the Three Kingdoms period (220–280), Xuzhou was a territory of the state of Cao Wei (220–265), and its capital was moved to Pengcheng ( 彭城 ; present-day Xuzhou , Jiangsu ). The area of Xuzhou shrunk slightly as its southern border with Sun Wu . After
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#1732773008244552-819: The Emperor Huizong of Yuan ( Chinese : 元惠宗 ) bestowed by the Northern Yuan dynasty and by his posthumous name as the Emperor Shun of Yuan ( Chinese : 元順帝 ) bestowed by the Ming dynasty , was the last emperor of the Yuan dynasty and later the first emperor of the Northern Yuan dynasty. Apart from Emperor of China , he is also considered the last Khagan of the Mongol Empire . He
598-708: The Karmapas (heads of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism ) and is considered a previous incarnation of the Tai Situpas . He also notably invited the Jonang savant Dölpopa Shérab Gyeltsen to teach him, but was rebuffed. Toghon Temür was born to Kuśala, known as Khutughtu Khan or Emperor Mingzong, when he was in exile in Central Asia . Toghon Temür's mother was Mailaiti, descendant of Arslan Khan ,
644-771: The Sinocentric point of view that was prevalent at the time. Geographic knowledge from increasing contact between the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) and its neighbours proved the theory false and it lost popularity. By the time of the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 CE) the Nine Provinces had expanded into thirteen provinces together with a central administrative region. Ukhaantu Khan, Emperor Huizong of Yuan Toghon Temür ( Mongolian : Тогоонтөмөр ; Mongolian script : ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠨᠲᠡᠮᠤᠷ ; Chinese : 妥懽貼睦爾 ; pinyin : Tuǒhuāntiēmù'ěr ; 25 May 1320 – 23 May 1370), also known by his temple name as
690-725: The "Clan Responsibilities" (職方氏) section of Rituals of Zhou , the provinces include You and Bing but not Xu and Liang. The Lüshi Chunqiu "Initial Survey" (有始覽) section mentions You but not Liang. Traditionally, the Book of Documents is thought to depict the divisions during the Xia dynasty, the Erya those of the Shang dynasty; the Rituals of Zhou the Zhou dynasty and the Lüshi Chunqiu
736-420: The "Red County / Divine Province" (赤縣神州), i.e. China (cf. Shenzhou ). Nine such provinces then form another "medium" nine provinces surrounded by a sea. There are nine such medium provinces, which were surrounded by a Great Ocean, forming the Greater Nine Provinces. The Nine Provinces' names in the "Geographical Instruction" section (地形訓) of Huainanzi , annotations to Zhang Heng 's biography (張衡傳注) in Book of
782-572: The Great created the Nine Provinces as was traditionally thought. Some suggest the name "Jiuzhou", which came to mean "Nine Provinces", was actually a place, or the divisions were within Shandong . Later on, Zou Yan , an adherent of the Taoist Yin and Yang School (陰陽家), proposed a new theory of the "Greater Nine Provinces" (大九州). According to him, the nine provinces in the Book of Documents were only "minor" provinces, which combined to form
828-577: The Huai River while capital was Pengcheng, in 411. Meanwhile, the migrated Xuzhou remained. In 421, during the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 420–422) of the Liu Song dynasty (420–479), North Xuzhou was restored as Xuzhou, while South Xuzhou instead of the former migrated Xuzhou comparatively. In 433, during the reign of Emperor Taiwu (r. 424–452) of the Northern Wei (386–535), Xuzhou's capital
874-761: The Later Han and volume eight of the Chuxue Annals (初學記), are different from the traditional ones listed above. They all include Shenzhou, which led some scholars to suggest they are the names of the Greater Nine Provinces. According to the "Forms of Earth" (墜形訓) section of the Huainanzi , outside the Greater Nine Provinces are the Eight Yin (八殥), the Eight Hong (八紘) and the Eight Ji (八極). According to
920-765: The Ming considered that the Yuan lost the Mandate of Heaven when it abandoned Khanbaliq, and that the Yuan was overthrown in 1368. The Ming did not treat Toghon Temür after 1368 and his successor Ayushiridara as legitimate emperors. The Ming gave Toghon Temür the posthumous name Emperor Shun (順皇帝), which implied that he followed the Mandate of Heaven ceding his empire to the Ming. But the Northern Yuan dynasty gave him their own posthumous name Emperor Xuanren Puxiao (宣仁普孝皇帝) and temple name Huizong (惠宗). Even after Toghon Temür, there
966-649: The Ming dynasty. Following the civil war known as the War of the Two Capitals that broke out after the death of Yesün Temür (Emperor Taiding) in 1328, Toghon Temür attended to his father and entered Shangdu from Mongolia . However, after Kuśala died and his younger brother was restored to the throne as Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür (Emperor Wenzong), he was kept from the court and was banished to Goryeo (modern Korea ) and later to Guangxi in South China . While he
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#17327730082441012-452: The Ming general Xu Da and Ming troops approached Hebei, Toghon Temür gave up Khanbaliq and fled to his summer base, Shangdu . In 1369 when Shangdu also fell under the Ming's occupation, Toghon Temür fled northward to Yingchang , which was located in present-day Inner Mongolia . He died there in 1370; his son succeeded him as Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara and retreated to Karakorum in the same year. The Yuan remnants ruled northern China and
1058-741: The Mongolian Plateau while they continued to claim the title of Emperor of China , from which point they are referred to as the Northern Yuan dynasty . He was the longest-lived emperor of Yuan China after Kublai Khan. At the time of his death, the Northern Yuan maintained its influence, stretching the domination from the Sea of Japan to the Altai Mountains . There were also pro-Yuan, anti-Ming forces in Yunnan and Guizhou . Even though its control over China proper had not been stable yet,
1104-617: The Yuan emperor Toghon Temür, who then sent the fishermen back to Japan. In reply, the Ashikaga shogunate sent an embassy led by a monk to express its gratitude. After absorbing the Chen Han dynasty, conquering Southern China, and establishing the Ming dynasty , Zhu Yuanzhang – crowned as the Hongwu Emperor – conducted military expeditions to North China and defeated the Yuan army in 1368. When Köke Temür lost battles against
1150-498: The approval of Toghon Temür in June 1344, which marked the end of his first administration. The several short-lived administrations that followed from 1344 and 1349 would develop an agenda very different from Toqto'a's. In 1347, the emperor forced Toqto'a into Gansu with assistance from former officers of Kuśala and Yesün Temür. In 1349, Toghon Temür recalled Toqto'a, which began Toqto'a's second and very different administration. Since
1196-648: The backing of the Toghon Temür, the Alans wrote to Pope Benedict XII in 1336 asking for a new metropolitan. In 1338, the pope sent back the embassy headed by Giovanni de' Marignolli , who stayed at Beijing three or four years. They brought gifts for Toghon Temür that included fine European horses. When the Koreans captured a Japanese fishing ship they thought was spying, the Goryeo court sent it to their overlord,
1242-507: The chief of the Karluks , a prominent nomadic Turkic tribal confederacy in Central Asia . According to a folk legend, the former Chinese Southern Song Emperor Gong of Song , Zhao Xian, having surrendered to Yuan as a toddler, had an affair with Yuan Empress Mailaiti near the end of his life. Zhao Xian allegedly fathered Yuan Toghon Temür with Mailaiti. The Mongols circulated a similar story about Toghon Temür fathering Yongle Emperor of
1288-578: The concept and actual territorial distribution of the Nine Provinces during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. The Lüshi Chunqiu contains the following passage on the location of the nine provinces and their general correspondence with the states of the time: Yu province, i.e., Zhou, lies between the He River and Han River . Jin in Ji Province is between the two rivers. Yan Province
1334-585: The definition of Xuzhou is more brief in Erya : "Where is located in the east of Ji River ". Based on these descriptions, the ancient Xuzhou covered an area that roughly corresponds to the regions in modern southeastern Shandong (south of Mount Tai) and northern Jiangsu (north of the Huai River). In 106 BCE, during the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BCE) in the Western Han dynasty (206 BCE – 9 CE), China
1380-799: The fall of the Western Jin (265–316) due to the Wu Hu uprising , the Jin remnants fled to southern China from the north and established the Eastern Jin (317–420). To govern the people from northern who relocated in the south of the Huai River, while its area shrunk again. Its capital was variable, it moved to Xiapi ( 下邳 ; present-day Suining County , Jiangsu), Shanyang ( 山陽 ; present-day Huai'an District , Jiangsu), Guangling ( 廣陵 ; present-day Yangzhou , Jiangsu) and Jingkou ( 京口 ; present-day Zhenjiang , Jiangsu) at different stages. Since its capital moved to
1426-499: The great Chinese literati came back to the capital from voluntary retirement or from administrative exile and the imperial examination system was restored. Toqto'a also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the Liao , Jin and Song dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345. Toqto'a resigned his office with
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1472-446: The help of Toqto'a, he also managed to purge officials that had dominated the administration. With the dismissal of Bayan, Toqto'a seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. The young leader was quick to distinguish his regime as something wholly different from Bayan's. A new Chinese era name , Zhizheng ( Chinese : 至正 ), was decreed to show this. Bayan's purges were called off. Many of
1518-630: The khan. During this time power was increasingly exercised by Lady Ki. Chief Empress Lady Ki and his minister persuaded Biligtü Khan to overthrow the latter. Toghon Temür was unable to conciliate the dispute but executed the minister. In 1364 the Shanxi-based warlord Bolad Temür occupied Khanbaliq and expelled the Crown Prince from the winter base. In alliance with the Henan-based warlord Köke Temür , Biligtü Khan defeated Bolad Temür in
1564-501: The late 1340s, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters, droughts, floods, and ensuing famines. The lack of effective government policy led to a loss of support from the people. Illicit salt dealers who were disaffected by the government's salt monopoly raised a rebellion in 1348, triggering many revolts around the empire. Among them was the Red Turban Rebellion , which started in 1351 and grew into
1610-569: The modern city of Xuzhou and Suqian in Jiangsu, and Suzhou , Xiao County and Dangshan County in Anhui. During the reign of Emperor Taizong (r. 1123–1135) of the Jurchen -led Jin dynasty (1115–1234) , "Ansu Military Division" ( 安肅軍置 ) whose capital at Ansu County ( 安肅縣 ; present-day Xushui County , Hebei ) was renamed Xuzhou. It administered the area in present-day eastern Xushui County. It
1656-561: The next year. This internal struggle resulted in further weakening of the political and military power of the central government. In 1365, Toghon Temür finally promoted his much beloved Lady Ki to First Empress and announced that his son by her would be the first in the line of succession. During the Yuan dynasty , one of Confucius ' descendants, who was one of the Duke Yansheng Kong Huan's 孔浣 sons, named Kong Shao 孔紹, moved from China to Goryeo era Korea and established
1702-577: The reign of the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398) in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the name "Xuzhou" was restored, and the administrative division governed Pei County and Feng County in Jiangsu, and Dangshan County and Xiao County in Anhui . Xuzhou became "Xuzhou Prefecture" ( 徐州府 ) in the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735) and it administered
1748-442: The south of the Yangtze River, where had never been a part of its area, Xuzhou became a migrated province . In the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Xuzhou was divided between, or came under the administration of, various kingdoms: In 408, during reign of the Emperor An (r. 397–419) of the Eastern Jin, Liu Yu recaptured the former territory in the north of the Huai River, the Xuzhou was renamed as North Xuzhou, whose south border next to
1794-405: Was a son of Kusala (Emperor Mingzong). During the last years of his reign, the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Red Turban Rebellion , which established the Ming dynasty, although the Yuan court under his rule remained in control of northern China and the Mongolian Plateau . The remnant Yuan regime is known as the Northern Yuan in historiography. Emperor Huizong was a Buddhist student of
1840-539: Was controlled by warlords even after El Temür's death. Among them, Bayan became as powerful as El Temür had been. He served as minister of the Secretariat and crushed a rebellion by El Temür's son Tang Ki-se. During his despotic rule, he made several purges and also suspended the imperial examination system. When Toghon Temür tried to promote Lady Ki to secondary wife, which was contrary to the standard practice of only taking secondary wives from Mongol clans, it created such opposition at court to this unheard of promotion for
1886-440: Was divided into 13 administrative divisions or provinces (excluding the capital Chang'an and seven commanderies in its vicinity), each governed by a cishi ( 刺史 ; Inspector). 11 of them were named after the Nine Provinces mentioned in the historical texts Classic of History and Rites of Zhou . Xuzhou was one of the 11, and it covered parts of modern Jiangsu (north of the Yangtze River ) and southeastern Shandong . In
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1932-549: Was established at Jiyang County ( 濟陽縣 ; northeast of present-day Lankao , Henan). It was disbanded in 467 during the reign of Emperor Xianwen (r. 465–471). In 473, as the original area was captured by Northern Wei, Liu Song set up the new Xuzhou whose capital was located in Yan County ( 燕縣 ; present-day Feng Yang , Anhui). During the reign of Emperor Huizong (r. 1333–1370) in the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368), Xuzhou became an administrative division known as "Xuzhou Circuit" ( 徐州路 ) after 1348, with its capital in Pengcheng. During
1978-494: Was in exile, his stepmother Babusha was executed. When Emperor Wenzong died in 1332, his widow, Empress Dowager Budashiri respected his will to make the son of Kuśala succeed to the throne instead of Wenzong's own son, El Tegüs. However, it was not Toghon Temür but his younger half-brother Rinchinbal, who was enthroned as Rinchinbal Khan (Emperor Ningzong). However, he died only two months into his reign. The de facto ruler, El Temür , attempted to install El Tegüs as emperor but
2024-412: Was renamed "Ansu Prefecture " ( 安肅州 ) in 1151 during the reign of Wanyan Liang (r. 1150–1161). Nine Provinces (China) The term Nine Provinces or Nine Regions ( Chinese : 九州 ; pinyin : Jiǔ Zhōu ), is used in ancient Chinese histories to refer to territorial divisions or islands during the Xia and Shang dynasties and has now come to symbolically represent China. "Province"
2070-529: Was still Yuan resistance to the Ming in the south. In southwestern China, Basalawarmi , the self-styled "Prince of Liang ", established a Yuan resistance movement in Yunnan and Guizhou that was not put down until 1381. Mongolian chronicles such as the Erdeniin Tobchi include a poem known as the Lament of Toghon Temür . It deals with his grieving after the loss of Khanbaliq (Beijing). Consorts and their respective issue(s): Following Kublai's enthronement as Khagan - Emperor in 1260, proclamation of
2116-400: Was stopped by Empress Budashiri. As a result, Toghon Temür was summoned back from Guangxi. El Temür feared that Toghon Temür, who was too mature to be a puppet, would take up arms against him since he was suspected of the assassination of Toghon Temür's father, Emperor Mingzong. The enthronement was postponed for six months until El Temür died in 1333. In 1333, Toghon Temür first met Lady Gi ,
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